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Era II Unit 6 WHI.6 Ancient Rome
From Republic to Empire!
Voorhees
Text in yellow is for notes!
Symbolism- Western Civilization
SIC SEMPER TYRRANUS= Thus always to tyrants
• Quote- Brutus upon slaying of Julius Caesar
• May 1776- Virginia declared independence
• July 1, 1776- committee of four appointed to make seal- who were they?
– Richard Henry Lee, George Mason, George Wythe, and Robert Carter Nicholas
• Because of the strong admiration for the Roman Republic felt by the Virginia leaders, the design of the new seal was taken from the mythology of Ancient Rome
The student will apply social science skills to understand ancient Rome from about
700 B.C. (B.C.E.) to 500 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by
• a) locating Roman civilizations in time and place and describing their major geographic features;
• Volcanoes made the region more fertile for agricultural development
Pompeii destroyed by an eruption in 79 CE
Rome; Vesuvius (Pompeii)
(Italy= a peninsula shaped like a boot)
I. Geography- A. Italian Peninsula Mediterranean Sea
See where Rome is located…
The Mediterranean Basin today
Ancient Rome B. The city of Rome, with its central location on
the Italian peninsula, was able to extend its influence over the entire Mediterranean Basin
• Draw this in your notes:
Rome’s timeline in brief
1. MONARCHY
• Centralized power
• King/ ruler
• No democracy
2. REPUBLIC
• Elected leaders
• Representatives
• Indirect democracy
• 700 BCE- 27 BCE
3. EMPIRE
• Centralized power
• Emperor
• No democracy
• 27 BCE- 476 CE
• Roman conquests began in Italy and then spread to other parts of the Mediterranean world
The Greek states came under the protection of Rome
The student will apply social science skills to understand ancient Rome from about
700 B.C. (B.C.E.) to 500 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by
• b) describing the social and religious structure of ancient Rome;
Romulus and Remus
II. Roman Mythology
A. The Pantheon- for many gods
B. polytheistic religion
gods and goddesses had very human emotions and behaviors
C. explanations of natural phenomena,
human qualities, and life events
D. Symbols and images in literature, art, monumental architecture, and politics
Roman Mythology…
1. Jupiter (Zeus)
• “King” of the gods, ruler of the sky
• Frequently associated with the emperor
E. Roman gods and
goddesses: (the same six from Greece)
Augustus Caesar as Jupiter
• Jupiter was the ruler of the Roman pantheon
• pantheon= all the gods
• Pantheon= famous Roman temple for all the gods
Jupiter
2. Juno (Hera)
• “Queen” of the gods, patron of family and marriage
• Given more respect in Rome than in Greece
Roman mythology…
3. Apollo
• God of music, healing, light and the hunt
Roman mythology…
4. Diana (Artemis)
• Sister of Apollo, goddess of the moon and hunting
Roman mythology…
5. Minerva (Athena)
• Goddess of wisdom and skilled labor
Roman mythology…
6. Venus (Aphrodite)
• Goddess of love and beauty
Roman mythology…
The student will apply social science skills to understand ancient Rome from about
700 B.C. (B.C.E.) to 500 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by
• c) describing the social structure and cultural development of the Roman Republic;
A. Democracy
1. the Roman Republic made major strides in the development of representative democracy
2. a foundation of modern democracy
3. Not allowed to participate: women, most aliens (non-citizen foreigners), and slaves
III. Roman Republic
4. Representative democracy
a) Assemblies
b) The Senate
c) Consuls
5. Laws of Rome codified as Twelve Tables
ROME; democracy
B. Social structure in the Roman Republic
1. Patricians—Powerful nobility (few in number)
ROME
Patricians in the Senate of Rome
ROME; plebeians- the common people
2. Plebeians—Majority of population
3. Slaves-
– Involuntary service
–not based on race
ROME; slavery
3. Citizenship:
–Patrician and plebeian men
– Selected foreigners
–Rights and responsibilities of citizenship (taxes, military service)
ROME; citizens
The student will apply social science skills to understand ancient Rome from about
700 B.C. (B.C.E.) to 500 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by
• d) describing and evaluating the political and military structure of the Roman Republic under the rule of Julius Caesar;
A. Punic Wars: Rome v. Carthage (264-146 BCE)
• Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade
• Carthaginian general Hannibal invaded the Italian Peninsula
• The Wars will eventually be won by Rome
IV. The Punic Wars and Julius Caesar
Who were the Carthaginians?
