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ESLEnglishasaSecondLanguage
GrammarIntermediate&Advanced
MaryEllenMuñozPage
Research&EducationAssociationVisitourwebsiteatwww.rea.com
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ESLGrammar:IntermediateandAdvanced
Published2011
Copyright©2007byResearch&EducationAssociation,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformwithoutpermissionofthepublisher.
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LibraryofCongressControlNumber2006923970
ISBN-13:978-0-7386-0101-4
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AboutThisBookOpenanewworldofopportunitybymasteringtheEnglishlanguage.ESL
Grammar:IntermediateandAdvanced is trulyforeveryone,whether inschoolor on the job. This comprehensive and challenging guide serves as an idealsupplement to textbooks, languagecourses, andmostother studyaids and testpreparationbooks.ButwithitsthoroughcoverageofEnglishgrammar,easy-to-followexercises,glossary,andcompleteanswerkey, thisbookcanbeusedbyitselfwithconfidence.
TheabilitytowriteandspeakEnglisheffectivelyisnecessaryforsuccessinany study area,whether it beEnglish, science,mathematics, or social studies.Therefore,moststandardizedschoolandvocationaltests—aswellastheTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage,orTOEFL—requirethatstudentsdemonstrateacommand of the English language, which is whywe have included a helpfulguidetonotetaking,studying,andtesttaking.
English writing and speaking skills are invaluable for getting a job andadvancing in your chosen career. Employers (and their clients) often judgeemployees according to their ability to communicate effectively and in aproductiveway.Thisbook—aswellasREA’scompanionvolume,ESLWriting:Intermediate and Advanced—can help you take command of the English
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languageandexpressyourselfwithprecision…andsuccess.
HowtoUseThisBookThisbookisoneofthemoststraightforwardstudyguidesyouwillfind.As
you can see from the table of contents, all aspects of English grammar areeffectivelycovered.Eachsectioncontainsclearexplanations,simpleexamples,andampleexercisesforyoutopracticeandlearn.Theanswerkeyatthebackofthe book is an ideal reference bywhichyou can judge your progress, and theglossary stands ready to clear up any uncertainties about terms and theirmeanings.
REA wishes you all the best on your climb up the ladder to English-languagemastery—andthesuccessthatyouwillenjoyinworkandinlife!
AbouttheAuthorMary Ellen Muñoz Page is a former Bilingual Training Specialist and
Spanish professor at the University of Florida in Gainesville. She received aB.A. inSpanish andhistory andanM.A. inSpanish,both fromCaseWesternReserve University, in Cleveland, Ohio. As a professor, Ms. Muñoz Pagereceivedthree“VoyagesofDiscovery”mini-grantstodevelopculturalmoduleson Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Spain.Ms.Muñoz Page is also the author ofbooks for the TOEFL Test (Test of English as a Foreign Language) and theESOL Examination (English for Speakers of Other Languages). She wasselectedforWho’sWhoAmongAmericanTeachersin1996and1998.
AuthorAcknowledgmentsThisbookislovinglydedicatedtomymother,EdnaI.Schmidt,whoalways
madesurethatIusedpropergrammar.ToallmyESLstudentswhoseunceasingquestionsprompted thewritingof thismanual, I givemy thanks.ToMaureenJennings,forherhelpinthefinalassemblyofthisbook,myundyinggratitude.
REAAcknowledgmentsInadditiontotheauthor,wewouldliketothankStevenM.Gras,technical
reviewer;LarryB.Kling,VicePresident,Editorial,forsupervisingdevelopment;PamWeston, Vice President, Publishing, for setting the quality standards forproduction integrity and managing the publication to completion; AnneWinthrop Esposito and Diane Goldschmidt, Senior Editors, for projectmanagement and preflight editorial review and post-production qualityassurance; Christine Saul, Senior Graphic Artist, for cover design; and JeffLoBalbo, Senior Graphic Artist, for postproduction file mapping. We alsogratefullyacknowledge the teamatAquentPublishingServices for typesettingthemanuscript.
Contents
Part1–IntermediateGrammar
Chapter1–PronounsSubjectPronounsReflexivePronounsRelativePronounsImpersonalSubjectsItandThere
Chapter2–AdjectivesPossessiveAdjectivesBeforeGerundsSomeandAnyComparisonofAdjectives
Chapter3–AdverbsFrequencyAdverbsYet,Still,Already,Never,Ever
Chapter4–Prepositions
Chapter5–Conjunctions
Chapter6–VerbsAuxiliaryVerbsUsingAuxiliaryVerbsPastTenseAgoProgressiveTenses
PresentandPresentProgressiveInfinitivesLinkingVerbsUsingAdjectiveswithLinkingVerbsDoandMakeAffirmativeandNegativeCommandsNegativeCommandsUsedTo•BeUsedTo•GetUsedTo’sand’dContractions
Part2–AdvancedGrammar
Chapter7–PronounsPossessivePronounsTransformationofDirectandIndirectObjectsReciprocalPronounsWho,Whom,Whoever,andWhomeverPronounReferenceOtherandItsForms
Chapter8–AdjectivesAdjectivesEndingin-lyNounsasAdjectivesParticiplesasAdjectivesComparisonsofAdjectivesSequenceofAdjectivesasNounModifiers
Chapter9–Conjunctions
Chapter10–VerbsPerfectTensesPastandPresentPerfectSimplePastandPresentPerfectPastandPastPerfectPresentPerfectProgressivePastandPastProgressive
VerbsFollowedbyInfinitivesVerbsFollowedbyGerundsTroublesomeVerbsConditionalTensesUnlessPossibilityandProbabilitySubject/VerbAgreementIrregularPluralsProblemswithPrepositionalPhrasesActiveandPassiveVoiceSubjunctiveSayandTellSequenceofTenses
Chapter11–Test-TakingTechniquesTestTypesNote-TakingSkillsWaystoImproveYourStudySkillsHowtoPreviewInformationHowtoPrepareforTests
Glossary
Appendices
AppendixA–UseofArticlesA,An,andTheAandAnThe
AppendixB–VocabularyHelp
AppendixC–PluralConceptsNon-countNounsFormingPlurals
AppendixD–WordPhraseswithPrepositions
AppendixE–IrregularVerbs
AnswerKeys
PARTIESL
IntermediateGrammar
IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER1Pronouns
Chapter1
PRONOUNS
Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns and all their modifiers.They can be subjects, direct and indirect objects, interrogatives, impersonals,objects of prepositions, reflexives, demonstratives, possessives, and relatives.Thischartwillhelpyoukeepthemintheproperorder.
SUBJECTPRONOUNS
Pronounscanbesubjectsandperformaction.Herearethepronounsusedassubjects:
Usesubjectpronounsforthefollowing:
a.Asthesubjectoftheverb
Hewritesmusic. Shesingswell.
b.Afterthanorasincomparison
Hepaintsbetterthanshe. Iamastallashe.
c.Afteraformoftheverbbe
Itisl. Thewinnerwasshe.
In(b)ifyourepeattheverb,youcanseethatyoumustusethesubjectform.
Hepaintsbetterthanshe(paints). Iamastallashe(is).
Pronounscanbeobjects(receivers):direct,indirect,objectofapreposition:
me us
you you
him,her,it them
a.Khansawherlastnightinclass.(directobject)
b. Give the money to them immediately. Give them the money
immediately.(indirectobject)
c.Samboughtforusdinnerbecausewewereworkingsolate.(objectofapreposition)
Wheneverthereisacompoundforminaprepositionalphrase,coveruptheother noun and the word and, and then decide whether you need subject orobjectpronouns.
GivethebookstoJaneand .GiveJaneandherthebooks.
BycoveringupJaneand,youseethatthepronounisusedastheobjectoftheprepositionto,andherwouldbetheobjectform.
Patand sawthemovielastnight.
By covering up Pat and, you see that the pronoun is the subject form;therefore,Iisthecorrectform.
EXERCISE1Circle the correct form of the pronoun.When you have finished, checkyouranswerswiththeanswerkeyinthebackofthebook.
Example:Youand(he,him)willrepresenttheclassatthemeeting.
Answer:Youand him)willrepresenttheclassatthemeeting.
1.(She,Her)andPaulareplanningonattendingtheconcert.
2.(We,Us)girlsinsistonbeingadmittedtotheclub.
3.OurteachergavetheextracredittoMelanieand(I,me).
4.Noonesawhimand(she,her)togetheratthegame.
5.Howmanyticketsdidyoubuyfor(we,us)?
6.Ihavetosee(they,them)beforetheofficecloses.
7.(He,Him)travelstoSanDiegoeveryspring.
8.Findtheboss’sfileandhanditto(him,he).
9.Theboyschallenged(we,us)girlstoatestofstrength.(We,Us)won,ofcourse.
10.Whenwillthedirectorpresenttheawardto(she,her)?
11.Ihopethat(she,her)acceptsthatnewjobinOrlando.
12.Someonetold(we,us)thatanewstorewouldbeopeningheresoon.
13.Whatdo(they,them)plantodoabouttheentertainmentfortheparty?
14.Willyoupleasehelp(he,him)unloadthepackages?
15.Howmanybookswillhedeliverto(she,her)?
16.CallovesMyriam,andhedreamedabout(she,her)allnightlong.
17.Nooneseemstoknowwhere(they,them)wentafterlunch.
18.Mysisterand(I,me)traveledthroughtheOrientlastyear.
19.Can(he,him)playtennisaswellas(they,them)?
20.John’sfatherearnsmorethan(he,him).
EXERCISE2Circlethecorrectpronoun.
Example:Mothergave(us,we)themoneytobuysomemilk.
Answer:Mothergave we)themoneytobuysomemilk.
1.(Him,He)andIwenttoseeahorrormovielastnight.
2.Theteacherencouraged(we,us)studentstowatchtheplay.
3.Noonetook(she,her)and(I,me)seriouslywhenwetoldthestory.
4.ManyfanslovedBabeRuthandwenttosee(he,him)playball.
5.(Who,Whom)isDaveinvitingtothedance?
6.Theyareconcernedabout(we,us)becausewehaven’tcalled.
7.Mysistergave(they,them)thestampsfortheircollection.
8.Wesand(I,me)aretakingacruisetotheBahamas.
9.Youand(he,him)arewelcometojoinusattheclub.
10.ThedirectorgaveJilland(I,me)thescholarships.
11.Lauraandherbrotheraretakingatripwith(we,us)nextsummer.
12.Everybodywants(they,them)towinthechampionship.
13.Howmanypamphletsdo(they,them)need?
14.Willtherebeenoughfoodforallof(we,us)?
15.OnceKathyreceivesthecheck,(she,her)willpaythebills.
16.Samtook(I,me)totheconferenceinhisnewcar.
17.Sue’shusbandisgoingwith(she,her)toToronto.
18.Rafaeland(I,me)wereselectedasdelegatestotheconvention.
19.(I,me)amacceptingtheposition,andthisdisturbsmyparents.
20.Theboy(who,whom)iswearingthegreenshirtismycousin.
REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS
Pronounscan functionasreflexiveswhen thesubjectperforms theactiononhim/herself.TheformshisselfandtheirselvesDONOTEXIST.Herearethereflexivepronouns:
Singular Pluralmyself ourselves
yourself yourselves
himself themselves
herself
itself
oneself
IwritemyselfnotestohelpmerememberthingsthatIhavetodo.
Wewashourselvesbeforegoingtobed.
EXERCISE3Useareflexivepronounforeachsentence.
Example:Thechilddressedhimselfwelldespitehisage.
1.Nancy,youneedtoprotect______________fromthesun.
2.Tomhurt______________skiinglastyear.
3.Wesaw______________inthosecrazycostumesandcouldn’tstoplaughing.
