Transcript
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Dell Desktop Virtualization Solutions (DVS) Technical Report
Overcoming the Storage Challenges ofPersistent Virtual Desktops with Dell
EqualLogic Hybrid Arrays and Unidesk
ABSTRACT
The ability of Dell EqualLogic hybrid arrays toautomatically tier data between SSD and SAS makesthese hybrid arrays a very cost-effective option formeeting the persistent virtual desktop
requirements for IOPS, as well as for disk spacerequirements when used in conjunction withUnidesk VDI management software. This technicalreport provides a proof point for how Unideskdesktop layering technology and Dell EqualLogichybrid arrays combine to increase user density andreduce storage cost per user, based on testingperformed in Dell Desktop Virtualization Solutions(DVS) Labs.
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Copyright 2012 Dell Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Dell EqualLogic is a trademark of Dell Inc.
All trademarks and registered trademarks mentioned herein are the property of their respective
owners.
Possession, use, or copying of the documentation or the software described in this publication isauthorized only under the license agreement specified herein.
Dell, Inc. will not be held liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein.The information in this document is subject to change.
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PREFACE
Dell Desktop Virtualization Solutions (DVS) Enterprise Infrastructure Overview:
DVS Enterprise Infrastructure is designed and optimized to deliver a highly robust, highly scalable andhighly available enterprise solution designed for implementations in sophisticated IT environments. The
DVS Enterprise infrastructure implements enterprise scale virtualized servers, multi-tier virtual SAN
storage and robust enterprise network architecture for multiple demanding use cases requiring
enterprise scaling, redundancy, high density, and sophisticated management of all system components.
It has been designed to scale from 50 to 50,000 users.
Dell EqualLogic Overview:
Dell EqualLogic PS Series arrays are intelligent storage arrays that are designed to provide simple
management and seamless expansion using innovative Dell Fluid Data technology. All PS Series storage
arrays include SAN configuration features and capabilities that sense network connections,
automatically build RAID sets, and conduct system health checks to help ensure that all components are
fully functional.
EqualLogic PS Series arrays are based on a virtualized modular storage architecture that enables IT
managers to purchase only the storage they needwhen they need itto help prevent both
underutilization and over-provisioning. Using innovative Fluid Data technology, all EqualLogic PS Series
arrays in a SAN work together to automatically manage data, load balance across all resources, and
expand to meet growing storage needs.
Unidesk VDI Management Software
Unidesk, a strategic Dell partner, is offered by Dell as a validated virtual desktop management option for
Dell Desktop Virtualization Solutions (DVS) Enterprise Infrastructure and DVS Virtual Labs. By replacing
block-based cloning, image management, application virtualization, and profile management point tools
with a more complete, unified solution, Unidesk makes it easier for IT organizations to package and
deliver applications, and create, patch, and support fully personalized desktops hosted on VMware
vSphere. Unidesks patent-pending desktop layering technology integrates with Citrix XenDesktop,
VMware View, and other brokering solutions to enable enterprises to expand VDI to more users,
reduce desktop operations costs up and cutting VDI storage capacity upwards of 70%.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... iv
Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 1
Key Findings .................................................................................................................................................. 2
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3
The Challenges of Persistent Virtual Desktops ............................................................................................. 4
Storage Capacity Requirements for VDI ....................................................................................................... 4
Storage IOPS Requirements for VDI .............................................................................................................. 5
Dell EqualLogic Hybrid Arrays Solve the VDI IOPS Problem .......................................................................... 5
Unidesk VDI Management Software Solves the VDI Capacity Problem ....................................................... 6
More Benefits of Combining Dell Hybrid Arrays with Unidesk ..................................................................... 7
Test Configuration and Tools ........................................................................................................................ 8
Testing Method ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Storage Analysis and Results....................................................................................................................... 10
Storage Performance Analysis .................................................................................................................... 11
Conclusion: Combining Dell EqualLogic Hybrid Arrays with Unidesk Maximizes IOPS and Minimizes
Capacity When Deploying a Dell DVS Enterprise Infrastructure Solution .................................................. 12
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Executive Summary
Dells Desktop Virtualization Solutions (DVS) offer a full portfolio of end-to-end solutions that are
designed to help a wide range of IT organizations implement virtual desktop infrastructures- from the
device to the datacenter to the cloud. DVS is designed to ease design and implementation complexities
and address each organizations unique business, user, and IT requirements. By accelerating adoption of
desktop virtualization, organizations can adapt to the dynamics of todays more mobile and global
workforce and take advantage of the consumerization of IT, while enhancing security, IT flexibility, and
business continuity. The innovative DVS approach integrates purpose-built hardware, software, and
services to deliver innovative and flexible end user computing solutions to customers via a single source-
Dell.
