Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions 4 th edition Seminar 5 Dr. Lena Watson, RN, MBA/HCM.
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Essentials of Human Diseases Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions and Conditions
44thth edition edition
Seminar 5Seminar 5
Dr. Lena Watson, RN, MBA/HCMDr. Lena Watson, RN, MBA/HCM
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Trace the process of normal digestion and Trace the process of normal digestion and absorption.absorption.
Discuss the importance of normal teeth and a Discuss the importance of normal teeth and a normal bite.normal bite.
Discuss conditions of esophagus, stomach Discuss conditions of esophagus, stomach and intestines , and mouth.and intestines , and mouth.
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Learning Objectives Learning Objectives (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Explain the diagnostic criteria for celiac Explain the diagnostic criteria for celiac disease. disease.
List some ways one can lower the risk of food List some ways one can lower the risk of food poisoning.poisoning.
Distinguish between the clinical picture of the Distinguish between the clinical picture of the patient with anorexia and that of the patient patient with anorexia and that of the patient with bulimia.with bulimia.
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Discuss the causes and medical treatment for Discuss the causes and medical treatment for (a) the common cold, (b) sinusitis, and (c) (a) the common cold, (b) sinusitis, and (c) pharyngitis, pulmonary abcess, and nasal pharyngitis, pulmonary abcess, and nasal polypspolyps
Discuss the prognosis of cancer of the larynx.Discuss the prognosis of cancer of the larynx. Discuss the prognosis and treatment of lung Discuss the prognosis and treatment of lung
and digestive tract cancers.and digestive tract cancers.
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The Oral Cavity and Jaw The Oral Cavity and Jaw (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Diseases and Conditions Diseases and Conditions Malocclusion:Malocclusion: specific angles of malposition and specific angles of malposition and
contact of the maxillary and mandibular teethcontact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome:Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome:
a symptom complex related to inflammation, a symptom complex related to inflammation, disease, or dysfunction of the temporomandibular disease, or dysfunction of the temporomandibular jointjoint
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The Oral Cavity and Jaw The Oral Cavity and Jaw (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Diseases and ConditionsDiseases and Conditions Herpes simplex (cold sores):Herpes simplex (cold sores): a recurrent viral a recurrent viral
infection that affects the skin and mucous infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes.membranes.
Thrush:Thrush: candidiasis of the oral mucosa, involving candidiasis of the oral mucosa, involving the mouth, tongue, palate, and gums.the mouth, tongue, palate, and gums.
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Clicker QuestionClicker Question Gingivitis that is not treated may lead to:Gingivitis that is not treated may lead to: a. plaque.a. plaque. b. periodontitis.b. periodontitis. c. discoloration of the teeth.c. discoloration of the teeth. d. impacted molars.d. impacted molars.
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Oral CancerOral Cancer
Appears as white patchy lesion or oral ulcer that Appears as white patchy lesion or oral ulcer that won’t healwon’t heal
Pain occurs late in diseasePain occurs late in disease Lip is most common siteLip is most common site Alcohol and smoking is multiplicativeAlcohol and smoking is multiplicative Treatment depends on stageTreatment depends on stage Because of late diagnosis overall survival rate is Because of late diagnosis overall survival rate is
about 51%about 51%
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Clicker QuestionClicker Question
Oral thrush, a fungal infection that produces Oral thrush, a fungal infection that produces sore patches in the mouth and throat, may be sore patches in the mouth and throat, may be the result of:the result of:
a.leukoplakia.a.leukoplakia. b. plaque.b. plaque. c. prolonged antibiotic therapy.c. prolonged antibiotic therapy. d. all of the above.d. all of the above.
