Transcript
7/26/2019 Essentials of Doctoral Research
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Prof. Dr. Lewlyn L. Raj Rodrigues,
B.E. (Mech.), MBA (HRM & Q), M.Tech. (Prodn. Engg.), Ph.D. (System Dynamics), !B" (A#stra$ia)
HOD, Department of Humanities & Management,
Former Professor, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering,
Former Additional Registrar, Manial !ni"ersity, Du#ai $amus,
MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLO!, Manipa"
ro#rigusr$gmai"%om' "%ro#rigues$manipa"%e#u
Essentials of DoctoralResearch
mailto:rodrigusr@gmail.com/mailto:rodrigusr@gmail.com/mailto:l.rodrigues@manipal.edumailto:l.rodrigues@manipal.edumailto:rodrigusr@gmail.com/7/26/2019 Essentials of Doctoral Research
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Outline
1. What is Research?
2. Classifcation o Research
3. Steps in Research4. Importance o Hypothesis in
Research
4!1! 2
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1. What is Research?
Search for factsAnswers to questions
Solutions to problems
Purposive investigation
rgani!e" inquir#
$orrection of the misconceive" facts
See%ing to &n" e'planations to une'plaine"
phenomenon to clarif# "oubtful facts.
4!1! 3
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%(')'*)
+Pure Research Research for the sake of knowledge e.g. Einsteins
theory of relativity, Newtons Laws
+Applied Research Putting theory to test
+Exploratory Research Generating new ideas, discovering variables,
and then, seeking relationshis between these variables.
+Descriptive Study !act finding and interretation
+Diagnostic Study !inding what is haening, why it is haening
and
what can be done about it
+Evaluation Studies "ssess or araise the #uality and #uantity of
an
activityand find attributes for success
2. Classification of Research
According to Intent
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(')'*)
ccording to Methods of 'tudy
+Experiental Research (tudying the effect of select variables by
keeing other variables constant or controlled e.g. studying the effect of
cutting seed on a secific 'etal using a articular 'achine and a tool.
+Analytical Study )eals with analysis on #uantitative data e.g.
testing
a hyotheses statistically. $n the above cited e&a'le, a hyothesis that
a articular tool roduces better results than the other in the secified
situation can be tested using statistical analysis.
+!istorical Research (tudy of ast records*infor'ation and
develo'ent of a syste' based on trend.
+Survey !act finding kind of study to investigate cause and effect
relationshi and 'aking scientific redictions, forecast etc.
2. Classification of Research
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Conduct Literarure Survey
Identify Approach
(Determine Area Of Investigation
)Start With The Broad Notion Of Discipline And OfThe aradigm !ou See As Suiting The "esearch
Choose Data CollectionInstruments#$ethods
Determine Data Types
%
(. Steps inResearch
!
*
+
Identify Where% When and Who Data Will Come from
O&tain 'thics Approval
Data Collection
-
)Analyse the Data and "eportthe (indings
/
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Step 1:Start With the Broad Notion
of Discipline and of the
Paradigmyou See as Suiting
The "esearch
ositivist or
ostpositivist
Interpretivist#
Constructivist
"ra#matic
Transformative
$
(. Steps inResearch
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%
Step )*Determine Area of Investigation
(. Steps inResearch
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4!1! &
Step +*
Identify Approach
(or ',ample* -istorical%
Descriptive% (eminist%
Developmental% Case study%
(ield Study% Correlation%Casual Comparative%
',perimental% .uasi
',perimental% Action
(. Steps inResearch
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Step /* Conduct
Literarure "evie0
Define the research terms
"evie0 the most advanced research
studies
Identify the "'S'A"C- 1A
ro&lem Statement and "esearch .uestion or Issue
1'
(. Steps inResearch
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Step 2* Determine
Data Types
.uantitative
.ualitative
$i,ture of .ualitative and
.uantitative
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(. Steps inResearch
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Surveys
Tests
Interviews
ExperimentsDocuments
nalysis
!ocus"roups
#$servations
12
Step %:
&'oose Data &ollectionInstruments()et'ods
(. Steps inResearch
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"efining datacollection tools
Step *:
Identify Where%When and Who
Data Will
Come from
Developingtimeline
Determining0ho 0ill
collect data
Develop oridentify data
collection tools
Trailing datacollection tools
13
(. Steps inResearch
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Step +:
#$tain Et'ics
pproval
14
Type determined &y thetype of research
Where the data are
coming from
(. Steps inResearch
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Storage ,)anagement
#rganising ,Sorting
&oding ,Displaying
1(
Step -:
Data &ollection
(. Steps inResearch
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1!