One of the biggest barriers to widespread desktop virtualization adoption has been storage.
Implementing virtual desktops at any scale quickly becomes cost-prohibitive if you thick-provision every
desktop with a full-sized disk image. Image sharing and de-duplication technologies can reduce the
amount of required storage capacity and provide higher levels of cache hits and reusable blocks, but the
sheer magnitude of desktop IO, the higher percentage of write IO compared to read IO, and the random,
bursty IO patterns of desktop workloads force administrators to add spindles back, offsetting capacity
savings.
Because of these challenges, many early adopters have seen their VDI projects stall or fail. They either
exhaust their capital budgets paying too much for storage, or they do not take into account the IO
requirements of their desktop use cases, resulting in an unacceptable user experience. It is therefore
critical for those planning and implementing VDI to understand both storage capacity and performance
requirements, particularly IOPS, and account for both with the equipment and software solutions they
select.
It is also critical to understand use cases. Implementing non-persistent desktops that use cloning
technology to reduce the storage footprint may satisfy task workers who will accept a desktop that is
basically the same as everyone elses. Knowledge workers, however, typically require a persistent
desktop that gives them a modern, customizable experience.
Unidesk, a strategic Dell partner for DVS management, helps solve the use case, storage, and
management challenges with its desktop layering technology. Unidesk creates persistent desktops on
the same small storage footprint that cloned image technology can only use for non-persistent desktops.
Because the desktops are persistent, they sustain all user changes, including user-installed applications,
making knowledge workers happy. Unidesk also offers simpler, more robust image management and
application delivery capabilities than the combination of provisioning, application virtualization, and
profile management tools. The Dell DVS group recently conducted a series of tests using Unidesk in a
VMware View deployment to quantify the storage benefits of desktop layering.
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The test results confirm that the combination of Dell EqualLogic hybrid arrays and Unidesk are
exceptionally well-suited for VDI environments, and provide an ideal capacity/performance balance that
offers unparalleled user density.
Specifically, Dell EqualLogic hybrid SAN arrays enhance the performance and efficiency of VDI
deployments by combining SSD and SAS drives within a single chassis. The EqualLogic firmware providesautomatic tiering and balancing of stored data between the SSD and SAS tiers to provide more IOPS at
less cost. Unidesk desktop layering technology enables the Dell EqualLogic hybrid arrays to deliver the
same IO performance on less than half the capacity footprint of standard persistent virtual desktops.
Unidesk persistent virtual desktops share the same operating system and application layers, reducing
the storage footprint upwards of 70% compared to full desktop clones, and providing storage savings
similar to non-persistent shared image technologies. Unidesk desktops creates an optimal data pattern
that effectively exploits the automated tiering of Dell EqualLogic hybrid arrays, such that hot blocks are
stored on SSD, and less frequently accessed data is migrated to SAS. The result is more IOPS delivered
on a smaller storage footprint for greater user density and much lower storage cost/user.
Key Findings
Our testing showed remarkable synergy between Unidesk VDI management software and Dell
EqualLogic hybrid storage arrays for overcoming VDI capacity, IOPS, and cost challenges. Unidesk
desktop layering technology shares a single layer of the Operating System (OS) and common
applications such as Microsoft Office across many virtual desktops to significantly reduce VDI capacity
requirements. This same sharing of OS and application layers makes it easy for Dell EqualLogic hybrid
arrays to identify hot blocks, and store the commonly accessed OS and application files on its faster SSD
drives. The result is extremely low latency for both read and write operations, enabling you to host
many more virtual desktops on a single array and still deliver enough IOPS to provide a high
performance user experience. The increased user density makes Dell EqualLogic hybrid arrays a much
more cost-effective solution for VDI than all-SSD arrays or standard SAN arrays.