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Digestive Distress SignalsDigestive Distress Signals
HiccupHiccup IndigestionIndigestion HeartburnHeartburn NauseaNausea VomitingVomiting
ColicColic FlatulenceFlatulence DiarrheaDiarrhea ConstipationConstipation Fecal incontinenceFecal incontinence
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Esophageal varices:Esophageal varices: are are dilated submucosal dilated submucosal veins that develop in patients with underlying veins that develop in patients with underlying portal hypertensionportal hypertension and may result in serious and may result in serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding. upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Esophagitis:Esophagitis: inflammation and tissue injury of the inflammation and tissue injury of the esophagusesophagus
Esophageal cancer:Esophageal cancer: cancer of the esophagus cancer of the esophagus
Diseases of theDiseases of theGastrointestinal TractGastrointestinal Tract
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): the clinical manifestations of regurgitation of the clinical manifestations of regurgitation of stomach and duodenal contents into the stomach and duodenal contents into the esophagusesophagus
Barrett’s esophagus:Barrett’s esophagus: severe consequence of severe consequence of GERD that replaces normal striated GERD that replaces normal striated squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus with abnormal columnar epitheliumwith abnormal columnar epithelium
Diseases of theDiseases of theGastrointestinal Tract Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Peptic ulcers:Peptic ulcers: sores or lesions in the mucous sores or lesions in the mucous membrane of the stomach or upper intestinal membrane of the stomach or upper intestinal tracttract
Duodenal ulcers:Duodenal ulcers: ulcers of the first part of the ulcers of the first part of the small intestinesmall intestine
Gastric ulcers:Gastric ulcers: ulceration of the gastric ulceration of the gastric mucosa of the stomach that follows chronic mucosa of the stomach that follows chronic gastritisgastritis
Diseases of theDiseases of theGastrointestinal Tract Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Acute AppendicitisAcute Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendixInflammation of the appendix Symptoms: begins with vague abdominal Symptoms: begins with vague abdominal
discomfort that localizes as pain in right lower discomfort that localizes as pain in right lower quadrant of abdomen; nausea; vomiting; quadrant of abdomen; nausea; vomiting; fever; diarrhea or constipationfever; diarrhea or constipation
Treatment: surgical removalTreatment: surgical removal
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Hiatal hernia:Hiatal hernia: a defect in the diaphragm that a defect in the diaphragm that permits segment of stomach to slide into permits segment of stomach to slide into thoracic cavitythoracic cavity
Symptoms: heartburn, chest pain, swallowing Symptoms: heartburn, chest pain, swallowing difficulty; some cases asymptomaticdifficulty; some cases asymptomatic
Abdominal hernia:Abdominal hernia: a condition in which an a condition in which an organ protrudes through an abnormal organ protrudes through an abnormal opening in the abdominal wallopening in the abdominal wall
Symptoms: lump or bulge; groin painSymptoms: lump or bulge; groin pain
Diseases of theDiseases of theGastrointestinal Tract Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Clicker QuestionClicker Question
Abdominal discomfort with maximum Abdominal discomfort with maximum tenderness of the abdomen at McBurney’s tenderness of the abdomen at McBurney’s point, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, or point, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, or constipation, are clinical signs of:constipation, are clinical signs of:
a. hiatal hernia.a. hiatal hernia. b. gastric cancer.b. gastric cancer. c. gastritis.c. gastritis. d. appendicitis.d. appendicitis.
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Crohn disease (ileitis):Crohn disease (ileitis): chronic inflammatory chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tractdisorder of the gastrointestinal tract
Ulcerative colitisUlcerative colitis: chronic inflammatory bowel : chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the mucosa and submucosa disease affecting the mucosa and submucosa of the rectum and colonof the rectum and colon
Gastroenteritis:Gastroenteritis: acute inflammation of the acute inflammation of the stomach and intestinesstomach and intestines
Diseases of theDiseases of theGastrointestinal Tract Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Diverticular ConditionsDiverticular Conditions
Diverticulosis: outpouches (diverticula) of mucosa Diverticulosis: outpouches (diverticula) of mucosa penetrate weak points in muscular layer of large penetrate weak points in muscular layer of large intestineintestine
Symptoms: mild discomfort, irregular bowels; may be Symptoms: mild discomfort, irregular bowels; may be asymptomaticasymptomatic
Diverticulitis: trapped fecal matter causes Diverticulitis: trapped fecal matter causes inflammation of diverticulainflammation of diverticula
Symptoms: fever, nausea, pain, changes in bowel Symptoms: fever, nausea, pain, changes in bowel function function
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Colorectal cancer:Colorectal cancer: a cancer that arises in any a cancer that arises in any part of the colon or rectumpart of the colon or rectum
Symptoms: abdominal pain, change in bowel Symptoms: abdominal pain, change in bowel habits, bloody stools, weight loss, weakness, habits, bloody stools, weight loss, weakness, rectal bleeding, iron deficiency anemiarectal bleeding, iron deficiency anemia
Serum level of tumor marker CEA is used to Serum level of tumor marker CEA is used to plan treatment and assess prognosisplan treatment and assess prognosis
Treatment options: surgical resection; Treatment options: surgical resection; colostomy; chemotherapy; radiationcolostomy; chemotherapy; radiation