4.VictorandAbbasareworkingtwojobstoput__________throughcollege.
5.Theflyingobjectturned__________aroundanddisappearedinthenight.
6.Ibought__________somenewclotheslastweek.
7.Susanacalls__________“doctor”eventhoughshehasn’tgraduatedyet.
8.HarryandSam,find__________aplacetosit,andI’llberightwithyou.
9.Janetcut__________whileshewasfixingherbicycle.
10.Eachstudenthastoteach__________howtostudywell.
EXERCISE4Circlethecorrectpronounorpossessive.
Example:Youneed toask (you,yourself)whatyourgoalsarebeforeyoubegin.
Answer:Give(he, thecheckassoonaspossible.
1.(We,Us)skierswillbeleavingforthemountainsnextweek.
2.Raulisastallas(I,me).
3.Sandyhurt(hisself,himself)whilerepairingthecar.
4.Jasonisluckythatthebaseballdidn’thit(he,him).
5.Mydaughterisolderthan(your,yours).
6.Theyareexpectedtodotheworkby(theirselves,themselves).
7.Hisbookisinteresting.(My,Mine)isboring.
8.Nancytaught(hers,herself)toplaythepiano.
9.Wehaven’tseen(they,them)sincetheyvisitedlastyear.
10.Presenttheawardstohimand(she,her).
11.Josepaintsaswellas(they,them).
12.Don’tgetup!It’sonly(I,me).
13.Weneedtogive(us,ourselves)arestfromthisjob.
RELATIVEPRONOUNS
Relativepronounsrelatetotheword(s)thatprecedesthem.Theyintroduceadependentrelativeclause(aclausethatbyitselfdoesnotconveyacompleteidea).Thisclauseusuallyeliminatestherepetitionofthesameword(s)andusesoneofthefollowingpronounstoconnectthetwoclauses:
Usedonlyforpersons Usedonlyforthingswho that
whom which
whose(otherlivingthings)
Whoandwhomreferonlytopersons.Whoisthesubject(performer)oftheactionoftheverb.
Who functions as a subject in its clause (who iswaving tous) (whowillreplace Joan) and refers to the girl (singer). These clauses do not convey acompleteidea.
Whomistheobject(receiver)oftheaction.(SeeadetailedexplanationonwhoandwhominthePart2:ESLAdvancedGrammar.)
Whom is thesecondreceiverof theactionshouldaddress (guestspeaker=towhom)
Whoseshowspossessionandusuallyreferstopeopleorotherlivingthings.
Thatandwhichareusedwiththings.IninformalEnglishthatmayalsobeusedwithpersons.Thatclausesarevitaltothesentenceandareneversetoffbycommas.
Whichclausesarenotalwaysabsolutelynecessary to thesentence.Whentheydonotlimitthemeaningofthemainclause,theyaresetapartbycommas.
(Whichwasdeliveredyesterdayisnotvitaltothesentence.)
(Whether the county is large or small, it doesn’t change itslocation.ThisinformationisnotvitaltothefactthatMonacoisneartheSouthofFrance.)
Whenyoucombinetwoindependentsentences,youwillhavetwoclauses,eachcontainingasubjectandaverb.Therelativepronounwillconnectthetwoclausesandkeepthespeakerorwriterfromrepeatingthesamewords.
Teri sent money to her son. Her son’s house was damaged by thehurricane.
EXERCISE5Combine each sentence by using a relative pronoun and eliminate therepeatedwords.Usewho,whom,whose,which,andthat.
Example:Omarmetateacher.TheteacherspokeArabic.
Answer:OmarmetateacherwhospokeArabic.
1.Imetanactor.Theactor’spicturewonanoscar.
2.Weboughtahouse.Thehousecostus$150,000.
3.Sallyintroducedmetoherboyfriend.Herboyfriendisacivilengineer.
4.Maureenboughtadress.Thedresscost$45.Shehadtoreturnit.
5.JakegaveIsabelaring.Theringhaddiamondsandrubies.
6.Mrs.Duncanistalkingtoherstudents.Thestudents’projectsaredueonFriday.
7.Normanliveswithhissister.Hissisterisanurse.
8.Thesoldierswereinjuredincombat.Thepresidentisawardingmedalstothesoldiers.
9.Mr.Franklingradedthetests.WetookthetestsonFriday.
10.Thedirectorknowsthecandidate.Thecandidatewaschosentobethemanager.
EXERCISE6UsingformalEnglish,circlethecorrectpronouninthesesentences.
1.Wehaveapackagefortheman(who,which)stoppedbytoday.
2.Imettheauthor(who,whose)bookisonthebest-sellerlist.
3.Areyousurethatthebook(that,which)hasalltheartpicturesisforthisclass?
4.Thatyoungman(who,whom)youmetseemsverynice.
5.I’llbewritingtothedirector(who,whom)yousawMonday.
6.Willyoubepresentingtheslides(that,which)youtookinCanadalastsummer?
7.Thesteaks,(that,which)mybrothergaveus,aredelicious.
8.Thefish(that,which)Lonniecaughtisabigbass.
9.Theincometax(that,which)hepaidlastyearisaccurate.
10.Myfriend(who,whose)fatherisadentistwantstobeanartist.
11.Henryfinallyfoundhiswallet,(that,which)helost.
12.JuanValdez’scoffee,(that,which)comesfromColombia,tastesthebestofall.
IMPERSONALSUBJECTSITANDTHERE
Whilethewordthereisnotusuallyviewedasasubject,itaccompaniestheverbbetoshowtheexistenceofsomething.Therealsubjectalwaysfollowstheverbanddetermineswhetherthatverbshouldbesingularorplural.
Affirmative:THERE+BE+subject
Therearemanymoreemptydesksintheclassroom.
Thereisamessageinyourmailbox.
Negative:THERE+BE+ +subject
Thereisnotimetowasteonsuchfoolishness.
Therearen’tanycookiesontheplate.
Hastherebeenanyrainherelately?
Aretheremorepaperstograde?
Howmanystoresarethereinthemall?
Howmuchspaceisthereleftinthegarage?
NOTEBecarefulwhenyouhavetwosingularsubjectsjoinedbythe
conjunctionand.Thiswillrequireapluralverb.
Thereareavaseandtwodollsonthedresser.
Werethereaticketandsomemoneyinyourpurse?
NOTEInthefollowingsentences,thereisanadverbandreferstolocation.
Thisisnotthesameasshowingtheexistenceofsomething.
Thereisthemoneyformytuition.=Themoneyisoverthere.
There are your pen andnotebook.=Your pen andnotebook is overhere.
Muchandmanyaretwoadjectivesthatnon-nativespeakersoftenconfuse.Muchdescribesthingsthatcan’tbecountedincertaingeneralcategories(time,money, patience, sugar, water, etc.). However, if you put these things incontainersor time inhours andminutes, andmoney indollars andcents, thenyoucouldcountthem.Noticethedifferenceinthefollowing:
Thereisn’tmuchwaterinthetank.
Thereweremany gallons of water when we started to sprinkle thegrass.
Thereistoomuchsugarinthisrecipe.
Therearetoomanycubesofsugarinthedish.
Howmuchmoney is there in the account? (use with non-countablenoun)
Howmanydepositslipsarethereinyourbook?(usewithacountablenoun)
When[much+anoun]isthesubjectofthesentence,theverbissingular.
Thereistoomuchtimespentonplayandnotenoughonstudy.
When[many+anoun]isthesubject,theverbisplural.
Therearenotmanydayslefttofinishthisproject.
EXERCISE7Circlethecorrectformoftheverb.
Example:Howmuchmoney(is,are)leftinyoursavingsaccount?
Answer:Howmuchmoney are)leftinyoursavingsaccount?
1.There(is,are)only28daysinFebruary.
2.There(is,are)fiveticketsleftfortheconcert.
3.There(was,were)avaseofflowersonthetable.
4.There(has,have)beenmanydatapublishedontheuseofDNAincrimedetection.
5.(Have,Has)therebeenanynewsabouttheaccident?
6.There(has,have)beennonewdevelopmentsinthatresearch.
7.Howmanypeople(is,are)thereintheclass?
8.There(wasn’t,weren’t)anycakeleftaftertheparty.
9.(Was,Were)thereanycookiesinthejar?
10.Howmuchfurniture(was,were)thereintheapartmentbeforeyoumovedin.
11.(Has,Have)therebeenanyonewhoshowsaninterestinbuyingyourcar?
12.There(is,are)noinformationavailableonthistopic.
13.(Is,Are)theremanystatesthathaverepealedthatlaw?
14.Howmanytests(has,have)therebeenthissemester?
15.(Was,Were)thereadress,ajacket,andsomeshoesintheboxwhenyouopenedit?
16.(Has,Have)therebeenanyinquiriesintothecommittee’srequest?
17.There(is,are)norulesagainstdualenrollment.
18.Howmanypints(is,are)thereinagallon?
19.(Is,Are)thereanystudentsthisyearwitha4.0GPA?
20.(Was,Were)thereanytoothpasteleftinthetube?
The pronoun it is the subject in many impersonal expressions. It is notresponsibleforperformingtheactioneventhoughitfunctionsasthesubject.Intheseexpressions,thepronounisnotreplacingapreviouslymentionedsingular
noun.Theseexpressionscanbefollowedby thatandadependentclauseorbyaninfinitive.
IT+BE+adjective+[THAT+subject+verb](dependentclause)
Adjectivesthatfitintothiscategoryarethefollowing:
Itisimportantthatyoustudyeverynight.
ItisgoodthatSarahhascompletedtheprogram.
Itisunusualthatsomuchsnowhasfallen.
Anothergroupcanbefollowedonlybytheinfinitive[to+baseformoftheverb]:
IT+BE+adjective+infinitive
Theseareadjectivesthatfallintothiscategory:
Itisdangeroustoplaywithmatches.
Itwashelpfultohavemyflashlightinthedark.
Itwillbepracticaltospeakanotherlanguage.
The impersonal it plus some adjectives can be followed by either aninfinitiveoradependentclause.
IT+BE+adjective+infinitive(dependentclause)
Thiscategoryincludesthefollowingwords:
Itisinconceivabletoputavalueonsuchapricelessobject.
It is inconceivable thatsomeonehasput avalueonsuchapricelessobject.
Itwillbeimportanttotranslatethepoemcarefully.
ItwillbeimportantthatMatttranslatethepoemcarefully.
Thereareotherimpersonalitconstructionsthatarefollowedbydependentclauses.
IT+LOOK+[ASIF+subject+verb]
IT+SEEMAPPEAR+[THAT+subject+verb]TURNOUT
ItlooksasifRandyhasleftfortheday.
Itseemedthathewantedtoescapetosomeplacequiet.
Itappearsthatyouhavediscoveredacureforthedisease.
ItturnedoutthatwewereallwrongaboutMelanie.
EXERCISE8
Decide whether the blank spaces require to for the infinitive or that tointroduceadependentclause.Writetheappropriatewordintheblanks.
Example:Itisadvisabletostudyeverynight.Itseemsthatyouneverseemtohaveanyfreetime.
1.Ithasbeenexciting______visitalltheplaceswe’vereadaboutinclass.
2.It’snecessary__________signthecheckbeforecashingit.
3.Itwasterrible________thefloodvictimscouldn’tstayintheirhomes.
4.Itwon’tbepossible________seethedoctorthisafternoon.
5.Itisapparent____noonehaspreparedthelessonfortoday.
6.Itwillbenecessary________leaveimmediatelyaftertheconcert.
7.Itisunbelievable________somanypeoplewenttoseethepremiereofthatmovie.
8.Itwasgood_____havesomeonearoundtohelpwiththework.
