Estonian forest site types II - MI.0533 Forest Ecology...Ground vegetation species rich Dryopteris carthusiana Narrow buckler fern (ohtene sõnajalg) Matteuccia struthiopteris, ostrich

Estonian forest site types II

Kalev Jõgiste

Complex of

characteristics

• Vegetation

• Soil

• Stand

• Forest site type class (FC)

• Forest site type group (FG)

• Forest site type (FS)

• Forest type (FT)

Units

Forest site type

• The areas with the same reaction of vegetation

to management operations of forestry (similar

natural conditions: climate, soil, hydrology)

• Forest site type can be the same while forest

type is changing

• Change of forest types: succession

Stand dynamics• No change in forest site type

• Change can happen in forest type in old multi aged phase

Uuenemine Konku-

rentsJärelkasvu

tekeVanamets

Fresh boreo-nemoral forests (FG)

Tüübirühm: salumetsad

Cladonia Arctostaphylos alvar

Calamagrostis alvarCalluna

Myrtillus Aegopodium

Hepatica

OxalisVaccinium uliginosum

Vaccinium

Alder

swamp

PolytrichumDryopteris

Bog

Filipendula

Transitional

bog

Myrtillus-

drained

Birch

swamp

Carex

Equisetum

Drained

transitional

bog

Drained

bogDrained

birch

swamp

Drained alder

swamp

Oxalis-

drained

• Aegopodium forest site type (Naadi kasvukohatüüp)

• Soil: Fertile

• Gleyc cambisol (K0g – gleistunud leostunud muld)

• Gleyc luvisol (KIg – gleistunud leostunud muld)

• Soil parent material contains limestone

• Ground water reaches soil profile

• Humus (15…30 cm)

• Topsoil pHKCl: 4,7…6,5

• Tree stand: mostly dominated by birch (> 50%), all other species

• Max standing stock (spruce): 700 m3/ha

• Undergrowth:

– Sorbus aucuparia

– Corylus avellana etc.

• Ground vegetation: high richness and diversity

– Aegopodium podagraria L. ground elder (harlik naat)

– Pulmonaria officinalis lungwort (harilik kopsurohi)

– Mercurialis perennis, dog's mercury (püsik-seljarohi)

– Few bryophytes

– No shrubs

Dryopteris forest site type (Sõnajala kasvukohatüüp)

• Soil:

• Gley - cambisol (G0 – leostunud gleimuld)

• Gley - luvisol (G(0) – küllastunud gleimuld)

• High water table: nutrient rich

Humus (poorly decomposed) – 10…30 cm

Topsoil pHKCl: 5,0…7,0

Tree stand: dominantly birch

Site class : Ia…III

Undergrowth various

Ground vegetation species rich

Dryopteris carthusiana Narrow buckler fern (ohtene sõnajalg)

Matteuccia struthiopteris, ostrich fern (laanesõnajalg)

– No shrubs

Boreal heath forests (FG)

Tüübirühm: Nõmmemetsad

Cladonia Arctostaphylos alvar

Calamagrostis alvarCalluna

Myrtillus Aegopodium

Hepatica

OxalisVaccinium uliginosum

Vaccinium

Alder

swamp

PolytrichumDryopteris

Bog

Filipendula

Transitional

bog

Myrtillus-

drained

Birch

swamp

Carex

Equisetum

Drained

transitional

bog

Drained

bogDrained

birch

swamp

Drained alder

swamp

Oxalis-

drained

Cladonia forest site type (Sambliku kasvukohatüüp)

Soil: Haplic podzol (LI, LII õhukesed kuni keskmise sügavusega

leedemullad)

Litter (O): 2…6 cm

Almost no humus

Eluvial horizon (E): 15…20 cm

Illuvial horizon: clear

Litter pHKCl 3,0…4,5

Sand: ground water deeper that 3 m

Stand: doniant pine (sparse)

Site class: IV…Va

Standing stock: 165 m3 (average height 16 m)