Diseases of theDiseases of theGastrointestinal Tract Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Peritonitis:Peritonitis: inflammation of the peritoneum that inflammation of the peritoneum that can be acute or chronic, local or generalizedcan be acute or chronic, local or generalized
Symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, Symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weakness, sweating, fever, vomiting, weakness, sweating, fever, distended abdomen, paralytic ileusdistended abdomen, paralytic ileus
Diseases of theDiseases of theGastrointestinal Tract Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Cirrhosis of the liver:Cirrhosis of the liver: an irreversible chronic an irreversible chronic degenerative disease that results in the degenerative disease that results in the replacement of normal liver cells with hard, replacement of normal liver cells with hard, fibrous scar tissuefibrous scar tissue
Symptoms: loss of appetite and weight, Symptoms: loss of appetite and weight, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, abdominal nausea, vomiting, indigestion, abdominal distention, edema, easier bleeding and distention, edema, easier bleeding and bruising, jaundice, pruritis, spider nevibruising, jaundice, pruritis, spider nevi
Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and PancreasPancreas
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Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis Hepatitis A:Hepatitis A: highly contagious condition caused highly contagious condition caused
by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) causing mild, acute by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) causing mild, acute liver infection.liver infection.
Hepatitis B:Hepatitis B: inflammation of the liver caused by inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
Hepatitis C:Hepatitis C: chronic condition caused by the chronic condition caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) resulting in gradual, hepatitis C virus (HCV) resulting in gradual, insidious liver disease.insidious liver disease.
Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas Pancreas (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Cancer of the LiverCancer of the Liver
Hepatocellular carcinoma:Hepatocellular carcinoma: primary tumor of primary tumor of the liver; usually arises in chronic liver the liver; usually arises in chronic liver disease settingdisease setting
Symptoms: same as liver disease–upper Symptoms: same as liver disease–upper abdominal pain, weight loss, early satiety, abdominal pain, weight loss, early satiety, palpable abdominal mass, ascites, palpable abdominal mass, ascites, hepatomegaly splenomegaly, jaundicehepatomegaly splenomegaly, jaundice
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Clicker QuestionClicker Question
Health care workers exposed to body fluids Health care workers exposed to body fluids are a risk for hepatitis B.are a risk for hepatitis B.
A) True A) True
B) FalseB) False
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Cholelithiasis (gallstones): Cholelithiasis (gallstones): condition in which condition in which there is abnormal presence of calculi that there is abnormal presence of calculi that form in the bile.form in the bile.
Pancreatitis:Pancreatitis: acute or chronic inflammation of acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas with variable involvement of the pancreas with variable involvement of adjacent or remote organs.adjacent or remote organs.
Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas Pancreas (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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PancreatitisPancreatitis
Symptoms: sudden onset of severe Symptoms: sudden onset of severe abdominal pain radiating to the back, nausea, abdominal pain radiating to the back, nausea, and vomitingand vomiting
Causes: alcoholism, biliary disease, Causes: alcoholism, biliary disease, gallstonesgallstones
Treatment: Acute pancreatitis may require Treatment: Acute pancreatitis may require emergency treatment of intravenous fluid and emergency treatment of intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacementelectrolyte replacement
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Pancreatic cancer: Pancreatic cancer: A neoplasm, usually an A neoplasm, usually an adenocarcinoma, that occurs more often in the adenocarcinoma, that occurs more often in the head of the pancreas.head of the pancreas.
Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas Pancreas (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Pancreatic CancerPancreatic Cancer
Symptoms: abdominal pain, weight loss, or Symptoms: abdominal pain, weight loss, or jaundicejaundice
Causes: cigarette smoking, obesity, family Causes: cigarette smoking, obesity, family history of pancreatitis or diabeteshistory of pancreatitis or diabetes
Treatment: surgical resectionTreatment: surgical resection
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Malnutrition:Malnutrition: a disorder of nutrition caused by a disorder of nutrition caused by primary deprivation of protein energy or primary deprivation of protein energy or secondary to deficiency diseasessecondary to deficiency diseases
Malabsorption syndrome:Malabsorption syndrome: a group of a group of disorders in which intestinal absorption of disorders in which intestinal absorption of dietary nutrients is impaireddietary nutrients is impaired
Diseases of NutrientDiseases of NutrientIntake and AbsorptionIntake and Absorption
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MalnutritionMalnutrition
Symptoms: decreased or increased appetite; Symptoms: decreased or increased appetite; emaciation or obesity; loss of energy; emaciation or obesity; loss of energy; diarrheadiarrhea
Causes: deprivation of protein energy from Causes: deprivation of protein energy from eating disorders, chronic illnesses, etc.eating disorders, chronic illnesses, etc.