9.Itisevident________youdon’tunderstandwhatIamsaying.
10.Itisincredible___________theplayhaslastedsolong.
11.Itturnedout______allthestudentsdidwellinthefinalexam.
12.Itisfoolish___________drivewithnobrakes.
13.Itwasstrange_________Janicedidn’tcallwhenshewasintown.
14.Itwillbeinteresting_________seewhowinstherace.
15.Ithadbeenapparent_________leavingthesceneoftheaccidentwasamistake.
16.Itwasadvisable_________thestudentchangehismajor.
17.Itwouldbeimportant_________evaluateyourassetsbeforeyouaskfortheloan.
18.Itappears_________someonehasalreadydecoratedtheroomfortheparty.
19.Itseems_________youhavewontheprizeafterall.
20.Itwouldbesilly_________countonRandyforsupport.
Otherexpressionsusetheprogressivetense.
IT+BE+[V+ING]
Itwillbesnowinginafewhours.
ItwasrainingwhenIlefttheoffice.
ItisbeginningtolookalotlikeChristmas.
One of themost commonuses for the impersonal it is used inwith time
expressions.
Itwillbemorningsoon.
Itisnineo’clock.
Itwas8:15whentheairplanearrived.
Onelastcategoryreferstoconditions.
IT+BE+adjective(condition)
Herearecommonwordsusedforsuchconditions:
Itwascoldandwindyyesterday.
Itwillbenoisyattheparty.
ItissostillthatIcanhearthewindblowing.
EXERCISE9Useeitheritorthereineachsentence.
Example:Itwasverywindyyesterdayafternoon.I wonder if there were any new developments in theinvestigation.
1.________hasbeenverysunnyforthelastthreedays.
2.Have________beenanyinterestingprogramsontelevisionlately?
3.________willbegoodtoseeMarthaaftersuchalongtime.
4.________isunusualtoseesomanypeopleoutsoearlyonaSundaymorning.
5.Will________benecessarytocallJanetbeforethedebate?
6.Will________beanybenefitchangesinthenewmedicalplan?
7.Were________anymessagesontheansweringmachine?
8.Was________necessarytodrivesofartopickupthepackage?
9.________willbeimportantforyoutoattendthemeeting.
10.Was________enoughtimetotalkwitheveryone?
11.Howmanydaysare________beforeweleaveforvacation?
12.Iwonderif________israininginNewarknow.
13.Has________beenanyoneinterestedinbuyingyourhouse?
14.Will________beanyrefreshmentsservedaftertheconcert?
15.Howmanyguestswill________beatthewedding?
16.________isimpracticaltospendfoolishlyandtotrytosave.
17.________wasfouro’clockwhenIleftworkyesterday.
18.________willbebetterdays;justbepatient.
19.________turnedoutthattheboyshadarrivedontimeafterall.
20.________wasquietafterthechildrenfinallywenttosleep.
EXERCISE10DecidewhichoftheunderlineditemsisINCORRECT.
1.Mymother’stremendousfearofcatsmakesitdifficultforshetogowalkinginourneighborhoodatnight.A.tremendousB.makesC.sheD.walking
2.Mybookdiffersfromyourinthatminehasavocabularysectionatthebottomofeachpage,andyourshasoneintheback.A.yourB.thatC.attheD.theback
3.Somepeoplewhichhavebeenworkingforacompanyforyearssuddenlyfindthemselvesunemployedbecauseofadministrativemismanagement.A.whichB.foryearsC.themselvesD.becauseof
4.Theprofessoraskedus,NancyandI,tostayafterclasstodiscussthemake-upassignmentfornextweek.
A.askedusB.IC.todiscussD.make-up
5.Ifinafamilythemembersarealwayslookingoutonlyforone’sself,thentheyhavetobeaggressivetogetahead.A.outB.one’sselfC.havetobeD.togetahead
6.Peoplewhomplayinorchestrasareusuallyadultswhohavestudiedmusicformanyyearsandwhoaredevotedprofessionals.A.whomB.devotedprofessionalsC.musicD.are
EXERCISE11Selectthecorrectword(s)tocompletethesentence.
1.Families_____playtogetherusuallyarehappytogether.A.whoB.whichC.whomeverD.whose
2.Invite_____youliketotheparty,butdon’tinviteMark.A.whoB.whoeverC.whomever
D.that
3.Aftergivingthestudentachancetoprove_____,hewasdismissed.A.himB.hisselfC.himselfD.his
4.Wewishshewereheretohelp_____withthedecorations.A.usB.weC.ourselvesD.yourselves
5.Thelittleboydresses_____everymorning.A.himB.hisselfC.heD.himself
6.Dotheyknow_____hasbeenchosenpromqueen?A.whoB.whomC.whoeverD.whomever
7.Letmedividetheflowers._____areyours,andthosearemine.A.ThisB.ThatC.TheseD.Thisone
8.Idesperatelyneedsomemoney.Idon’thave_____topaymybills!
A.anyB.someC.somethingD.anything
EXERCISE12Selectthecorrectpronountocompleteeachsentence.
1.(Who,Whom)doyouwanttoserveontheboardfordirectors?
2.Canyoulendme$50untilpayday?Sorry,Idon’thave(some,any)extra.
3.Rickisshorterthan(I,me),buthe’stallerthanhisbrothers.
4.(It,There)aretwentynamesofthecandidatesonthedirector’slist.
5.Photograph(whoever,whomever)youseeattheinauguration.
6.Theman(whose,who’s)brotherisalawyerwantstobecomeajudge.
IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER2Adjectives
Chapter2
ADJECTIVES
Adjectivesarewordsthatmodify(describe)anounorapronoun.Theycanalsofollowlinkingverbs(be,seem,appear,etc.).Just likenouns, theycanfallintodifferent categories: 1) limiting—articles,demonstratives,possessives—and2)descriptives.Adjectivesusuallyprecedethewordsthattheymodify.
Limitingadjectivesfallintothesecategories:
Numbers:one,five,ten,twenty,first,second,third
Quantity:some,any,much,many,few,little(withnon-countnouns)
Demonstratives: this, that, these, and those (These are the same forms as thepronouns,butthesemustcomebeforeanoun,notreplaceit.)Examples:thiscar,thathouse
Articles:a,an,the
Possessives:my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their
Keep in mind that when you add ’s to a noun, you make the noun apossessiveandchangeittoanadjective.
Thesecretary’stypewriterisbroken.
Thedogchasedthelittleboy’sball.
All other adjectives are descriptives. Here are examples of commondescriptiveadjectives:
POSSESSIVEADJECTIVESBEFOREGERUNDS
Whenever a noun or pronoun appears before a gerund, itmust be in thepossessiveform.Thisformthenbecomesanadjective.
S+V+possessiveform(noun/pronoun)+[verb+ING]
Weweresurprisedbyhisnotacceptingthejob.
Theyaresorryaboutourleavingsosoon.
NancyobjectstoJan’scallinghersolate.
Referringtothefirstexampleabove,wearesurprisednotbyhimbutratherby his not accepting the job. In number two, they are sorry not about us butratheraboutourleavingsosoon.
NancydoesnotobjecttoJanbutrathertoJan’scallingsolate.
NOTENounscanusuallybecomepossessivesbyadding’stothesingular
form.
boy>boy’s dog>dog’s boss>boss’s
Fortheplural,however,thenounneedstobepluralfirst,andthenaddthe’s.
man>men’s child>children’s
Ifthepluralendsins,thenaddonlytheapostrophe(’).
boys’ girls’ sisters’
EXERCISE13Change the noun or pronoun to the possessive form, and use it as anadjective.
Example:WeweresurprisedatBetty’sgettingmarriedsosoon.
1.Myparentsdonotapproveof_________datingDavid.(I)
2.Iamsotiredof_________notacceptinghisresponsibilities.(Peter)
3.Theteacherisafraidof_________notlearningenoughEnglishthisyear.(herstudents)
4.Thethievesconfessedto_________stealingthemoney.(they)
5.Thewitnesstestifiedabout_________takingpicturesofthescientificexperiments.(he)
6.Thebosssaid,“Ineedtocounton_________takingpartinalloftheseactivities.”(you)
7.Weareafraidof_________raisingtherent.(thelandlord)
8.Donottrytoexplain_________baddriving!Youtaughthim.(Terry)
9.Youdon’tlikeit!Areyoureferringto_________playingthepiano?(I)
10.Thechildrenarelookingforwardto_________visitingthem.(you)
11.Canwerelyon_________bringingthefoodtotheparty?(Kim)
12.Kerrycan’tdecideon_________takingthetripornot.(we)
13.Thatloudmusicdetractsfrom_________doingagoodjob.(theworkers)
14.Iresent_________givingmeaticketwhenIwasnotspeeding.(thepoliceman)
15.We’relookinginto_________beingofferedthejob.(Tom)
16.I’mdependingon_________singingverywelltoday.(thegroup)
17.Georgeisplanningon_________drivingsomeofthestudents.(I)
18.Harryobjectsto_________nominatinganewpresident.(theclub)
19.Thedoctorisupsetwith_________nottakingenoughvitamins.(Ann)
20.Thevotersaretiredof_________spendingmoneysofoolishly.(thegovernment)
EXERCISE14Changethenounorpronouninparenthesestothepossessiveform,anduseitasanadjective.
1.Tom’sparentsaredissatisfiedwith_________acceptingajobabroad.(he)
2.We’resurprisedat_________receivingthedramaaward.(Helen)
3.Aimeewasnotjealousofher_________winningthescholarship.(friend)
4.Thechildrenwerefascinatedbythe_________jumpingupanddown.(clowns)
5.Iamdependingon_________organizingthetripforus.(you)
6.Mrs.Genovesedisapprovedof_________commutingsofartoworkeveryday.(me)
7._________acceptingthechallengedependsonhercommitmenttodoingwell.(Anne)
8.TheSenateapprovedofits_________receivingmorehealthbenefits.(citizens)
9.Iwillrelyonmy_________findingtimetoworkwithme.(brother)
10.The_________thinkingquicklysavedhislittlesisterfromchoking.(boy)
11.Melwillhavetopayforhis_________breakingthewindowwiththebaseball.(son)
12._________exercisingtoomuchcausedpainsinhismuscles.(Tony)
13._________smokinginherofficecausedherco-workerstocomplain.(Anita)
14._________movingtothecountrymadeabigdifferenceinourhealth.(us)
15.Bynowweareaccustomedto_________arrivinglate.(they)
16.Iamafraidofthe_________catchingthefluthisseason.(children)
17._________fishingeverydaykeepshimbusyduringhisretirement.(Lonnie)
18.The_________buildingtheirnestinourgaragecreatedsomeproblems.(birds)
19.Maureenwasinterestedinthe_________keepingtheirdogintheyard.(neighbors)
20.Weareconcernedabout_________drivingsolateatnight.(they)
SOMEANDANY
While some and any convey the same idea, they may not be usedinterchangeably in standard written English. Some is used with affirmativesentences,andany isusedwithnegativesandquestions.Theymaybeusedaspronouns or adjectives. For affirmative statements, use some. For negativestatementsorquestions,useany.
Affirmative:Usesome.
Therearesomepapersonmydeskintheoffice.(adj.)
Isawsomeonyourstoo.(pronoun)
Somedaysarehotterthanothersinthesummer.(adj.)
Somearealsocolderinwinter.(pronoun)
Negative:Useany.
Davedoesnothaveanysparetimetoexercise.(adj.)
Wedon’thaveanyeither.(pronoun)
Noonehadanyideaonhowtosolvetheproblem.(adj.)
Idon’thaveanyeither.(pronoun)
Question:Useany.
Doyouhaveany29-centstampsforthisletter?(adj.)