• Punic means Phoenician! Phoenician merchants established Carthage about 800 BCE
• The city quickly grew to become the greatest military and naval power of the western Mediterranean and Rome's most dangerous rival
• With the victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars, Rome was able, over the next 100 years, to dominate the Mediterranean basin, leading to the diffusion of Roman culture
1. Roman victory
2. The destruction of Carthage
3. Expanded trade and wealth for Rome
B. Results of the Three Punic Wars:
Roman Republic; the country
The City of Rome; The Roman Republic (8th – 1st centuries BCE)
1. First triumvirate:
a) Pompey controlled the prosperous east
b) Crassus controlled Italy
c) Caesar controlled the less wealthy west
–Pompey and Crassus plot against Julius Caesar but he defeats them
2. Julius Caesar gains control of the entire Republic
C. End of the Republic
a) Spread of slavery in the
agricultural system
b) Migration of small farmers
into cities and unemployment
c) Civil war over the power of
Julius Caesar
d) Devaluation of Roman
currency; inflation
3. End of the Republic- CAUSES:
a) Julius Caesar rules as “Dictator” a temporary position
b) He brings many positive reforms
c) He becomes dictator for life, jeopardizing Rome’s democracy
d) Eventually he is assassinated by members of the Senate
4. Julius Caesar is assassinated
Julius Caesar was assassinated when the some feared he would next declare himself king
• changing social and economic conditions
• civil war
• replaced by an imperial regime= the Roman Empire
End of the Republic…
5. From Republic to Empire
• Octavian= Caesar’s nephew
a) Octavian and two other generals defeat the Senators who killed Julius
b) They seize control = Second Triumvirate
• Octavian will become Augustus Caesar!
The student will apply social science skills to understand ancient Rome from about
700 B.C. (B.C.E.) to 500 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by
• e) describing and evaluating the political structure of the Roman Empire under the rule of Augustus Caesar
A. Civil war B. Octavian defeats Marc Antony and becomes
sole ruler of Rome • Octavian takes the titles “Augustus Caesar” • The Roman Republic is dead, the Empire begins C. Rome’s first emperor= Augustus Caesar
(Octavian)
V. Roman Empire
• The Roman Empire grows
–Unified and enlarged
–Using imperial authority and the military
• Roman Empire and spread of Roman culture:
–Mediterranean basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean)
–Western Europe (Gaul, British Isles)
Roman Empire
D. Augustus Caesar established the Roman Empire by instituting:
1. civil service
2. rule by law
3. a common coinage
4. secure travel and trade throughout the Empire
The Roman Empire
various emperors…
• Created a civil service system,
• Built aqueducts
• Drained marshes around Rome
• Constructed a nearby harbor
• He also opened Roman citizenship to certain people in the provinces
• His fourth wife, Agrippina, poisoned him so that Nero, her son by a former marriage, could succeed as emperor
Claudius
• Nero was declared Roman emperor at age 17
• He had many of his political enemies murdered or executed, including his own mother, who criticized his mistress
• Much of Rome burned during Nero’s reign, and according to the historian Tacitus, Nero blamed the fire on the Christians
• He rebuilt the city, instituting fire precautions
Nero
Rome’s success in holding the Empire together= soldiers
• Amusement center popular from 600 BCE to 600 CE
• Events seen at the Circus Maximus included chariot races and combats between men and wild beasts
Rome; The Roman Empire (Circus Maximus)
Mosaic- gladiators
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTX3vm_rhvs
hunters
The student will apply social science skills to understand ancient Rome from about
700 B.C. (B.C.E.) to 500 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by
• f) assessing the economic structure of Rome, Rome’s imperial conquests, and the Pax Romana;
• Following Augustus Caesar, the Roman Empire enjoyed 200 years of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana
A. The Pax Romana= “The Roman Peace”
1. Two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule
2. Expansion and solidification of Roman Empire
VI. Conquests and the The Pax Romana
Palmyra, Syria
Rome; The Roman Empire (theater)
Rome; The Roman Empire (amphitheater in Tunisia)
Rome; The Roman Empire (Algeria)
Rome; The Roman Empire (Hadrian’s Villa)
Temple of Jupiter, Lebanon
3. Economic impact:
a) Uniform system of money (helps trade)
b) Safe travel and trade on Roman roads
c) Prosperity and stability
4. Social Impact:
a) Returned stability to social classed
b) Increased emphasis on the family
5. Political impact:
a) Created a civil service
b) Developed a uniform rule of law
The Pax Romana…
ROME
Diffusion: •Conquests and trade spread Roman cultural and technological achievements throughout the Empire Through time, as well: •Western civilization was influenced by the cultural achievements of Rome
1. Art/architecture:
a) Pantheon
• A Temple to “all gods”
• The largest dome of the ancient world
– The key ingredient in the Pantheon’s dome was the Roman invention of concrete!
B. Roman Contributions
• Art/ architecture:
b) Coliseum
• Site of thousands of free gladiatorial “games”
• The nearby Hippodrome (Race Track) also provided free entertainment
Roman Contributions…
then
Roman Contributions…
now
Roman Contributions…
c) The Forum- public meeting space
– The Roman version of social media
ROME; Contributions
2. Technology:
a) Roads
Roman Contributions...
ROME
• Technology:
b) Aqueducts
Roman Contributions…
• Technology:
c) Roman arches
ROME; Contributions
Roman Arch, France
The Arch of Constantine
3. Science
a) Ptolemy
Roman Contributions…
Science-
b) Medicine: Emphasis on public health
(public baths, water system, medical schools)
Roman Contributions…
4. Language: Latin, Romance languages
Roman Contributions…
Latin languages= English, Spanish, etc.