Treatment: nutritional supplements, oral and Treatment: nutritional supplements, oral and intravenous feedingintravenous feeding
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Clicker QuestionClicker Question
Cancer of the liver is typically:Cancer of the liver is typically: a. usually a primary cancer.a. usually a primary cancer. b. usually a secondary cancer.b. usually a secondary cancer. c. likely to have a good prognosis.c. likely to have a good prognosis. d. likely to be discovered early.d. likely to be discovered early.
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Malabsorption SyndromeMalabsorption Syndrome
Symptoms: impaired digestion, inability to Symptoms: impaired digestion, inability to absorb fat or other components of dietabsorb fat or other components of diet
Causes: defective mucosal cells in the Causes: defective mucosal cells in the small intestinesmall intestine
Treatment: high-protein, high-calorie dietTreatment: high-protein, high-calorie diet
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Celiac disease (gluten enteropathy):Celiac disease (gluten enteropathy): a a disease of the small intestine characterized disease of the small intestine characterized by malabsorption, gluten intolerance, and by malabsorption, gluten intolerance, and damage to the lining of the intestinedamage to the lining of the intestine
The disease has multisystem effectsThe disease has multisystem effects
Diseases of NutrientDiseases of NutrientIntake and Absorption Intake and Absorption (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Clicker QuestionClicker Question
Signs and symptoms of malnutrition can Signs and symptoms of malnutrition can result fromresult from
a. eating too much or too little.a. eating too much or too little. b. a malabsorption syndrome.b. a malabsorption syndrome. c. a case involving severe burns or other c. a case involving severe burns or other
severe trauma.severe trauma. d. all of the above.d. all of the above.
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Celiac DiseaseCeliac Disease
Symptoms: weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, Symptoms: weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal distentionflatulence, abdominal distention
Causes: toxic or immunologic reaction to Causes: toxic or immunologic reaction to component of gluten (found in wheat, barley, component of gluten (found in wheat, barley, and oats)and oats)
Treatment: gluten-free diet; if no Treatment: gluten-free diet; if no improvement, corticosteroid drugsimprovement, corticosteroid drugs
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Food poisoning:Food poisoning: an illness resulting from the an illness resulting from the ingestion of foods that contain bacterial or toxic ingestion of foods that contain bacterial or toxic substancessubstances
Diseases of NutrientDiseases of NutrientIntake and Absorption Intake and Absorption (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Food Poisoning Food Poisoning
Symptoms: sudden nausea, vomiting, and Symptoms: sudden nausea, vomiting, and diarrheadiarrhea
Causes: poisoning from mushrooms, Causes: poisoning from mushrooms, shellfish, contaminated foodsshellfish, contaminated foods
Treatment: nutritional support and fluid Treatment: nutritional support and fluid replacementsreplacements
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Eating Disorders Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa:Anorexia nervosa: psychological disturbance psychological disturbance in which self-imposed starvation and in which self-imposed starvation and compulsion to be thin leads to denial of compulsion to be thin leads to denial of hungerhunger
Bulimia:Bulimia: behavioral disorder characterized by behavioral disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating followed recurring episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or purgingby self-induced vomiting or purging
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Clicker QuestionClicker Question
The symptoms of food poisoning are due to The symptoms of food poisoning are due to the pathogens themselves or to the toxins the pathogens themselves or to the toxins they produce.they produce.
