Transcript
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GENERALmole calculations
PRODUCTION OF MATERIALS
thermal cracking
catalytic cracking
bromine water
test:
cyclohexene
cyclohexane
Polymersation:
ethylene
LDPE
initiation
propagation
termination(disproportionation)
backbiting
HDPE
vinyl chloride
PVC
styrene PS
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condensation
polymerisation of:3-hydroxybutanoicacid PHB;
glucose
acid hydrolysis of
cellulose
(breaking -1,4-
glycosidic bonds)
hydrogenation of
ethylene
fermentation
complete
combustion of
ethanol
incomplete
combustion
heat energy
tranfer
addition of water
and ethylene
dehydration ofethanol
Leclanch cell:
anode
cathode
Button cell:
anode
cathode
producingtransuranic
elements
medical isotope:
Tc-99m
industrial isotope:
Na-24
Recently
discovered
element:
Ununoctium
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THE ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT
pH
determining
whether acid orbase
natural acidity of
rain
releasing SO2
smelting ofsulfide ores
bacterial
fermentation
S-compounds
producing SO2
form sulfurousacid
form sulfuric acid
OR
N2and O2form
nitric oxide with
high temps
form nitrogen
dioxide
form nitricacidand nitrous acid
nitrous acid forms
nitric acid
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natural buffer
system:
H2CO3/H2CO3-
-use LCP when
add acid/base1
photosynthesis
(endergonic
reaction)
Esterification(forming an ester)
general
making ethyl
butyrate
CHEMICAL MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT
nitrogen oxides(in traffic from
car engines)
ozone from
photochemical
smog in
troposphere
catalytic
converters in cars
reduce harmfulemissions
Haber process
sources of H2
removing CO and
CO2
1 - if acid added,
- if base added
- in both cases, the equilibrium shifts to neutralise the added acid/base
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Formation of
ozone
Destruction of
ozone
increased temp at
stratosphere
CFCs in
stratosphere
Chlorine atom in
CFCs make for
catalyst in
destruction of
stratospheric
ozone
catalyticdestruction of O3
by high-altitude
supersonic aircraft
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRYfertiliser
production
superphosphate
SBR production
Contact process
obtaining SO2
(1)
smelting (see AE)(2)
catalytic oxidation
of SO2
absorption of SO3
conversion of
oleum to H2SO4
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safety
diluting H2SO4
ionisation
exothermic
S compounds
produce H2S
dehyrating agent
secondary process:
why dangerous, not
dehydration
oxidising agent
electrolysis of
NaCl-molten
anode
cathode
overall
-concentrated
anode
cathode
overall
-dilute
anode
cathode
overall
Mercury cellanode
cathode
overall
Diaphragm cellanode
cathode
overall
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Membrane cell
anode
cathode
overall
Downs cell
anode
cathode
Saponification
(making soap)
general
glycerol trilaurate
+ NaOH glycerol + sodium
laurate
glycerol
tristearate +
NaOH glycerol
+ sodium stearate
soap in hardwater
forming scum
(insoluble)
Solvay Process
overall
brine purification
CO2formation
ammonia
recovery
carbonic acidformation
ammonia
saturation
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net HCO3-
formation
decomposition of
NaHCO3
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