Arethereanyinthedrawer?(pronoun)
HavetheyeverreadanyplaysbyShakespeare?(adj.)
HasheeverreadanybyMolière?(pronoun)
Thefollowingformsareallpronounsandcanbeusedonlyassubjectsandobjects:
Affirmative
someone sometime
somebody somewhere
something
Negativeorquestion
anyone anytime
anybody anywhere
anything
Thefollowingsentencesareinaffirmative:
Someoneisworkinginthekitchenrightnow.
Somebodycameherelookingforyoujustamomentago.
Tonyneedssomethingtowipeupthejuicehespilled.
Sometimenextweek,stopbytheofficetoseeme.
Ileftthebooksomewhereinmyhouse.
Thefollowingareexamplesofsentencesinnegativeorinquestionform:
Ican’tseeanyoneinthepool.Canyou?
Hasanybodyturnedinasetofcarkeys?
ThelibrarydidnothaveanythingIneededformyreport.
Thedoctordoesnothaveanytimetoseeyoutoday.
Ican’tgoanywherewithoutyou.
Keepinmindthattheformssomeone,somebody,anyone,anybodycanbeadjectivesiftheybecomepossessivesbyadding’stothepronounform.
Boblosthisjacket.Haveyouseenit?
Ifoundsomeone’s(somebody’s)jacketinmycar.(adj.)
Aretheseanybody’s(anyone’s)housekeys?(adj.)
Helenedoesn’tthinkthattheyareanybody’s.(pronoun)
EXERCISE15Usingthewordsfromthelistbelow,fillinthecorrectformineachspace.
Somesentencesgroupedtogetherarepartofamini-dialogue.
Example:Iknowthatsomeoneboughttheluckylotteryticket.Doyouhaveanyofthenewcoinsjustputintocirculation?
1.Iwillsave_________cakefromthepartyforyou.
2.Doyouhave_________homeworktonight?
3.Hedoesn’thave_________vacationtimeleftthisyear.
4.“_________hasbeensleepinginmybed,”saidthebabybear.
5.Thechildrenareboredbecausetheydon’thave_________timetoplayoutside.
6.Wehaven’tseen_________weknowhereattheparty.
7.DidMr.Robertsonhave_________inmindforthejob?
8.Whiletheywereaway,_________brokeintotheirhouseandstoletheirvaluables.
9.Joelcan’tgotofootballgamesbecauseheneverhas_________freetimeonSaturdays.
10.Noonesaw_________unusualthatday.(object)
11.Wehopethattheywillgiveus_________informationontravelingintheNorthwest.
12.Iamlookingfor_________redhemlace.
13.Gail,doyouhave_________?
14.No,Idon’t,butIamsureDollyhas_________.
15.Kellyhas_________inherhand.Whatisit?
16.It’sjust_________candythatherfriendgaveher.
17.Mr.Jansencan’tseeyouimmediatelybecausehehas_________inhisoffice.
18.Therewasn’t_________athomewhenIcalledthismorning.
19.Thedefendantdidnotsay_________inhisdefense.
20.Didtheyfind_________interestinginthatoldtrunkintheattic?
COMPARISONOFADJECTIVES
Descriptiveadjectivesoradverbscanhavethreedifferentforms:positive,comparative,andsuperlative.Hereareafewexamplesofthethreeforms:
The first form, thepositive degree, is the basic form of the adjective oradverb, which describes one or more persons, objects, or ways of doingsomething.
thebigwhitehouses (adjective)
acrazycat (adjective)
someornatepaintings (adjective)
Thedeerranfast. (adverb)
UnequalComparisonsThe comparative is used to show a relationship between two objects,
persons, or groups that are equal or unequal to the same element of anotherobject, person, or group. Most one- and two-syllable adjectives add -er toexpressunequalcomparisons.
Adjective+ERAdverb+ER
quiet>quieter high>higher
neat>neater fast>faster
quick>quicker soon>sooner
Foradjectivesendingine,justaddrtotheroot.
Adjectivesendingin[E+R]
nice>nicer white>whiter
fine>finer tame>tamer
EXERCISE16Foreachword,writethecomparison.
1.wide
2.pale
3.brave
4.cute
5.humble
6.noble
7.wise
8.polite
9.close
10.stale
11.late
12.large
13.ripe
14.rare
15.safe
Foradjectivesendingin[consonant+y]changeytoibeforeaddinger
happy>happier dainty>daintier
pretty>prettier lovely>lovelier
EXERCISE17Changethefollowingfromthepositivedegreetothecomparative.
1.cozy
2.shy
3.dizzy
4.angry
5.easy
6.heavy
7.pretty
8.ugly
9.merry
10.early
11.noisy
12.friendly
13.lonely
14.healthy
15.lovely
Foradjectivesendingina[vowel+y],justadder.
coy>coyer gay>gayer(happy) gray>grayer
Toexpressunequalcomparisoninasentence,usethefollowingpattern:
subject+verb+[adjective+ER]+THAN+otherelement
Ben’sbrotheristallerthanhe.
Mrs.Andrewsisolderthanherson.
Thisblouseseemsnicerthanthatone.
Bethlookshappiertodaythanshedidyesterday.
NOTEAftercomparisons,usesubject,notobject,pronouns.
SylviaplaystheguitarbetterthanI.
Heneedsmoremoneythanshe.
EXERCISE18Writethecorrectformofthecomparative.
Example:John’sroomisneaterthanmine.Historyiseasierthancalculus.
1.Myneighborhoodis______________thanyours.(quiet)
2.Yournewfurniturelooks______________thantheold.(lovely)
3.Ourteamran______________thanyourteam.(fast)
4.Wandalives______________totheuniversitythanHarry.(close)
5.Afteralongdiet,Jessicais______________thanherfriends.(slim)
6.LosAngelesis______________thanOrlando.(hazy)
7.Thechildrenseem______________thantheirparentsafterthelongairplaneride.(sleepy)
8.Thestreetsintheoldsectionoftownseem______________thananyplaceelse.(narrow)
9.Buffalofeels______________thanPittsburghinthewinter.(cold)
10.Womenseemtobe______________thanmeninthegameoflove.(coy)
Sometwo-syllableandallthree-syllableormoreadjectivesandadverbsusemoreorlessplustheadjectiveoradverbforthecomparison.
+three-syllableadjectives
MORE}+beautiful,intelligent,quietly,quickly
LESS}+difficult,important,interesting,economical
NOTENevercombinemoreandthe[adjective+er]form.
INCORRECT:morehappier,morefriendlier,morewiser
CORRECT: happier,friendlier,wiser
Two-syllableadjectivesending in the followingsuffixesusuallyusemoreorlessplustheadjectivetoexpressthecomparative:
MORE+foolish,careful,helpless,cautious,active
LESS+blatant,verbose,regal,caring,hyper,boring
EXERCISE19Writethecomparativeforms.
1.famous
2.helpful
3.pensive
4.captive
5.exact
6.loving
7.daring
8.basic
9.fiendish
10.morose
11.cutting
12.clever
13.normal
14.sheepish
15.festive
16.glorious
17.childlike
18.alive
19.flagrant
20.fragrant
21.callous
22.forward
23.grateful
24.useless
25.selfish
Sometimes it is better to use an antonym than to try to use the [less +adjective]pattern.
PaulisshorterthanDanny.
Janeisyoungerthanhercousins.
Usethesamepatternforsentencesasmentionedabove.
Thisproblemseemsmoredifficultthanthatone.
LarryfinishedhisworkmorequicklythanTom.
Sincehisaccident,Louislessabletoplaygolfthanbefore.
Idon’tbelieveLeslieactslesscapablythanBrian.
To indicate a greater degree of comparison, use much or far plus thecomparisonform.Muchandfarcanbeusedinterchangeablyinthecomparison.
Isaismuchmoreindependentthanhersistereverwas.
Thisjacketisfarlessexpensivethantheleatherone.
APorscheacceleratesfarmorequicklythanaFordEscort.
Beginningstudentsspeakmuchlessfluentlythanadvancedones.
Itisalsopossibletocomparenouns.
Therearefewerpeopleheretodaythanyesterday.
IhavelessfreetimethananyoneelseIknow.
Wecanvisitmorerelativesonthistripthanonthelast.
Ourprofessorhasmanymorebooksthanwehave.
Genespendsfarlesstimeonhisworkthanhisfriends.
JackhasfarmorefriendsthanBob.
EXERCISE20Fill in the comparison using + (more/much) and – (less/fewer), and ++(farmore)and––(farless)asyourguidestothecorrectforms.
Example:LucyisfarlessathleticthanJill.(––athletic)Michelledrinksmorewaterinthesummerthaninthewinter.(+)
1.Suegrades____________examsthanLucy.(++)
2.Thislacetableclothlooks____________theplasticone.(+pretty)
3.Inthesummergrapesare____________inthewinter.(+abundant)
4.Asachild,AlbertEinsteinseemed____________hisplaymates.(–intelligent)
5.Theseatsinfirstclasshavebecome____________thoseinsecondclass.(––cramped)
6.Inthisclassthereare____________studentsthanthereusedtobe.(++)
7.ThismorningStan’stalkwas____________itwasyesterday.(+straightforward)
8.Todayweearn____________moneythanweusedtoearn.(––)
9.Inwarmweather,carsaccelerate____________incoldweather.(+rapidly)
10.Ifoundthisbook____________theonethatJodyrecommended.(––interesting)
Someadjectivescannotbecompared.Theseareafewthatcannot:
Dead:Itisimpossibletobedeaderthansomeoneorsomethingelse.
Unique:Itmeansoneofakindandallowsfornocomparison.
Pregnant:Itisimpossibletobealittlepregnantormorepregnantthananother.
Immaculate: Itmeanspureorsinless,absolutelyclean,anddoesnotallowforcomparison.
Magnificent:Italreadyindicatesthehighestdegreeofperfection,superb.
Infinite:Italreadyindicateswithoutlimitsorbounds.
Ultimate:Itindicateslastpossibleorfinalofaseries.
Bare:Itmeanstotallywithoutclothingorfurniture.
Perfect:Itindicatesthehighestdegreepossible.
Inwintertheflowersaredead,andsoarethetrees.
AntoniGaudi’sarchitecturewasunique.
Pregnantwomenvisitagynecologist.
Judykeepsanimmaculatehouse.
VersaillesisamagnificentexampleofBaroquearchitecture.
Thereareinfinitewaystoarrangemusicalnotesinanopera.
John’sultimategoalistobecomeaprofessionalphotographer.
Janet’s bare apartment was longing for some furniture and a newtenant.
Andyreceivedperfectscoresonallofhistests.
EXERCISE21Using the following information, write unequal comparisons. Whereverpossible,writeonecomparisonusingagreaterdegreeandonecomparisonusingalesserdegree.
Example:Gardeniassmellverygood.Violetsdon’thavemucharoma.Gardeniassmellmuchbetterthanviolets.Violetssmellmuchlessthangardenias.
1.MexicoCityhas20millioninhabitants.Micanopyhasabout1,500.
2.Philipearns$100,000peryear.Tonyearns$35,000.
3.Nancyis35yearsoldandherbrotheris38.
4.Themillionairehassixcars.Ihaveone.
5.Theartbuildingis100feettall.Thelanguagelabis50feettall.
6.Achocolatebarhas230calories.Abananahas100.
7.Itis95degreesinArizonaand25degreesinAnchorage.
8.RudyreceivesC’sandD’sonhistests.RalphreceivesA’sandB’s.
9.ItisraininginClevelandandsnowinginBuffalo.
10.BettylearnedtospeakPortuguesewellinthreeyears.IttookhertenyearstolearnArabic.
EXERCISE22Makecomparisonsusingthefollowingpairsofwords.