A) TrueA) True B) FalseB) False
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEMChapter 9Chapter 9
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Causes:Causes: InfectionInfection Circulatory disordersCirculatory disorders TumorsTumors TraumaTrauma Immune diseasesImmune diseases Inflammatory Inflammatory
disturbancesdisturbances
Congenital defectsCongenital defects Central nervous system Central nervous system
damage or diseasesdamage or diseases Environmental Environmental
conditionsconditions
Diseases of the Respiratory SystemDiseases of the Respiratory System
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Common cold:Common cold: acute inflammatory process acute inflammatory process that affects the mucous membrane that lines that affects the mucous membrane that lines the upper respiratory tractthe upper respiratory tract
Sinusitis:Sinusitis: acute or chronic inflammation of acute or chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes of the paranasal the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinusessinuses
Upper Respiratory Tract InfectionsUpper Respiratory Tract Infections
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Clicker QuestionClicker Question
The common cold is a group of minor The common cold is a group of minor illnesses caused byillnesses caused by
a. fungi.a. fungi. b. bacteria.b. bacteria. c. almost 200 viruses or from mycoplasma.c. almost 200 viruses or from mycoplasma. d. all of the above.d. all of the above.
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Pharyngitis:Pharyngitis: acute or chronic infection of the acute or chronic infection of the pharynxpharynx
Laryngitis:Laryngitis: inflammation of the larynx, inflammation of the larynx, including the vocal cordsincluding the vocal cords
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (cont'd.)(cont'd.)
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Epistaxis (nosebleed)Epistaxis (nosebleed)
First aid:First aid: Mild hemorrhage - controlled by applying direct, Mild hemorrhage - controlled by applying direct,
constant pressure on either side of nose for 5 to constant pressure on either side of nose for 5 to 10 minutes10 minutes
Persistent bleeding - treated with local application Persistent bleeding - treated with local application of epinephrine followed by cauterization or nasal of epinephrine followed by cauterization or nasal packingpacking
Severe - surgical ligation of bleeding arterySevere - surgical ligation of bleeding artery
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Nasal DisordersNasal Disorders
Deviated septum:Deviated septum: crooked nasal septum crooked nasal septum (cartilage partition between the nostrils)(cartilage partition between the nostrils)
Nasal polyps:Nasal polyps: benign growths that form as benign growths that form as consequence of distended mucous consequence of distended mucous membranes protruding into the nasal cavitymembranes protruding into the nasal cavity
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Nasal PolypsNasal Polyps
Nasal PolypsNasal Polyps - benign growths that form as a - benign growths that form as a consequence of distended mucous consequence of distended mucous membranes protruding into nasal cavitymembranes protruding into nasal cavity
Causes:Causes: overproduction of fluid in the cells of the mucous overproduction of fluid in the cells of the mucous
membrane, membrane, often the result of allergic rhinitisoften the result of allergic rhinitis
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Clicker QuestionClicker Question
Causes of epistaxis are:Causes of epistaxis are: a. direct trauma or foreign body.a. direct trauma or foreign body. b. hypertension or other systemic disorders.b. hypertension or other systemic disorders. c. hemophilia and leukemia.c. hemophilia and leukemia. d. all of the above.d. all of the above.
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Disorders of the Larynx Disorders of the Larynx
Tumors of the larynx:Tumors of the larynx: benign or malignant benign or malignant growths on the larynxgrowths on the larynx
Laryngeal cancer:Laryngeal cancer: neoplasm of the larynx neoplasm of the larynx The larynx is the most common site for head The larynx is the most common site for head
and neck tumorsand neck tumors
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Atelectasis Atelectasis
Atelectasis (collapsed lung):Atelectasis (collapsed lung): airless or airless or collapsed state of the pulmonary tissuecollapsed state of the pulmonary tissue
Caused by an obstruction in bronchial tree; Caused by an obstruction in bronchial tree; may be mucous plug, foreign object, or may be mucous plug, foreign object, or bronchogenic cancerbronchogenic cancer
Complication – pneumoniaComplication – pneumonia Risk factors: obesity, upper abdominal or Risk factors: obesity, upper abdominal or
chest surgery, neuromuscular weakness or chest surgery, neuromuscular weakness or any pulmonary diseaseany pulmonary disease
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Pulmonary Disorders Pulmonary Disorders
Pulmonary embolism:Pulmonary embolism: occurs when a blood occurs when a blood clot or other material, such as a foreign body clot or other material, such as a foreign body or tumor, lodges in and blocks an artery in the or tumor, lodges in and blocks an artery in the pulmonary circulationpulmonary circulation