No undergrowth

Ground vegetation poor by species:

Vaccinium vitis-idaea, cowberry (harilik pohl)

Cladonia

Calluna forest site type (Kanarbiku kasvukohatüüp)

Soil: Haplic podzol (LII…LIII õhukeselt kuni mõõdukalt

leetunud leedemuld)

Gleyc (LIIg…LIIIg)

Litter, 3…10 cm

Eluvial horizon: 10…30 cm

Illuvial horizon: clear

Tree stand: Dominated by pine

Standing stock: 190 m3/ha (height 18 m)

No undergrowth (few junipers)

Ground vegetation poor by species:

Calluna vulgaris common heather (kanarbik)

Bryophytes: continuous cover

Boreal heath forests

Alvar forests (FG)

Tüübirühm: Loometsad

Cladonia Arctostaphylos alvar

Calamagrostis alvarCalluna

Myrtillus Aegopodium

Hepatica

OxalisVaccinium uliginosum

Vaccinium

Alder

swamp

PolytrichumDryopteris

Bog

Filipendula

Transitional

bog

Myrtillus-

drained

Birch

swamp

Carex

Equisetum

Drained

transitional

bog

Drained

bogDrained

birch

swamp

Drained alder

swamp

Oxalis-

drained

Arctostaphylos alvar forest site type (Leesikaloo kasvukohatüüp)

• Soil: Rendzina (Kh´ väga õhukesed paepealsed rendziinad)

• Litter (O): < 3 cm

• Humus (A): <10 cm (humus content) 6…20%

• Parent rock (D):

• Topsoil pHKCl: 6,0…7,3

• Water table low

• Tree stand: dominated by pine

• Site class: (IV) V…Va

• Undergrowth sparse

– Juniperus communis

• Ground vegetation

– Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

• Few bryophytes

• Calamagrostis alvar (Kastikuloo kasvukohatüüp)

•

• Soil: Rendzina Kh´´, K´´, K´´´

• Litter: <3 cm

• pHKCl: 6,0…7,5

• Low water table

• Tree stand dominated by pine

• Bon: III…IV m3/ha

• Undergrowth

– Corylus avellana

– Rhamnus cathartica

• Ground vegetation very varying

– Calamagrostis arundiacea

– Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv. – tor-grass sulg-aruluste

• Bryophytes with various coverage

• Sesleria-alvar forest site type (Lubikaloo kasvukohatüüp)

•

Alvar forests

Fresh boreal forests (FG)

Tüübirühm: Laanemetsad

• Oxalis forest site type (Jänesekapsa kasvukohatüüp)

• Soil: Umbric Podzol (LkI…LkIII, LP leetunud ja näivleetunud mullad)

• Water table lower than 2 m

•

• Litter: 0 – 3 cm

• Humus: 5…20 cm

• Eluvial horizon

•

• Site class: Ia…I (II)

• Tree stand: dominated by spruce

• Standing stock max - 800 m3/ha

•

• Ground vegetation species rich

– Oxalis acteosella, wood sorrel (harilik jänesekapsas)

• Bryophytes:

– Hylocomium splendens glittering wood-moss (laanik)

– Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus shaggy moss (metsakäharik)

• Hepatica forest site type (Sinilille kasvukohatüüp)

• Soil:

• Cambisol (K0 leostunud muld)

• Luvisol (KI leetjas muld)

• Rendzina (K′′′ - rähkne rendziina)

• Humus: 15…25 cm (humus content: 3…10%)

• pHKCl: 5,5…7,0

• Carbonate rock parent material for soil

• Tree stand: 2/3 dominated by spruce

• Site class: Ia…II

• Standing stock: 600 m3/ha

• Root rot

•

• Undergrowth: Sorbus

• Ground vegetation species rich:

– Hepatica nobilis liverwort (harlik sinilill)

• Bryophytes:

– Hylocomium splendens glittering wood-moss (laanik)

– Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus shaggy moss (metsakäharik)

Hepatica forest site type

Oxalis forest site type

Type group: Dry boreal forests

Tüübirühm: Palumetsad

• Vaccinium forest site type (pohla kasvukohatüüp)

• Soil: Haplic podzol (LI, LII, leedemuld peenliiv liival, liiv liivsavil)

• Litter: 3…7 cm

• Eluvial horizon < 20 cm

• Illuvial horizon (Bhf) clear

• Topsoil: pHKCl 3,5…5,0 (litter)

• Ground water deeper that 2 m

• Tree stand pine dominated

• Site class: II…III

• Standing stock: 250…350 m3/ha

• Undergrowth: Sorbus

• Ground vegetation poor by species:

– Vaccinium vitis-idaea, cowberry (harilik pohl)

– Melampyrum pratense, common cow-wheat (palu härghein)

Bryophytes create continuous coverage:

– Pleurozium schreberi red-stemmed feather-moss (palusammal)

– Ptilium crista-castrensis ostrich-plume feather-moss (lehviksammal)

Myrtillus forest site type (mustika kasvukohatüüp)

Soil: Gleyc haplic podzol (LIIg, LIIIg, L(k)IIg, L(k)IIIg, gleistunud

leedemullad)

Litter: 5…12 cm (peat formation)

Eluvial horizon 20 (30) cm

Illuvial horizon Bhf(g) or Bhg clear

Topsoil pHKCl 2,6…3,7 (kõdus)

Tree stand: pine dominance

Site class: II…III

Standing stock: 220…350 m3/ha (stand age100y, height – 24 m)

Undergrowth sparse

Ground vegetation species poor

Vaccinium myrtillus, bilberry (harilik mustikas)

Vaccinium vitis-idaea, cowberry (harilik pohl)

Bryophytes create continuous coverage:

– Pleurozium schreberi (harlik laanik)

– Dicranum undulatum (lainjas kaksikhammas)

Myrtillus forest site type

Vaccinium forest site type

Poor paludified forests

Tüübirühm: Rabastuvad metsad

Cladonia Arctostaphylos alvar

Calamagrostis alvarCalluna

Myrtillus Aegopodium

Hepatica

OxalisVaccinium uliginosum

Vaccinium

Alder

swamp

PolytrichumDryopteris

Bog

Filipendula

Transitional

bog

Myrtillus-

drained

Birch

swamp

Carex

Equisetum

Drained

transitional

bog

Drained

bogDrained

birch

swamp

Drained alder

swamp

Oxalis-

drained

• Vaccinium uliginosum forest site type (Sinika kasvukohatüüp)

• Soil: Gleysols, poor, sandy (LGl eede-glei, LG1- leede-

turvastunud)

• Weakly decomposed 7…30 cm

• Eluvial horizon well developed ,thick <30cm

• pHKCl 2,4…3,6

• Changing water table

• Iluvial horizon clear and hard

• Tree stand pine dominated

• Site class: IV…Va

• Standing stock: 130 m3/ha (100 years old stand

• Undergrowth sparse

• Ground vegetation species poor

– Molinia caerulea purple moor grass (sinihelmikas)

– Vaccinium uliginosum bog bilberry or northern bilberry (sinikas)

• BRYOPHYTES CREATE FULL COVER CARPET

• Polytrichum forest site type (Karusambla kasvukohatüüp)

• Soil: Poor gleysols (LkG - leetunud gleimuld, LG - leede-glei, LG1 -

leede-turvastunud)

• Ground water 30…80 cm deep

• Litter peat formation

• pHKCl 2,6…3,6 (litter)