Example:silk...denimSilkissofter(moreexpensive)thandenim.
1.silver...gold
2.elephant...monkey
3.cotton...plastic
4.Coca-Cola...milk
5.spinach...cake
6.TomCruise...PaulNewman
7.yacht...canoe
8.airplane...train
9.swimming...watchingtelevision
10.NorthPole...California
NOTEWhenwritingcomparisonswithdifferent,itisincorrecttosay
differentthan.Use,instead,differentfrom.
subject+verb+DIFFERENT+FROM+noun
Yourbookisdifferentfrommine. Yourbookisdifferentthanmine.
Kurt’scarlooksdifferentfromyours. Kurt’scarlooksdifferentthanyours.
IrregularComparisonsThere are some adjectives and adverbs that have irregular comparisons.
Herearesomeexamples:
Thisdesserttastesbetterthantheapplepie.
Theirbaseballteamwastheworstofall.
Denniswriteswell,butDeanwritesbetter.
SanDiegoisfartherfromNewYorkthanChicago.
EXERCISE23Writeacomparisonforeachsentence.
Example:Harry’swritingisworsethanyours.
1.Dannyreceives________gradesthanhisbrother.(good)
2.Welive________fromtheuniversitythanyoudo.(far)
3.Nancy’sstudentsspeak________thanmost.(well)
4.Thefoodinthisrestaurantis________thanintheoneonthecorner.(bad)
5.Ronfeelsmuch________todayaftertakinghismedicine.(good)
6.Benran________thananyotherathlete.(far)
7.Lucysings________thanAnita.(well)
8.Thisrecipesounds________thanyours.(good)
9.Clevelandhas________weatherthanRichmond.(bad)
10.Melplaystheguitar________thanIdo.(well)
EqualComparisons
Theothertypeofcomparisonsrelatesequalityorsamenesstotheelementsbeingcompared.Oneelementisthesameastheother.
Ihavethreeoranges.Youhavethreeoranges.
Ihaveasmanyorangesasyou.
There are many skyscrapers in New York. There are also manyskyscrapersinChicago.
NewYorkhasasmanyskyscrapersasChicago.
Thepatternforequalcomparisondiffersfromunequalcomparison.
AS+adjective+ASAS+adverb+AS
AS+ +(non-count)noun+AS
AS+MANY+(countable)noun+AS
PaulisastallasPeter.
SuetypesasfastasJennifer.
Wehaveasmuchtimeasyou
SandywritesasmanylettersasVirginia.
TheGlassBoutiquehasasmanyvasesastheEmporium.
Makeaslittlenoiseaspossible,becauseyourfatherisasleep.
NOTERememberthatsubject,notobject,pronounsfollowcomparisons.
Theyhaveasmanybooksaswe.
Noonestudiesashardasshe.
EXERCISE24Combine the two sentences to show equal comparisons. There may beseveralpossibilitiesforsomeofthesentences.
1.Kevinhittwohomerunsinyesterday’sgame.Davealsohittwohomeruns.
2.It’s75degreesinOahuand75degreesinDallas.
3.Maureenatethreepiecesofpizza,andhersisteratethree.
4.BriansleepseighthourseverynightandRitasleepseight.
5.Philweights180pounds.Harryweighs180pounds.
6.Tracyworksverydiligentlyinschool.Trishaalsoworksverydiligently.
7.Thissweatercosts$10.95.Theyellowonealsocosts$10.95.
8.Joelrunsamileintenminutes.Hisbrotheralsorunsamileintenminutes.
9.Thelongdressisveryelegant.Theshortdressisalsoelegant.
10.JoséspendsfourhoursadaystudyingEnglishandfourhoursstudyingmath.
11.Somehighschoolstudentsdosixassignmentsforhomeworkeverynight.Somecollegestudentsalsodosixhoursofassignments.
12.JoanCollinshasalotofjewelry.LizTaylorhasalotofjewelry.
13.Intheirnewapartment,theAndersonshavesixpiecesoffurnitureinthediningroomandsixpiecesinthelivingroom.
14.Thereareonly18studentsinthechemistryclassandonly18inthephysicsclass.
15.Ipaid$45formytextbook.Annepaid$45forherbook.
TheSameAsAnothertypeofcomparisonshowingequalityusestheexpressionthesame
as.Therearenoadjectivesnoradverbsexpressedinthesecomparisons.
Yourkeyslookthesameasmine.
Hisringshinesthesameashers.
Comparisons can also bemade by using a noun to express the common
element.
subject+verb+THESAME+noun+AS
Thisgateisthesameheightasthatone.
YoursweateristhesamecolorasJan’s.
Superlatives
Thelasttypeofcomparisoninvolvingthreeormoreelementsiscalledthesuperlativedegree.Oneentityisthefocusincomparisonagainsttheremainingentities.Thiscanalsobeexpressed inhigherand lowerdegrees.Adjectivesofoneortwosyllablesfollowthispattern:
THE+[adjective+EST]+ [OF+pluralnoun][IN+singularnoun]
Danisthetallestoftheboys.
Sandyistheneatestinthefamily.
Adjectivesofthreeormoresyllablesfollowanotherpattern:
Many Italians say that the Vatican is the most beautiful of allbuildings.
SomeFrenchthinkthattheVenusdeMiloisthemostimportantworkintheLouvre.
Samthinksthatmathistheleastsignificantofhiscourses.
Adverbscanalsobeexpressedassuperlatives.
THE+[adverb+EST]+[OF+plural]
THE+[MOST+adverb]+[IN+singular]
APorscherunsthefastestofall.
Tomstudiedthemostdiligentlyinhisclass.
EXERCISE25:WRITINGStudytheinformationcarefullyandwritestatements,usingthesuperlative.Usebothhighestandlowestdegreesofcomparisonwhereverpossible.
Example: Glen likes to travel and is considering the followingvacations.Europe—21days,Mexico—14days,andCanada—20 days. Europe is the longest vacation.Mexico is theshortestvacation.
1.Semi-glosspaintcosts$21agallon,satin$18,andflat$16agallon.
2.Therearethreecansonthetable:7ouncesofpeas,4ouncesofmushrooms,and16ouncesofcorn.
3.One-halfcupofsomefruitshasmorecaloriesandismorefatteningthanothers:apricots128calories,cantaloupe35calories,andpears97.
4.It’shottoday:Cleveland95degrees,Atlanta87degrees,andTrenton80degrees.
5.DistancesfromOlympia,Washington:Tacoma30miles,Bremerton56,Aberdeen49.
6.Helenhasfourholidaycandlesburning:red3hours,green1hour,andwhite45minutes.
7.Danismeasuringcabinetsforhishouse:kitchen36incheswide,bath27inches,laundry30inches.
8.Thefootballteamwenttoarestaurantafterthebiggame.Thequarterbackatethreehamburgers,thecoachhadtwo,andthekickerateone.
9.Threeathleteswanttobehealthy.Arthurjogsfourmileseverydayandeatsnoredmeat.Jillloveshamburgersandfrenchfries,butsheswims35lapseveryday.Teddrivestoclassandsnacksonjunkfoodeveryday.
10.Itwasahotsummerday.Cindydrankthreeglassesoflemonade,Suzytwo,andDianefour.
EXERCISE26Foreachsentence,supplythecorrectform.
1.Yourhouseis___________(far)fromtheuniversitythanmine.
2.Ilikethissoup___________(good)ofall.
3.Todayismuch___________(hot)thanyesterday.
4.Thisfurnitureis___________(expensive)thanthat.
5.ElvisPresleyis___________(famous)thanPerryComo.
6.Yourbookseems___________(boring)thanmine.
7.Thisguideis___________(helpful)thantheonethatthetravelagentrecommended.
8.Petewas___________(interested)inthedemonstrationthanhisyoungerbrotherwas.
9.Goodstudentsattendclass___________(frequently)thanpoorones.
10.Paquitoisthe___________(bad)playerofall.
11.Mary’schildwassonervousthathesatthe___________(quietly)ofallthechildren.
12.Thefirstcontestantansweredthequestionsthe___________(quickly)ofall.
13.TheGreenBeanisthe___________(good)restaurantofanyIhavevisited.
14.TheNorthPolehas___________(cold)temperaturesthanAlaska.
15.MarryingTimwasthe___________(foolish)thingMaryhadeverdone.
EXERCISE27Usethecorrectform:than,as,from,ormore.
1.Yourdictionaryisquitedifferent from mine.
2.Hisjobisnotthesame__________yours.
3.Anunskilledlaborerislessqualified__________askilledone.
4.Thedresscostsfarmore__________theskirt.
5.Skiingonsnowisasdangerous__________skiingonwater.
6.EnriquespeaksSpanishaswell__________English.
7.Paramedicsaredifferent__________specialists.
8.Theseanswersarethesame__________theonesIwrote.
9.Jackie’shairislonger__________hersister’s.
10.Algebraisdifferent__________geometry.
11.Springis__________pleasantthanwinter.
12.Thegirlsplay__________roughassomeoftheboys.
13.Sara’scultureissomuchdifferent__________mine.
14.The__________youearn,themoreyouspend.
15.Theplotofthisplayislessinteresting__________theoneyouarereading.
EXERCISE28Circletheunderlineditemthatisincorrect.
1.Inamarriageitisnecessaryforeachofthepartnerstoknowasmuchasitispossibleabouteachother.
A.eachB.asC.itisD.abouteachother
2.Nobodyaskedmeaboutmyfriend’swinningthelottery,andIdidn’tvolunteeranyinformation.A.NobodyB.meC.myfriendD.any
3.Thefootballteammadetoomucherrorsandfumblesthattheplayersliterallygavethewintotheiropponents.A.toomuchB.literallyC.thewinD.their
4.ItisinterestingthatMedievalthoughtwasgreatlyinfluencingbytheGreeks.A.thatB.greatlyC.influencingD.Greeks
5.Thevegetablesouptastedsowellthatwedecidedtohaveasecondhelping.A.TheB.wellC.decidedD.a
6.Bycreatingtheirownbeautifulartisticdesigns,apersoncanfeelagreatsenseofaccomplishmentinknowingthatthepatternsareunique.A.theirB.canfeelC.inknowingD.are
7.Therearemuchbooksinthelibraryonaccounting.A.ThereB.muchC.theD.on
8.Thestudentsthoughtthattheteacherhadgiventhemaunusuallydifficulthomeworkassignment.A.thoughtB.hadgivenC.aD.difficult
9.Mary’sparentsdisapprovedofhersattendingthecompanyconferencesofarawayfromherhome.A.disapprovedB.hersC.sofarawayD.home
10.Mrs.Jansenwasdivorcingfromherhusbandfouryearsagobecauseoftheirincompatibility.A.divorcingB.fromC.agoD.their
11.Althoughthegirl’ssingingwasslightlyoff-key,herguitar’splayingattractedtheattentionofthosewhowerenearby.A.AlthoughB.slightlyC.guitar’sD.were
12.Afteracarefullyinvestigation,wesoondiscoveredthatthehousewasinfestedwithtermitesandotherundesirableinsects.A.carefullyB.soonC.infestedD.other
13.Iwasverymuchsurprisedathimrefusingthepositionofvicepresidentofthenewly-formedcorporation.A.verymuchB.himC.theD.newly-formed
14.Thewitnesstestimonywasessentialtoprovingthatthedefendantwasnowherenearthesceneofthecrime.A.witnessB.wasC.toprovingD.nowhere
15.TheJensenssaidthattheirvacationlastsummerwasmostenjoyablyandrelativelyinexpensive.A.TheB.wasC.enjoyably
D.relatively
16.Sincewehaven’thadtoomanyrainlately,theflowersareratherwilted,andmanyaredying.A.haven’thadB.manyC.ratherwiltedD.dying
EXERCISE29Beloweachsentence,youwillseeanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Selecttheoneanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.