Pneumonia:Pneumonia: inflammation of the lungs due to inflammation of the lungs due to infectioninfection
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Pulmonary EmbolismPulmonary Embolism
Occurs when embolism is lodged in artery Occurs when embolism is lodged in artery and interrupts blood supplyand interrupts blood supply Uncomplicated embolism - cough, chest pain, low-Uncomplicated embolism - cough, chest pain, low-
grade fever and apprehensiongrade fever and apprehension More extensive - dyspnea, tachypnea (at least 20 More extensive - dyspnea, tachypnea (at least 20
breaths/minute), chest pain, occasional breaths/minute), chest pain, occasional hemoptysishemoptysis
Massive embolism - sudden onset of cyanosis, Massive embolism - sudden onset of cyanosis, shock and deathshock and death
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PneumoniaPneumonia
Causes of Pneumonia:Causes of Pneumonia:
Bacterial infection-Bacterial infection- PneumococciPneumococci StaphylococciStaphylococci Group A hemolytic streptococciGroup A hemolytic streptococci Haemophilus influenzae type BHaemophilus influenzae type B Klebsiella pneumoniae types 1 and 2Klebsiella pneumoniae types 1 and 2 Atypical pneumoniaAtypical pneumonia caused by legionella, caused by legionella,
mycoplasma and chlamydia agentsmycoplasma and chlamydia agents
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Clicker QuestionClicker Question
Stasis of blood flow from immobility, injury to Stasis of blood flow from immobility, injury to a vessel, or predisposition to clot formation a vessel, or predisposition to clot formation increase the risk ofincrease the risk of
a. pulmonary embolism.a. pulmonary embolism. b. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease b. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD).(COPD). c. emphysema.c. emphysema. d. all of the above.d. all of the above.
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Pneumonia Pneumonia (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Causes of Pneumonia:Causes of Pneumonia:VirusVirus
AdenovirusesAdenoviruses Influenza virusesInfluenza viruses Syncytial virusesSyncytial viruses
May also be caused by damage to lungs, May also be caused by damage to lungs, such as inhalation of poisonous gas such as such as inhalation of poisonous gas such as chlorine or aspiration of foreign matterchlorine or aspiration of foreign matter
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS):(SARS): Highly contagious new mutation of Highly contagious new mutation of the Corona virusthe Corona virus
Symptoms:Symptoms: Sudden onset of feverSudden onset of fever Mild sore throatMild sore throat Muscle achesMuscle aches Dry, unproductive coughDry, unproductive cough
Severe AcuteSevere AcuteRespiratory SyndromeRespiratory Syndrome
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Common molds:Common molds: fungal growths that grow fungal growths that grow naturally indoors or outdoors, especially naturally indoors or outdoors, especially where there is a constant supply of moisturewhere there is a constant supply of moisture
Health Hazards ofHealth Hazards ofCommon MoldsCommon Molds
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Pulmonary DisordersPulmonary Disorders
Pulmonary abscess:Pulmonary abscess: area of contained area of contained infectious material in the lunginfectious material in the lung
Causes:Causes: Often a complication of pneumonia caused by Often a complication of pneumonia caused by
bacteriabacteria Aspiration of food, foreign object, bronchial Aspiration of food, foreign object, bronchial
stenosis or neoplasmsstenosis or neoplasms Septic embolism is carried to lung via Septic embolism is carried to lung via
pulmonary circulationpulmonary circulation
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Pulmonary Disorders Pulmonary Disorders (cont'd.)(cont'd.)
Legionellosis (Legionnaires disease): Legionellosis (Legionnaires disease): pneumonia caused by the bacterium pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophilaLegionella pneumophila
Pontiac fever:Pontiac fever: milder form of legionellosis milder form of legionellosis
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Pulmonary Disorders Pulmonary Disorders (cont'd.)(cont'd.)
Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia (RSV): (RSV): inflammatory and infectious condition inflammatory and infectious condition of the lungsof the lungs
Histoplasmosis: Histoplasmosis: fungal disease originating fungal disease originating in the lungs caused by inhalation of dust in the lungs caused by inhalation of dust containing Histoplasma capsulationcontaining Histoplasma capsulation
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Clicker QuestionClicker Question
The pneumonia-like disease caused by The pneumonia-like disease caused by bacteria that thrive in warm aquatic bacteria that thrive in warm aquatic environments and are inhaled from moisture environments and are inhaled from moisture droplets in air conditioning units is calleddroplets in air conditioning units is called
a. histoplasmosis.a. histoplasmosis. b. pulmonary abscess.b. pulmonary abscess. c. flail chest.c. flail chest. d. Legionella infection.d. Legionella infection.