T'ematicnalysis
Statistics
Dataanalysis maylead to
furt'er datacollection
Step 1.:
naly/e t'e data
(. Steps inResearch
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+yo'eans tentative or subect to verification.-hesis'eans state'ent about solution to roble'.
Theodorson
/" hyothesis is a tentative state'entasserting a relationshi
between certain facts0
Black and Champion
/a tentative state'entabout so'ething, the validityof which isusually unknown0
In general
/$t is a rediction of relationshi to be scientifically tested.0
Meaning of 0yothesis
Wor)shop on Research*etho+olo#y,e-lyn ,.RaRo+ri#ues
". Iportance of !ypothesis in Research
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Stan#ar#s to e met in formu"ating a -.pot-esis /
It s-ou"# e empiria"".testa"e, 0-et-er it is rig-t or 0rong
It s-ou"# e speifian# preise
T-e statement in t-e -.pot-esis s-ou"# noteontra#itor.
It s-ou"# speif. 1aria"eset0een 0-i- t-e re"ations-ip is
to e esta"is-e#
It s-ou"# #esrie on". oneissue%
$riteria for 0yothesis Formulation
Wor)shop on Research *etho+olo#y ,e-lyn ,. Ra Ro+ri#ues
". Iportance of !ypothesis in Research
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#heory $uildingProcess
#heory
!ypoth
esis
%&servations
E
piric
al
'ener
ali(a
tions
1&
Role of 0yothesis
Soure2 T-e Logi of Siene in Soio"og., A"#ine3At-erton, *45*
". Iportance of !ypothesis in Research
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1riting a Research 0yothesis
$onsider the following 2eneral E3amle
Sl.)o.
*#pothesis
1 Stu+ent -ho recei/e counsellin# sho- #reaterperormance
2 Stu+ent -ho recei/e counsellin# impro/e theirperormance
3 Stu+ent -ho recei/e counsellin# perorm 0etterthan those -ho are casual a0out counsellin#
4 Stu+ent perormance +epen+s upon the )in+ ocounsellin# they recei/e
( o. o hours o counsellin# recei/e+ has animpact on perormance
! Class o counsellin 5 C 6 7 +eci+es theWor)shop on Research *etho+olo#y ,e-lyn ,. Ra Ro+ri#ues
". Iportance of !ypothesis in Research
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1riting a Research 0yothesis
$onsider the following 0yotheses 4 Engineering
Sl.)o.
*#pothesis
1
*aterial -hich recei/es heat treatment sho-s #reater
perormance
2*aterial -hich recei/es heat treatment impro/es its
perormance
3
*aterial -hich recei/es heat treatment sho-s #reater
perormance than that o an untreate+ material
4*aterial perormance +epen+s upon the heat treatment it
recei/es
(o. o hours o heat treatment recei/e+ has an impact on
perormance o the materialWor)shop on Research *etho+olo#y ,e-lyn ,. Ra Ro+ri#ues
". Iportance of !ypothesis in Research
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1riting a Research 0yothesis
Wor)shop on Research*etho+olo#y,e-lyn ,.RaRo+ri#ues
Sl.)o.
*#pothesis
1 Stu+ent -ho recei/ecounsellin# sho- #reater
perormance2 Stu+ent -ho recei/e
counsellin# impro/e theirperormance
3 Stu+ent -ho recei/ecounsellin# perorm 0etterthan those -ho are casuala0out counsellin#
4 Stu+ent perormance+epen+s upon the )in+ ocounsellin# they recei/e
( o. o hours o counsellin#recei/e+ has an im act on
Emphasis
;reater perormancesay C;"
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). Dr Ranjit 5umar, Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners, SAE, 6778%
(. 2eoffrey R. Marc6y7, Da"id DeMatteo & Da"id Festinger, Essentials of Research Design and
Methodology,9o-n :i"e. & Sons, 677(%
+. 8ohn 1. $reswel, Research Design: Qualitatie, Quantitatie, and Mi!ed Methods Approaches,
SAE, 67*(%
%. 'uresh $. 'inha and Anil 5. Dhiman, Research Methodology "# $ols-Set%,;e#am
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