1.Manywomenliketochange_____appearancefromtimetotimebecauseitmakesthemfeelmoreattractive.A.herB.yourC.theirD.our
2.Peoplethinkthatpandasare_____thanbears,butactuallytheyarerathershy.A.friendlierB.mostfriendlyC.friendliestD.friendly
3.Veniceisoneof_____citiesinEurope.A.morebeautifulB.themorebeautifulC.mostbeautifulD.themostbeautiful
4.Has_____seenmyglovesandmyhat?A.anyoneB.anythingC.someoneD.nobody
5.Harryis_____ofallthestudentsinthegymclass.A.tallerB.thetallestC.themosttallD.moretall
6.The_____canariesdelightedtheaudience.A.sungB.singingC.sangD.sings
7.Ourdirector’s_____newsgaveustheincentivetofinishourproject.A.encouragingB.encouragedC.encouragesD.encourage
8.The_____itrained,theharderwerowedtheboattogettoshore.A.asB.fromC.moreD.than
IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER3Adverbs
Chapter3
Adverbs
Adverbs are words that modify an action verb, an adjective, or anotheradverb.Iftheadverbmodifiestheverb,itusuallyfollowsit.
Nancriedhystericallyastheflamesenvelopedhercar.
Lenranquicklytocatchtheball.
Whenanadverbmodifiesanadjective,italwaysprecedestheadjective.
C.EverettKoopisawell-knownmedicalauthority.
Saulhaddiedbeforereturningtohisdearlybelovedland.
Someexamplesofadverbsofintensitymodifyingotheradverbs:
*UsedmoreinlessformalEnglishtoindicateintensity.
Thecarsdrovesofastthatwecouldn’tseethelicenses.
Jacobmovedthemirrorveryslowly.
Thecardrovereallyfastasitmadeitsgetaway.
Adverbsof timeandfrequencydon’tendin-ly.Theyusuallyprecede theverb.Herearesomeinthiscategory:
Mycousinsseldomvisitusnowthatwehavemoved.
Heneverwantstogothereagain.
Adverbsofmannerareformedbyadding-lytotheadjective.
quick>quickly careful>carefully
However, therearea fewforms thathaveminorchanges.With those thatendinaconsonant+y,changetheytoibeforeaddingthely.
easy>easily happy>happily
Withadjectivesendinginic,addallytoformtheadverb.
majestic>majestically angelic>angelically
Withotheradjectivesendinginble,droptheeandaddonlyy.
reasonable>reasonably noble>nobly
Adjectives look at how orwhen something is/was done. An action thathappenedmorethanonceinthepastisindicatedbythefollowingexpressions:
Adverbs of frequency (often, usually, frequently, sometimes, generally,normally)usuallycomebetweentheauxiliaryverbhaveandthepastparticiple.
WehaveoftenvisitedourfriendsinAtlanta.
Theauthorhassometimeswrittenaboutherpersonallifeinhernovels.
Mostadverbsendin-ly—forexample:
rapidly slowly quietly easily comfortably
EXERCISE30
EXERCISE30Changetheadjectivestoadverbsbyadding-ally.Lookupanywordsyoudon’tknow.
Example:frantic>frantically
1.basic________________
2.historic______________
3.majestic______________
4.economic______________
5.comic_________________
6.strategic_____________
7.critic________________
8.antiseptic____________
9.cryptic_______________
10.sympathetic_________
11.artistic____________
12.domestic____________
13.automatic___________
14.aromatic____________
15.organic_____________
16.systematic__________
EXERCISE31Createadverbsbychangingtheytoiandaddingly.
Example:easy>easily
1.sloppy_______________
2.heavy________________
3.angry________________
4.clumsy_______________
5.ready________________
6.busy_________________
7.steady_______________
8.merry________________
EXERCISE32
EXERCISE32Changetotheadverbformbydroppingtheeandaddingonlyay.
Example:notable>notably
1.noble_______________
2.able________________
3.capable_____________
4.responsible_________
5.feasible____________
6.comfortable_________
FREQUENCYADVERBS
These adverbs show the number of times that an action takes place or isrepeated.Thefollowingarelistedinorderofoccurrence.Thegraphshowshowtheyrelatetooneanother.
Inasentence,theseadverbswillcomedirectlybeforeasimpleverbtense.
Jamesalways checks out his computers before he sells them to hiscustomers.
Margaritaneverspokeharshlytoherstudents.
Theprojectbarelymeetsthefederalguidelines.
Whentheseadverbsareusedwithperfect tenses(have+pastparticiple)theyareplacedbetweenhaveandthepastparticiple.
Wehaveoftenvisitedthatmuseum.
Thedirectorhasoccasionallyaskedhisemployeesforsuggestions.
WendyhadneverbeentoNiagaraFallsbefore1993.
If thecompound tensesareusedasquestions, then the frequencyadverbsareplaceddirectlybeforethepastparticiple.
HaveyounevergonetoStoneMountainnearAtlanta?
HasJanetalwayslivedinVermont?
HadJackusuallywrittenpoetrybeforehedecidedtowritefiction?
EXERCISE33
For each sentence, replace the words in parentheses with one of thefrequencyadverbsinthelistthatmeansthesameornearlythesame.Somemayberepeated.
Example: Jeff barely knew Mandy when they married after a shortengagement.(almostnotatall)
1.Deborah___________visitshergrandmother.(everyday)
2.Allen___________getslowgradesonhistests.(almostnever)
3.Leonardo___________studiesinthelibrary.(manydays)
4.HasMarina___________gonetoarockconcert?(notonetime)
5.ChrisandJoehave___________watchedabaseballgameontelevision.(onlytwotimes)
6.___________myfriendsandIgototheshoppingmall.(threetimeseverymonth)
7.I___________everseeyouanymore.(notverymuch)
8.Sandyandherhusband___________eatdinneratarestaurant.(maybeonceamonth)
9.We___________receivejunkmailathome.(almosteveryday)
10.Mr.Davis___________travelstoJapanonbusiness,buthegoestoEuropeonceamonth.(onetimeeverytwoyears)
EXERCISE34Writethefrequencyadverbinitsproperplaceinthesentence.
Example:Mickeywatchessportseventsontelevision.(rarely)
Answer:Mickeyrarelywatchessportseventsontelevision.
1.FootballfanswatchthegamesonSundayafternoons.(always)
2.PasqualehaswrittenalettertohiscousininItaly.(never)
3.Ihaveseenthatprogram,butIdon’tlikeit.(occasionally)
4.WestudyonFridayafternoons.(usually)
5.Martapreparesapeachpieforspecialoccasions.(generally)
6.Theyseeusonweekends,becausewearesobusy.(hardly)
7.Monicahasgoneshoppinginthenewmall,becauseitissofaraway.(seldom)
8.Thisneighborhoodisquiet,buttodayitisrathernoisy.(usually)
9.HasJudesungandplayedforthelocaldances?(sometimes)
10.Haveyouthoughtaboutwritinganovel?(often)
11.Thegirlstakethebustowork,buttodayitwasrainingandtheygotaride.(generally)
12.IhaveseenTomwithouthiswifeatthecouncilmeetings.(seldom)
13.Theytalktoussincetheymovedtothenewneighborhood.(barely)
14.WetakethechildrentotheparkforapicniconSundays.(frequently)
15.Haveyouwonthelottery?(never)
YET,STILL,ALREADY,NEVER,EVER
Yetisusedwithquestionsandnegativeanswersandindicatesatimeuptothepresent.Itusuallycomesattheendofthesentence.Itisusedmostlywiththepresentperfecttense.
Theplanehasn’tarrivedyet.
Havetheyfinishedtheirreportyet?
Still indicates a continuing action in progress at a given time in the past,present, or future. Still follows the verb be and precedes other verbs exceptauxiliariesinquestions.
Marshaisstillpresidentofthegroup.
Did the language department still offer Russian when you were astudent?
Hestillhasn’tfinishedhiswork.Hehasstillnotfinishedhiswork.
Nevermeans“notonce”;itisalsoanegativeanswertoaneverquestion.
HaveyouevermetthePresident?
IhavenevermetthePresident.
Ever means “on one occasion”; it is also used for questions. It comesbetweentheauxiliaryandthemainverbandcanbeusedwithanegative.
Haveyoueverbeentoarockconcert?
No,Ihaven’teverbeentoarockconcert.
Already is used in affirmative sentences to show that an actionhas takenplace.Itusuallycomesbetweentheauxiliaryandthemainverb.
Wehavealreadyseenthemovie.
The passengers had already left the plane before their relativesarrived.
EXERCISE35Completeeachsentence,usingoneofthewordsbelow.Theremaybemorethanonecorrectanswerinsomesentences.
Example:Ineverwanttoseesomuchviolenceagain.
1.Haveyoureadtoday’snewspaper__________?
2.TheJohnsonshave__________visitedSwitzerland.
3.Kurtis__________writinghistermpaper.
4.Areyou__________livinginPhoenix?
5.Theprofessorhasn’tarrived__________.
6.HasNancytakenhermorningcoffeebreak__________?
7.Wehave__________boughtticketsfortheopera.
8.Martinwas__________workingfortheairlineswhenIsawhim.
9.Haveyoureviewedyourirregularverbs__________?
10.Havethey__________visitedNiagaraFalls?
11.Isyourfriend__________planningtovisityouthismonth?
12.Hasthenewtradeagreementbeennegotiated__________?
13.Wehaven’tansweredhisletter__________.
14.Melanieis__________readingthatnovelthatshestartedwhileshewasonvacation.
15.Noonehasseenthedirector__________today.
16.Fiftypercentoftheprojecthas__________beencompleted.
17.Herfatherwasachemist,butMarleen__________receivedgoodgradesinchemistry.
18.Isthatteam__________goingtowinagamethisyear?
EXERCISE36Completesentences,usingthewordsbelow.
1.Susanhas_________writtenherthesis.
2.Iam_________notreadytodiscussthatcontroversialissue.
3.Someoneelsehas_________takenyourseat.
4.Melissa_________allowshersistertowearherclothes.
5.Thephysicalfitnessgroupis_________joggingeverymorning.
6.DidthePope_________gotoAfricaonavisit?
7.WillValerie_________marryherchildhoodsweetheart?
8.Ihave_________seenaredbutterflybefore.Haveyou?
9.Canyou_________forgivemeformakingsuchamistake?
10.ManyNorthernersarewonderingifspringwill_________arrive.
11.We_________seemtohavetimeafterworktogoshoppinginthemall.
12.HasSally_________flowninaConcordejet?
13.Ritahasn’tgraduatedfromhighschool_________.
14.Louie’steamhas_________wontwochampionshipsandhopestowinathird.
15.Hasanyoneelse_________wonsevengoldmedals?Idon’tthinkso.
16.Isthestore_________havingitsbigsummerwhitesale?
17.Noonehasvolunteeredtoacceptthechairmanship_________.
IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER4Prepositions
Chapter4
PREPOSITIONS
Prepositionsareawordorgroupofwordsthatshowtherelationbetweentheobjectandsomeotherwordinthesentence.Hereisapartiallistforyoutolearn.
about
above
accordingto
across
after
against
aheadof
along
among
apartfrom
around
as
asfaras
at
becauseof
before
below
beside
between
beyond
but(except)
by
concerning
contraryto
despite
down
during
except
for
from
in
inadditionto
infrontof
inplaceof
inregardto
inspiteof
inviewof
inside
insteadof
into
like
near
of
off
on
onaccountof
out
outof
over
past
since
through
throughout
to
toward
under
underneath
until(till)
up
upto
upon
with
within
without
Prepositionalphrases includeprepositionsusually followedby theandanounandindicatetimeorlocation.Theyanswerthequestionswhenorwhere.