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Groups at risk for RSVGroups at risk for RSV
Children younger than three years oldChildren younger than three years old Elderly individualsElderly individuals Patients with compromised respiratory Patients with compromised respiratory
systemssystems Infants who were premature or who have a Infants who were premature or who have a
congenital cardiac defect or preexisting congenital cardiac defect or preexisting pulmonary disorderpulmonary disorder
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InfluenzaInfluenza
Influenza:Influenza: Highly contagious, acute viral disease that occurs in Highly contagious, acute viral disease that occurs in
annual outbreaksannual outbreaks
At risk of complications of influenza:At risk of complications of influenza: Persons over 50 years of agePersons over 50 years of age Residents of nursing homesResidents of nursing homes Patients with chronic pulmonary cardiac disorder (including Patients with chronic pulmonary cardiac disorder (including
asthma)asthma) Patients with chronic metabolic disease (diabetes), renal Patients with chronic metabolic disease (diabetes), renal
dysfunction, hemoglobinopathies, immunosuppressiondysfunction, hemoglobinopathies, immunosuppression Children and teens receiving long-term aspirinChildren and teens receiving long-term aspirin Health care employeesHealth care employees
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Acute and chronic bronchitis:Acute and chronic bronchitis: inflammation of inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchithe mucous membrane lining the bronchi
COPD includes:COPD includes: Chronic bronchitisChronic bronchitis BronchiectasisBronchiectasis AsthmaAsthma EmphysemaEmphysema Cystic fibrosisCystic fibrosis pneumoconiosispneumoconiosis
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)(COPD)
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Effects of SmokingEffects of Smoking
Cancer of oral cavity, larynx, esophagusCancer of oral cavity, larynx, esophagus Lung cancerLung cancer Peptic ulcerPeptic ulcer Chronic bronchitis Chronic bronchitis EmphysemaEmphysema Myocardial infarctionMyocardial infarction Systemic atherosclerosisSystemic atherosclerosis Cancer of pancreasCancer of pancreas Cancer of bladderCancer of bladder
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Bronchiectasis:Bronchiectasis: permanent, irreversible permanent, irreversible dilation or distortion of one or more bronchi, dilation or distortion of one or more bronchi, resulting from destruction of muscular and resulting from destruction of muscular and elastic portions of bronchial wallselastic portions of bronchial walls
Pulmonary emphysema:Pulmonary emphysema: chronic obstructive chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder characterized by pulmonary disorder characterized by destructive changes in alveolar walls and destructive changes in alveolar walls and irreversible enlargement of alveolar air irreversible enlargement of alveolar air spacesspaces
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (cont'd.)(cont'd.)
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Causes of BronchiectasisCauses of Bronchiectasis
PneumoniaPneumonia Recurrent airway infectionsRecurrent airway infections TuberculosisTuberculosis Bronchial obstructionBronchial obstruction Inhalation of corrosive gasInhalation of corrosive gas Complication of cystic fibrosis or other childhood Complication of cystic fibrosis or other childhood
infection such as measles and pertussisinfection such as measles and pertussis Immune deficiencyImmune deficiency
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Pneumothorax and HemothoraxPneumothorax and Hemothorax
PneumothoraxPneumothorax: collection of air or gas in the : collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity that results in a collapsed or pleural cavity that results in a collapsed or partially collapsed lungpartially collapsed lung
HemothoraxHemothorax: accumulation of blood and : accumulation of blood and other fluids in the pleural cavityother fluids in the pleural cavity
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PneumothoraxPneumothorax
Symptoms of Collapsed LungSymptoms of Collapsed Lung Severe shortness of breathSevere shortness of breath Sudden sharp chest painSudden sharp chest pain Falling blood pressureFalling blood pressure Rapid weak pulseRapid weak pulse Shallow and weak respirationsShallow and weak respirations May be cyanotic and anxiousMay be cyanotic and anxious
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TuberculosisTuberculosis
Pulmonary tuberculosis:Pulmonary tuberculosis: chronic, acute, or chronic, acute, or subacute infection of the lungs by subacute infection of the lungs by Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis
Acquired by inhaling a dried droplet nucleus Acquired by inhaling a dried droplet nucleus that contains the tubercle bacillusthat contains the tubercle bacillus