• Tree stand: pine dominance

• Site class: III…IV

• Standing stock: 190…200 m3/ha100y

• Undergrowth sparse

• Poor ground vegetation

– Vaccinium uliginosum bog bilberry or northern bilberry

Bryophytes

Sphagnum sp

Polytrichum sp

(

Rich paludified forests

Tüübirühm: Soovikumetsad

Cladonia Arctostaphylos alvar

Calamagrostis alvarCalluna

Myrtillus Aegopodium

Hepatica

OxalisVaccinium uliginosum

Vaccinium

Alder

swamp

PolytrichumDryopteris

Bog

Filipendula

Transitional

bog

Myrtillus-

drained

Birch

swamp

Carex

Equisetum

Drained

transitional

bog

Drained

bogDrained

birch

swamp

Drained alder

swamp

Oxalis-

drained

• Equisetum forest site type (Osja kasvukohatüüp)

• Sediments deposited by glacial meltwater

• Soil: Gleysols (G0 – leostunud gleimuld, G(0) – küllastunud gleimuld, G01 –

küllastumata turvastunud muld ja G(0)1 – küllastunud turvastunud muld)

• Topsoil pHKCl 4,0…6,0

• Raw humus – 10…30 cm

• Tree stand: mixed stands with birh dominance

• Site class: IV...Va

• Standing stock of coniferous species: 150…180 m3

• Undergrowth sparse

• High variation of ground vegetation:

– Vaccinium myrtillus, bilberry (harilik mustikas)

– Vaccinium vitis-idaea, cowberry (harilik pohl)

• Pits (lower microtopography)

– Aegopodium podagraria

• Bryophytes fragmented

• Carex forest site type (Tarna kasvukohatüüp)

• Poor sand: Sediments deposited by glacial meltwater• High water table

• Soil: Gleysol (G(0) küllastunud või turvastunud gleimuld G01)

• pHKCl 5,6

• Tree stand mixed dominated by birch (~1/2), or pine (~1/2)

• Site class: IV…Va bon

• Standing stock: 110…160 m3 100 years old conifers

• Undergrowth has various density

• Ground vegetation has great variation:

– Carex

Bryophytes:

– Pleurozium schreberi (harlik laanik)

– Dicranum undulatum (lainjas kaksikhammas)

• Filipendula forest site type (Angervaksa kasvukohatüüp)

• Soil: fertile soils with high water table

• Gleysol (G0 – leostunud gleimuld, GI – leetjas gleimuld, LPG –

näivleetunud gleimuld)

• Humus (raw humus) kuni 30 cm

• pHKCl 5,3…6,0

• Tree stand: dominanated by birch (2/3), spruce (1/5), black alder

(1/20). Tree mixture

• Standing stock: 170…200 m3/ha (60 years old)

• Highly varying undergrowth

• Ground vegetation rich:

– Filipendula ulmaria

• Few bryophytes:

– Climacium dendroides

Ombrotrophic bog forests (FG)

Tüübirühm: Samblasoometsad

Cladonia Arctostaphylos alvar

Calamagrostis alvarCalluna

Myrtillus Aegopodium

Hepatica

OxalisVaccinium uliginosum

Vaccinium

Alder

swamp

PolytrichumDryopteris

Bog

Filipendula

Transitional

bog

Myrtillus-

drained

Birch

swamp

Carex

Equisetum

Drained

transitional

bog

Drained

bogDrained

birch

swamp

Drained alder

swamp

Oxalis-

drained

• Transitional bog forest site type (siirdesoo kasvukohatüüp)

• Soil: peat soils – weakly and well decomposed peat layers (S´,

S´´, S´´´ - siirdesoomullad; M´´, M´´´ - halvasti kuni keskmiselt

lagunenud madalsoomullad)

• pHKCl: 3,5…5,0

• High water talbe: 10 – 30 cm deep

• Tree stand dominated by pine

• Site class: (IV) V…Va

• Standing stock: 130 m3/ha (100 years)

• Undergrowth: Salix

• Ground vegetation:

– Carex sp.