WestudyEnglishandmathinthemorning.(when?)
Mr.Northpreferstodrivetotheoffice.(where?)
Intermsoflocation,lookattheprepositionalphrasesasanyplacearatcango(underthesink,behindthesofa,betweenthewalls,etc.).
Prepositionsexceptto (whichmayprecedethesimpleformoftheverborgerund)precedeagerund.
Somestudentsputoffstudyingaslongaspossible.
Salisagainsthuntingdeer.
Prepositionscanaccompanynouns,verbs,andadjectivesasanintegralpartof the phrase.Here is a partial list by category. Please seeAppendixD for amorecompletelist.
Prepositions are a difficult concept, andmost often the bestway to learnthemistolistentohowtheyareusedwithcertainexpressions.AmorecompleteofexpressionsandtheirappropriateprepositionsislocatedinAppendixD.Lookatthefollowingexamples:
In:years,months,city,state,country,theuniversity,insideabuilding
In 1990 I lived in San Francisco, in California, while I was in theuniversity.
On: specific date, name of a street, day of the week, different forms oftransportation (bus, plane), certain floors of buildings, location (on thetable/desk/sofa)
MarywasbornonJune14,1965,inahouseonMadisonStreet.
At:exactaddress,specifictime,athome/school/work/therestaurant,withcertainexpressionssuchasat first/last/least/once/present/themost/yourdiscretion/yourconvenience/thismoment/thistime/amoreconvenienttime
ThepartywillbeheldattheGovernor’sClubat7:30p.m.
Of: to show possession, pertaining to, used with certain expressions (seeAppendixD)
TheparentsofJohnandMaryliveinoneofthesuburbseastoftown.
In the absence of the president, the vice president conducted themeeting.
From:origin,outof,giver
JanreceivedaletterfromherunclefromFrance.
For:during,insteadof,intendedreceiver,becauseof
Theexamfortomorrowisfortheeleveno’clockclass.
EXERCISE37Fromthelistofprepositions,selectthebestonetocompletethemeaning.Somemayberepeated,andsomemayhavemultipleanswers.
Thebosssaidthatwemustbe1)________theoffice2)________nine
o’clock,nolater.Iwokeuplate,jumped3)________thecaranddrove4)
________work.Mymotherdividedthecookies5)________myfriends
andme.Wearrivedlate6)_________therain.7)________yougo8)
________thehouse,youmustunlockthedoor.Thebirdsflew9)________
thetrees10)________thathotsummerday11)________May.Lucy’s
sisterwasborn12)________Baltimore13)________June22,1970.
Arnoldlives14)________2754BentonRoad.Scottis15)________love
16)________Sandi,andtheywillmarrysoon.Thepolicetookthedrugs
17)________thesellers.Ourplanetook18)________anhourlate.We
haveanagreement19)________ustwonottocriticizeeachother.Harry
boughttheflowers20)________Peggy21)________herbirthday.
ColumbusdiscoveredAmerica22)________1500.Lookforyourglasses
23)________theshelf24)________thetelevision.I’mthinking25)
________visitingmycousinthissummer.
EXERCISE38Supplythecorrectpreposition.
1.Thepoliceaccusedthem______robbingthebank.
2.Youmusttake______accountthathewasveryyoungthen.
3.Don’tworry______anything.I’lltakecare_______everything.
4.Whowillpay______thedamages______yourcar?
5.Theyarethinking______moving______California.
6.It’saquestion______findingtherightman______thejob.
7.Doesanyoneobject______mysmokingacigarette?
8.He’snotinterested______money______all.
9.Shereallydied______abrokenheart.
10.Iaskedthepharmacist______something______aheadache.
11.Hepouredthewine______ourglasses.
12.Heisalways______ahurry.
13.Iaskedthewaitresstotake______thedirtydishes.
14.Hetookme______thearmandhelpedme______thestreet.
15.Thisisanexception______therule.
16.Thesignsaid,“Keep______thegrass.”
17.Somepeoplehavestrangeideas______bringing______children.
18.Idreamed______youalllastnight.
19.Thereissomeoneknocking______thedoor.
20.Whywasshetalking______him?
EXERCISE39Circlethecorrectpreposition.
TheRaExpedition
1.(In,On)1937whileThorHeyerdahlandhiswifewere2.(by,on)a
littleisland3.(for,in)theMarquesas4.(on,in)thePacificOcean,hebegan
tothink5.(about,to)storieshehadheardconcerningthegreatPolynesian
sun-godTiki.Thisandaseries6.(for,of)eventsledThorHeyerdahl,a
Norwegian,andfiveothermentoundertakeone7.(for,of)themostdaring
adventures8.(of,about)ourtimes—that9.(of,to)crossingthePacific
Ocean10.(on,under)abalsaraftashebelievedtheancientPolynesians
haddone.
TheKon-Tiki,astheraftwascalled11.(to,in)honor12.(of,for)the
sungod,sailedsome4,300nauticalmiles13.(for,from)Peru14.(for,to)
thePolynesianIslands.15.(On,By)theopensea,theyhadtowithstand
manygalesandstorms,aswellasfight16.(off,of)sharks.Whentheir
provisionsranout,theyfished17.(over,for)foodandcollectedrainwater
todrink.
The101-daytripproved18.(for,to)Heyerdahlandtheother
adventurersthatitwaspossible19.(by,for)thePolynesianstohave
traveled20.(for,from)SouthAmerica21.(to,on)theirislandmany
centuriesbefore.
EXERCISE40Selectthecorrectprepositiontocompletethesentence.
1.Afterjumping_________thecoldpool,theswimmersbegantoshiver.A.intoB.onC.underD.beneath
2.RafaellivesintheEasternpartofVenezuelasome200milesfrom
Caracasat18feet_________sealevel.A.ontopofB.atC.overD.above
3.JanplanstovisitArizona_________themiddleofspringA.atB.aroundC.toD.for
4.Didyoumeettheguestspeaker_________theconference?A.atB.inC.onD.over
5.Thepresidentialcandidate’sspeechtodaywasinconsistent_________hisremarksmadeatpreviousgatherings.A.toB.withC.aboutD.of
6.Theassignmentswereequallydivided_________thefivework-studystudentsinthecommunityeducationdepartment.A.amongB.betweenC.forD.into
7.Wetriedtodiscouragethestudents_________writingontopicsthat
weretoodifficultforthemtocompletesuccessfully.A.toB.forC.fromD.about
8.Bothsoccerandfootballteamsconsist_________elevenactiveplayersforeachteamonthefield.A.inB.onC.ofD.to
9.Someeducatorsaretryingtodoaway_________thenewmathematicsbecauseithasnotbeenassuccessfulastheyhadhoped.A.fromB.toC.forD.with
10.AsItraveled_________Chinaonthetrain,Isawbeautifullandscapes,oldbuildings,andquaintvillages.A.inB.onC.overD.about
11.Scientistswereinterestedintheradioactivityemanating_________thenuclearpowerplantlocatedneartheocean.A.inB.toC.fromD.about
12.Becausethecommitteewasanxioustoattendthecelebration,thepresidentdispensed_________readingtheminutesofthepreviousmeeting.A.withB.fromC.ofD.for
13.Atnightthesoundofthewindintensifiestheexcitementonefeelsasheimaginesthecriesuttered_________thevictimsoftheInquisition.A.byB.forC.toD.about
IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER5Conjunctions
Chapter5
CONJUNCTIONS
A word that connects words or groups of words in a sentence is aconjunction. These connecting words can be relative, coordinating,correlative, and subordinate conjunctions. Each has a different function andwillbestudiedmoreindetailinlaterchapters.
An easy way to remember the coordinating conjunctions is by using theacronymFANBOYS:For,And,Nor,But,Or,Yet,So.
Thewordsand,nor, or can connect nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, orprepositionalphrasesasaseriesofelements.Usenorinnegativesentences.
Nouns:
Therearepens,paper,andpencilsontheshelf.
Taketheredblouseorthegreenblouse.
Idon’tlikeaPorschenoraCadillac.
Verbs:
Joeplaysguitarandsingswell.
Thegroupcan’tdancenoract.
WewillswimorrideourbikesonSaturday.
Adjectives:
Paulisathletic,studious,andgenerous.
Todayisnotsunnynorwarm.
Thosesocksareblackorblue.
Adverbs:
Thescoutswalkedquietlyandcarefullythroughthewoods.
Thesequestionsareneitherneatlynorcorrectlyanswered.
Inballetjumpquicklyorelegantly,ordon’tjumpatall.
Look under the bushes and among the flowers for the
Prepositionalphrases:
hiddenEastereggs.
Youwillfindyoursocksunderthebedorinthecloset.
Don'thangthepictureoverthemantelnorabovethedoor.
These conjunctions can connect two main clauses.When they do, use acommadirectlybeforetheconjunction.
Leiwonascholarship,andshewentawaytoschool
Idon’thaveacar,nordoIplantobuyone.
Myflightleavesatseven,soIneedtohurry.
Wehavetoleavenow,butwewillreturnsoon.
Theconjunctionforusuallymeansbecause,givingareasonforanaction.
Ourgroupmovedinsidethepavilion,forithadstartedtorain.
Bringyourcoatsalong,for theeveningsarecoolinthatareathatwewillbevisiting.
EXERCISE41Circle the conjunctions and underline which parts of the sentence areconnected.Decidewhether they are connecting two complete ideas, justtwowordsofthesamepartofspeech,oracontrast.
Example:Tonyisouttoday,buthewillreturntomorrow.but—contrastThesunisshiningbrightly,andwearegoingtothebeach.and—twoideas
1.Theskyisgray,anditisgoingtorain.
2.Wewanttoseethatnewmovie,butnottonight.
3.Rudiwantstobeadoctor,soheistakinganumberofsciencecoursesthissemester.
4.ThedoctorcanseeyouMonday,butyouhavetobeherenolaterthan8:00a.m.
5.Idon’tknowhowtodance,nordoIintendtolearn.
6.Maritzadoesn’thaveenoughmoneyforthetrip,yetshereallywantstogo.
7.Mysisterjustboughtsomedishesandglassesforhernewhouse.
8.Iwishyoualotofluck,forIknowyouwillneedit.
9.Thediplomatcan’tspeakRussiannorItalian.
10.Jasonorderedthepartforhiscar,butithasn’tcomein.
11.Wehaveatestinanhour,andwehavetostudyalotnow.
12.TheHowardfamilyisgoingawayfortheholidays,buttheyhavenotmadereservationsyet.
13.Theteamhasboughtuniforms,helmets,andgloves.
14.Gonowandpaylater.
15.Iwillstudychemistryoralgebrainthefall,butnotboth.
IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER6Verbs
Chapter6
VERBS
Therearefourprincipalpartsforallverbs,bothregularandirregular.Theyarepresent,past,pastparticiple,andpresentparticiple.Except for theverbbe,thepresenttenseistheformfoundinthedictionary.
Inthepresenttense,theformsareallthesameexceptforthethirdpersonsingular(he,she,it)towhichyouadd-s.
walks, runs, says (Iwalk,youwalk,he/she/itwalks,wewalk, theywalk)
For verbs that end in ch, o, s, sh, andx, however, add -es for the thirdpersonform.
watches,goes,passes,wishes,waxes
Forverbsendinginconsonant+y,changeytoibeforeadding-es
copy>copiesmarry>marries
Forallregularverbsinthepasttense,add-dtoformsendinginE.
baked,liked,revered,quoted
Forallregularverbs,add-edtoformsendinginconsonants.
talked,jumped,waited,sailed
Thepastparticipleforregularverbsisthesameasthepasttense.