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Infectious Mononucleosis Infectious Mononucleosis
Infectious mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus infection):(Epstein-Barr virus infection): acute acute herpesvirus infection (glandular fever)herpesvirus infection (glandular fever)
Symptoms:Symptoms: Lymphadenopathy Lymphadenopathy Fever that typically peaks in afternoonFever that typically peaks in afternoon Listlessness, malaise, chills, anorexiaListlessness, malaise, chills, anorexia Sore throat, fever, headache, fatigue, and cervical Sore throat, fever, headache, fatigue, and cervical
generalized lymphadenopathygeneralized lymphadenopathy
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Adult respiratory distress syndrome Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS):(ARDS): severe pulmonary congestion severe pulmonary congestion characterized by acute respiratory distress characterized by acute respiratory distress and hypoxemiaand hypoxemia
Symptoms:Symptoms: Sudden, severe dyspnea with rapid, shallow Sudden, severe dyspnea with rapid, shallow
respirationsrespirations Inspiratory intercostals and suprasternal Inspiratory intercostals and suprasternal
retractions along with cyanosis or mottled skinretractions along with cyanosis or mottled skin May also have rales, rhonchi and wheezesMay also have rales, rhonchi and wheezes
Adult Respiratory Distress SyndromeAdult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
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ARDSARDS - trauma causes increased capillary - trauma causes increased capillary permeability in the lungs, pulmonary edema, permeability in the lungs, pulmonary edema, and resulting respiratory failureand resulting respiratory failure
Alveoli fill within 12 - 24 hours of injury, and Alveoli fill within 12 - 24 hours of injury, and then tend to collapse at end of expiration, then tend to collapse at end of expiration, leaving less pulmonary tissue for gas leaving less pulmonary tissue for gas exchangeexchange
Result: low pulmonary compliance, Result: low pulmonary compliance, pulmonary hypertension, hypoxemiapulmonary hypertension, hypoxemia
Adult Respiratory Distress SyndromeAdult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Clicker QuestionClicker Question
The Epstein-Barr virus is the cause ofThe Epstein-Barr virus is the cause of a. infant respiratory distress syndrome a. infant respiratory distress syndrome
(IRDS).(IRDS). b. COPD.b. COPD. c. infectious mononucleosis.c. infectious mononucleosis. d. adult respiratory distress syndrome ARDS.d. adult respiratory distress syndrome ARDS.
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Lung CancerLung Cancer
Lung cancer:Lung cancer: cancerous condition caused by cancerous condition caused by repeated carcinogenic irritation to bronchial repeated carcinogenic irritation to bronchial epithelium, leading to increased rates of cell epithelium, leading to increased rates of cell divisiondivision
Leading cause of death worldwide in both Leading cause of death worldwide in both men and women, 30% of all cancer deathsmen and women, 30% of all cancer deaths
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Lung Cancer Lung Cancer (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
4 major types:4 major types:
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) Squamous cell carcinoma - 30% of all lung cancersSquamous cell carcinoma - 30% of all lung cancers Adenocarcinoma - 40%Adenocarcinoma - 40% Large cell carcinoma - 10%Large cell carcinoma - 10%
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - occurs almost - occurs almost exclusively in smokersexclusively in smokers Small cell carcinoma - 20%Small cell carcinoma - 20%
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Clicker QuestionsClicker Questions
Severe hypoxemia in a patient who has Severe hypoxemia in a patient who has recently experienced trauma is called shock recently experienced trauma is called shock lung orlung or
a. IRDS.a. IRDS. b. COPD.b. COPD. c. infectious mononucleosis.c. infectious mononucleosis. d. ARDS.d. ARDS.
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Lung Cancer Lung Cancer (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Prognosis for patients with lung cancer is Prognosis for patients with lung cancer is generally poorgenerally poor 5-year for all stages and types of lung cancer 5-year for all stages and types of lung cancer
combined is 15%combined is 15% Prevention:Prevention:
• Cessation of smokingCessation of smoking
• Avoidance of exposure to second hand smokeAvoidance of exposure to second hand smoke
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Clicker QuestionClicker Question
Early detection of lung cancer has been Early detection of lung cancer has been proven to improve survival.proven to improve survival.
A)A) TrueTrue
B)B) FalseFalse
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