– Phragmites australis - common reed (pilliroog)

– Eriophorum vaginatum - hare's-tail cottongrass (tupp-villpea)

• Bryphytes abundant:

– Pleurozium schreberi red-stemmed feather-moss (palusammal)

– Sphagnum sp

• Bog forest site type Raba kasvukohatüüp

• Soil: Sphagnum peat (R´, R´´, R´´´ - rabamuld, S´´, S´´´ -

siirdesoomuld

• pHKCl: 2,3…3,6

• Low mineral nutrient content

• Tree stand: pure pine stand

• Standing stock: 105..120 m3/ha

• No undergrowth

• Ground vegetation:

– Ledum palustre), marsh Labrador tea (sookail)

• Bryophutes: Sphagnum

Minerotrophic swamp forests (FG)

Tüübirühm: Rohusoometsad

• Alder swamp forest site type (lodu kasvukohatüüp)

• Soil: Peat solis (M´ - väga õhuke madalsoomuld, M´´ - õhuke madalsoomuld)

• Well decomposed, high content of mineral component (ash >10%)

• pHKCl: 5,0…6,5

• Water table very high, often on the ground level

• Tree stand: dominantly birch

• Site class: II…III,

• Standing stock:

– Downy birch 145 m3/ha (60 years old)

– Norway spruce 179 m3/ha (60 years old)

– Black alder 192 m3/ha(60 years old)

• No need for drainage

• Undergrowth: Padus avium

• Ground vegetation in pits:

– Lysimachia thyrsiflora ussilill,

– Mounds: Mercurialis perennis, dog's mercury (püsik-seljarohi)

– Filipendula ulmaria

• Bryophytes: Mnium species

• Birch swamp forest site type (madalsoo kasvukohatüüp)

• Soil: Peat soils – well decomposed (M´, M´´, M´´´ - erineva

sügavusega madalsoomullad) high ash content (6…13%)

• pHKCl: 4,8…6,5

• Tree stand dominated by downy birch

• Site class: IV…Va

• Standing stock: 70…90 m3/ha

• Drainage results in better forest growth

• Undergrowth: Frangula alnus

• Ground vegetation:

– Carex cespitosa - turfy sedge (mätastarn)

– Carex lasiocarpa - slender sedge (niitjas tarn)

– Calamagrostis canescens - purple small-reed (sookastik)

– Potentilla palustris - purple marshlocks (soopihl)

Drained peatland forests (FG)

Tüübirühm: Kõdusoometsad

Cladonia Arctostaphylos alvar

Calamagrostis alvarCalluna

Myrtillus Aegopodium

Hepatica

OxalisVaccinium uliginosum

Vaccinium

Alder

swamp

PolytrichumDryopteris

Bog

Filipendula

Transitional

bog

Myrtillus-

drained

Birch

swamp

Carex

Equisetum

Drained

transitional

bog

Drained

bogDrained

birch

swamp

Drained alder

swamp

Oxalis-

drained

• Myrtillus-drained forest site type Mustika-kõdusoo kasvukohatüüp

• Soil: drained Sphagnum peat soil

• Litter4…12 (15) cm.

• Decomposing peat 2…10 (15) cm.

• Sphagnum peat

• Rizosphere: topp 30 cm of the sol

• Peat pHKCl 2,6…3,8

• Ground water 30…100 cm

• First generation after drainage spruce

• Site class: II…III (IV)

• Undergrowth: Frangula alnus, Salix sp.

• Ground vegetation similar to Myrtillus forest site type

• Oxalis- drained forest site type Jänesekapsa-kõdusoo kasvukohatüüp

• Soil: Drained nutrient rich peat(M´…M´´´) ja siirdesoomullad (S´…S´´´)

• Litter: 2…10 (12) cm

• Well decomposed peat 20 cm

• pHKCl 4,0…6,5

• Ground water30…80 cm deep

• Stan: spruce dominance

• Highly productive

• Site class: I…III NB!

• Windfall

• Undergrovth varying

• Ground vegetation similar to Oxalis forest site type

Drained peat-land

forests (FG)

TÄNAN !