Marybakedacakeyesterday.(pasttense)
Mary has baked many cakes for our bake sales. (past participle—
regular)
However,forirregularverbsthereisusuallyadifferentform.
Janetwrotemanyletterstoherfriends.(past)
Janet has written many letters to her friends. (past participle—irregular)
RegularVerbs
Past PastParticiple
walked walked
planted planted
telephoned telephoned
IrregularVerbs
Past PastParticiple
sang sung
rode ridden
went gone
Thepresentparticipleistheformendingin-ing.Rememberthatforverbsendingineithera[vowel+y]ora[consonant+y],keeptheybeforeaddingthe-ing.
marrying,copying,flying
surveying,annoying,portraying
EXERCISE42Writethecorrectformoftheverbinthepresenttense.
1.thecook_____________(fry)
2.themirror_______(magnify)
3.theshoes__________(pinch)
4.myskin_____________(itch)
5.we__________________(deny)
6.Anita_________________(do)
7.theband___________(march)
8.Mr.Adams__________(teach)
9.thestudents________(hurry)
10.thebrides________(blush)
11.you________________(wash)
12.myuncle___________(fish)
13.Ana_______________(study)
14.they_________________(go)
15.theiron_________(scorch)
16.I_________________(apply)
17.thedress___________(dry)
18.theairplane________(fly)
19.thesun__________(bleach)
20.thebaby____________(cry)
AUXILIARYVERBS
Eachoftheseprincipalpartsusescertainauxiliary(helping)verbstoformdifferenttenses.Lookatthefollowingcharttoseewhichauxiliariesaccompanythefourdifferentformsandthetensesthattheycreateinactivevoice.
Iwritemyhomeworkeverynight.
Icanwritemyhomeworkeverynight.
Iwouldwritemyhomeworkeverynight.
Iwillwritemyhomeworkeverynight.
Imaywritemyhomeworkeverynight.
Iwrotemyhomeworkeverynight.
Imustbewritingmyhomeworkeverynight,orelseIwouldn’tbepassing.
Iwrotemyhomeworkeverynight.
Ihadwrittenmyhomeworkbeforelunch.
Ihavewrittenmyhomeworkeverynight.
Iamwritingmyhomeworkrightnow.
Iwaswritingmyhomeworkat8:00.
USINGAUXILIARYVERBS
Auxiliariesarealwaysfollowedby thesimpleformof theverb(infinitivewithoutto):
togo tosay tosee tospeak towork
Auxiliaries cannot beused in combinationwith eachother.Whendo andhave are the principal verbs of the sentence, the auxiliaries can combinewiththem.
Timdoesnothaveacar.
Wecandothatjobin15minutes.
Themechaniccouldhavethecarbytomorrow.
Iwillhavethesepapersforyoulatertoday.
Rememberthefollowingformulasforwordorderwhenusingauxiliaries:
Do, does, can, and should combine with the simple form to expressvariations in the present. The auxiliaries do and does are also necessary foraskingaquestionorforforminganegative,aswellasforemphasis.
Theydoneedhelp. Theydonotneedhelp. Dotheyneedhelp?
Icanplaytennis. Icannotplaytennis. CanIplaytennis?
Weshouldstudy. Weshouldnotstudynow. Shouldwestudy?
Rememberthatdo,does,anddidaretheauxiliaryverbsforpastandpresenttensesofallmainverbs.
Joeplays >doesplaygolfwell.
Antonsold >didsellhishouselastyear.
Thestudentslearn >dolearntheirlessons.
Did,could,andwould(repeatedpastaction)combinetoexpressavariationin the past.Did in the affirmative sentences emphasizes the past. Simple pastforms also express the same idea.Notice the need for the auxiliarydid in thenegativeandquestionforms.
Hedidvisit(visited)hiscousins. (foremphasis)
Didhevisithiscousins? (toaskaquestion)
Hedidnotvisithiscousins. (toexpressthenegative)
WhenIwasachild,Iwouldswimeverysummer.
WouldIswimeverysummer?
Iwouldnotswimeverysummer.
Beforehiskneeinjuryin1988,Harrycouldrunveryfast.
CouldHarryrunveryfast?
Harrycouldnotrunfast.
Could,would,andmightcanexpressuncertaintybasedonaconditionfora
later time.Theconditionexpressed,however, representssomethingcontrary tofactthatwillprobablynotchangeandnotmaterializelater.Rememberthattheseauxiliariescomefromthreedifferentverbs,andthemeaningforeachisslightlydifferent.
Ifwehadthemoney(wedon’t),wewouldbuyanewcar.
Icouldstopbytomorrowifyoureceivedthedocument.(Youprobablywon’treceiveit.)
Shemightbeabletocome,butitdoesn’tlookasifshe’llgettheplaneticketsontime.
May,will,andshallareusedasauxiliariestoindicatefuturetime.InBritishEnglish, shall is used for I andwe forms,while inAmerican English,will isacceptableforallforms.
ShemaygotoNewYorkwithusnextweek.
Iwill (shall forBritishEnglish) lookforanewapartmentbefore theendofthemonth.
EXERCISE43Underlinetheauxiliaryand/ormainverb.
1.TheJoneseshavejustboughtanewcar.
2.Whendidyousendthatpackagetoyoursister?
3.WhenisTomleavingforCalifornia?
4.Canyougivemechangeforthistwenty-dollarbill?
5.Willthesesuppliesbeenoughforyourcampingtrip?
6.Howoftendoyoufillyourgastank?
7.Theartistpaintedaportraitofhismother.
8.Nothingseemstomattertothemanymore.
9.Thepresidenthadspokentothecommitteebeforemakinghisdecision.
10.Thechildrenwereplayingwiththeirtoysallafternoon.
EXERCISE44Changethestatementstoquestions.
1.Wecanseethemovietomorrownight.
2.Nancyhasanappointmentfortwoo’clocktoday.
3.Thelandlordmightraisetherentagain.
4.HewouldliketovisittheUnitedNations.
5.Susanwillbeoutoftownforthreeweeks.
6.Thestudentsshouldstudyallthenewvocabulary.
7.IhadajobinBoston.
8.Enricoboughthisnewcomputerlastweek.
9.Tarapaintsverywell.
10.Thecarpentersknowhowtobuildthehouse.
EXERCISE45Oscar is a little confused.He has some incorrect information.Help himchangetheaffirmativestatementstonegativeonesandprovidethecorrectinformation.
1.Tomatoesgrowontrees.
2.Thesunshinesatnight.
3.Roosterscanlayeggs.
4.Alligatorslivedinthedesertlongago.
5.Myrosescouldgrowwithoutwater.
6.TheFrenchinventedtheconceptofzero.
7.(Peterhasproblemswithmath.)Heshouldstudystatistics.
8.Mostluxurycarsgetgoodgasmileage.
9.Boliviahasalargeport.
10.Lionshavefeathers.
EXERCISE46Changethesentencesfromthepresenttothefuture.
1.Grassgrowsfasterinthesummer.
2.Theyservesupperatseveno’clock.
3.Theplanearriveslate.
4.Nobodysleepsafternoon.
5.TheplaybeginsonSaturday.
6.Itissunnythisafternoon.
7.TheWaltonsliveonamountain.
8.Nothinginterestinghappensaroundhere.
9.Poinsettiasdon’tbloominthesummer.
10.Thefinalexamscountsfor25percentofyourgrade.
EXERCISE47:WRITINGAnswer the questions, using the correct form of the verb. Write acontrastingideaforthenegative.
1.WhattimedoesyourEnglishclassbegin?
It________________________________
_________________not_____________
2.Whoeatspeanutbuttersandwiches?
___________________________________
_________________not_____________
3.HowlongdoesSarahsleepeveryday?
She______________________________
_________________not_____________
4.Whorunsawayfromthecat?
___________________________________
_________________not_____________
5.DoesBadrdrivetotheuniversityeveryday?
Yes,________________________________
No,______________________________
6.DoesCynthiawalkwiththechildreneveryafternoon?
Yes,________________________________
No,______________________________
7.WhosingsSpanishsongs?
___________________________________
_________________not_____________
8.WhendoesMajadance?
She______________________________
_________________not_____________
9.Whotalksonthetelephonewiththesalesdepartment?
___________________________________
_________________not_____________
10.WhichnewspaperdoesAliaread?
She_______________________________
_________________not_____________
11.DoesCorazonwriteletterstoherfamilyeveryweek?
Yes,_____________________________
No,______________________________
12.Doesthisrestaurantservegoodfood?
Yes,_______________________________
No,______________________________
PASTTENSE
Anytimebeforenowisconsideredpasttense.Theverbtenseindicatesonlythattheactiontookplaceearlier,withnoreferencetootheractions.Whiletimesmaybeexpressed,theyarenotinrelationtoothertimes.Regularverbsformthepasttensebyadding-dtotheverbsthatendine.
bake>baked tease>teased raise>raised
provide>providedreserve>reservedrule>ruled
Forregularverbsendinginaconsonant,add-edtothepresenttense.
look>looked fail>failed wait>waited
Most one-syllable verbs containing one vowel and ending in a singleconsonant,doublethefinalconsonantbeforeadding-ed.
stop>stopped dot>dotted slam>slammed
Donotdoublethelettersxandw.
wax>waxed mow>mowed
Whena two-syllableverbends ina singleconsonantafter a singlevowelandthesecondsyllableisstressed,doublethefinalconsonantalso.
Noticethatthestressisonthesecondsyllableforeachoftheabove.Now
lookwhathappensifthestressfallsonthefirstsyllable.
Forwordsendinginconsonant+y,changetheytoibeforeaddinged.
hurry>hurried copy>copied fry>fried
**Remembertousedidastheauxiliaryforquestionsandnegatives.
Didyoufindthenewspaper?
No,Ididnotfindthenewspaper.
Unfortunately,therearemanyverbsinthepasttensethatdonotfollowthisrule.SeeAppendixEforalistwillhelpyoutolearnsomeofthem.
EXERCISE48Circlethecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses.
1.Becausewehad(forgot,forgotten)towindtheclockbeforegoingtobed,wearrivedlateforwork.
2.Havethehikersalready(gone,went)tothemountains?
3.Ourdog(digged,dug)aholeinthebackyard.
4.Mycousin(brang,brought)herguitartotheparty,andwe(sang,sung)manyofourfavoritesongs.
5.Ourneighbors(selled,sold)theirhouselastmonth.
6.Becausethelaborersweresotired,they(sleeped,slept)anextrahourthismorning.
7.Afterplayingtennisfortwohours,theplayers(drank,drunk)twoglassesofjuice.
8.Theairplane(flew,flied)highoverthemountainpeaks.
9.Afterthehurricanehadhitthearea,manybeautifultrees(fell,fallen)totheground.
10.Anintensecoldwave(freezed,froze)thewaterpipes,causingthemtoburst.
11.Wehad(ate,eaten)somuchthatwecouldnotrideourbicycleshome.
12.Ourlunchfellofftheboat,andIwatcheditasit(sunk,sank)slowlyintothesea.
13.Nooneintheaudience(understand,understood)thespeaker’smessage.
14.They(telled,told)uswhattheyhadplannedtodoinWashington.
15.Lastnightwe(seen,saw)agreatmovie.
16.Thewhistle(blew,blown)loudlyasthetrainapproachedthestation.
EXERCISE49Write the correct form of the verbs, using the past tense or the pastparticiple.
GarageSaling—AWayofLife
LastweektwoofmyfriendsandI(1)were(be)returningfromthe
shoppingmallwhenwe(2)saw(see)some“garagesale”signs.It(3)
________(seem)oddthatsomeonewouldwanttosellagarage,buti
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