Roman Contributions
5. Literature: Virgil’s
Aeneid
6. Religion:
– Roman mythology
– Adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion
Roman Contributions…
7. Law= Twelve Tables and the principle of “innocent until proven guilty”
Roman Contributions…
The student will apply social science skills to understand ancient Rome from about
700 B.C. (B.C.E.) to 500 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by
• g) evaluating the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Germanic invasions.
A. Over a 300-year period, the western part of the Roman Empire steadily declined because of internal and external problems
VII. The Fall of the Roman Empire
The Fall…
1. Failure to provide for peaceful succession of Emperors
2. geographic size
a) defense
b) administration
The Fall…
3. Economy— the cost of defense and devaluation of Roman currency
The Fall…
4. Military—Army losing integrity
– starting to include non-Romans
– resulting in decline of discipline
The Fall…
5. Moral decay- people’s loss of faith in Rome and the family
The Fall…
STANDARD WHI.6k
6. Political problems
a) Civil conflict
b) Weak administration
The Fall…
7. Invasion—
a) Attacks on borders
b) Germanic peoples (barbarians)
ROME
B. Diocletian
1. Tries to save empire
• Ended “Crisis of the Third Century”
• Tetrarchy (rule of four)
• Diocletianic Persecution
– last big persecution of Christians
The Fall…
2) Split Roman Empire in half!
• easier to manage
• the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire
• each side had a ruler in charge of it
• the ruler who was in charge of Rome was the senior ruler
The Fall- Diocletian
Diocletian’s palace in Nicomedia
C. Constantine
1. moves capital to the East
2. from Rome to Byzantium
3. renamed it Constantinople
D. Survival of Western Roman Empire until 476 CE, when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor
The Fall…
Roman Empire- split in two
only this side fails
this side lives on
E. Eastern Roman Empire= Byzantine Empire
The Fall…
REVIEW QUESTIONS Now it is time for
1. The city of Rome is located
a) On an island in the Mediterranean Sea
b) On the Peloponnesian Peninsula
c) On the Mediterranean Coast of North Africa
d) On the Italian Peninsula
2. Rome’s citizens
a) Included some foreigners
b) Included slaves
c) Included women
d) Included only people born in Rome
3. Rome’s social classes
a) Plebeians were the upper class
b) Patricians were the upper class
c) Slavery was based on race
d) Included only people born in Rome
4. Rome had this kind of democracy
a) Indirect with representatives
b) Direct like in Greece
c) Did not have representatives
d) Did not look like what we have today
5. The Twelve Tables was, for Rome, the
a) The Constitution
b) The Laws
c) The Senate
d) The best diner in all of Rome
6. Julius Caesar was
a) The first emperor of Rome
b) Leader of the Punic Slave Rebellion
c) Dictator in the Republic
d) King of Rome during monarchy times
7. Rome invented this
• Arches
• Concrete
• Domes
• Roads
8. Rome’s religion was
• Polytheistic mythology
• Monotheistic mythology
• Mythological Hebrewism
• Animism Mythology
9. Augustus Caesar
• Was Dictator of Rome
• Championed democracy
• Developed the Twelve Tables
• Was the first emperor of Rome
10. The democracy of the modern world
• Comes from the Roman Republic
• Is directly connected to Athens, Greece
• Comes from the Roman Empire
• Is modeled after the Spartans of Greece
LET’S SEE HOW YOU DID! Okay…
1. The city of Rome is located
a) On an island in the Mediterranean Sea
b) On the Peloponnesian Peninsula
c) On the Mediterranean Coast of North Africa
d) On the Italian Peninsula
2. Rome’s citizens
a) Included some foreigners
b) Included slaves
c) Included women
d) Included only people born in Rome
3. Rome’s social classes
a) Plebeians were the upper class
b) Patricians were the upper class
c) Slavery was based on race
d) Included only people born in Rome
4. Rome had this kind of democracy
a) Indirect with representatives
b) Direct like in Greece
c) Did not have representatives
d) Did not look like what we have today
5. The Twelve Tables was, for Rome, the
a) The Constitution
b) The Laws
c) The Senate
d) The best diner in all of Rome
6. Julius Caesar was
a) The first emperor of Rome
b) Leader of the Punic Slave Rebellion
c) Dictator in the Republic
d) King of Rome during monarchy times
7. Rome invented this
• Arches
• Concrete
• Domes
• Roads
8. Rome’s religion was
• Polytheistic mythology
• Monotheistic mythology
• Mythological Hebrewism
• Animism Mythology
9. Augustus Caesar
• Was Dictator of Rome
• Championed democracy
• Developed the Twelve Tables
• Was the first emperor of Rome
10. The democracy of the modern world
• Comes from the Roman Republic
• Is directly connected to Athens, Greece
• Comes from the Roman Empire
• Is modeled after the Spartans of Greece
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