Compared to providing an identical user experience with thick-provisioned full clones,, the increased
desktop density provided by Unidesk significantly reduces storage deployment costs, as shown in the
following chart depicting Dell EqualLogic PS Series hybrid arrays in both deployment scenarios.
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Figure 1 Comparison of How Many Dell EqualLogic PS6010XVS Arrays are required
to Host Virtual Desktops With and Without Unidesk VDI Management Software
As the remainder of this white paper will show, combining Unidesk with Dell EqualLogic hybrid arrays
maximizes array performance to solve the VDI IOPS problem, and reduces the storage footprint upwards
of 70% to increase user density greater than 3x compared to full clones on Dell EqualLogic hybrid arrays.
Introduction
Striking the right balance between storage capacity, IOPS, and cost is one of the most difficult challenges
when implementing Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI). The use of traditional SAN storage typically
requires capacity to be over-provisioned to meet the IOPS requirements of virtual desktop workloads.
The use of high-cost, low-latency solid state drives (SSDs) can deliver sufficient IOPS on a smaller storage
footprint, but capacity ends up being under-provisioned, and the cost to add more SSD quickly becomes
prohibitive.
Dell EqualLogic PS Series hybrid arrays and Unidesk VDI management software combine to provide an
optimal balance between storage capacity, IOPS, and cost for organizations that require persistent
desktops capable of sustaining all user customizations.
During the development of this paper, Dell DVS performed a significant amount of testing using Dell
hardware, VMware vSphere and VMware View, and Unidesk VDI management software. We found that
Unidesk desktop layering technology provisioned virtual desktops on VMware vSphere that used up to
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
5
10
15
20
25
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
#ofXVSarrays
Diskcapacity(TB)
# of virtual desktops
Unidesk reduces storage capacity by over 70%
Full Clone Unidesk Clone
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70% less storage compared to thick-provisioned persistent desktops, significantly increasing user density
on the Dell EqualLogic hybrid array. The array was able to deliver more than enough IOPS on this
smaller storage footprint to provide a high-performance user experience, resulting in a much lower
storage cost per user compared to traditional SAN storage.
Figure 2 The Simple VDI Stack Enabled by the Combination of
Dell EqualLogic Hybrid Arrays, Dell PowerEdge Servers, VMware, and Unidesk
The Challenges of Persistent Virtual Desktops
When persistent virtual desktops are required to meet the desktop customization needs of knowledge
workers, many organizations provision full VMware clones, where every desktop is created with a full-
sized operating system and applications built into the gold image. This increases storage capacity
requirements, and makes managing, patching, and updating the virtual desktops no easier than
traditional PCs, negating many of the operational efficiencies and cost savings expected from VDI.
However, capacity isnt the real challenge when it comes to dealing with the high cost of VDI storage.Even if you bought enough SAN capacity to thick-provision full desktop clones, you still wouldnt be able
to deliver enough IOPS to give end users a satisfactory virtual desktop experience.
Storage Capacity Requirements for VDI
Lets take a look at a typical VDI use case where an organization needs to support 500 persistent virtual
desktops using Microsoft Windows 7.
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Figure 3 VDI IOPS Requirement for 500 Virtual Desktops
Based on Read/Write Ratios
Figure 4 VDI IOPS Analysis for 500 Virtual Desktops
Creating standard full clones would require about 20 GB of storage per desktop to account for Windows
itself, standard applications, and space for user data and user installed applications. Multiply 20 GB by
500 desktops, and you would require approximately 10 TB of disk space. Using 450GB SAS drives and a
RAID5 configuration, you would need 25 drives to deliver the 10 TB of standard SAN storage required by
the 500 virtual desktops.
Storage IOPS Requirements for VDI
Now lets take a look at the same VDI use case from an IOPS perspective.
Figure 3 offers an estimated IOPS breakdown for 500 desktops. Using 10 IOPS per virtual desktop
requires 5000 IOPS to support 500 desktops, not accounting for storm conditions where IOPS increase
significantly; assuming a 30/70 split between read and write IOPS.
Supporting 5,000 IOPS with 450GB 15K SAS drives would require 60 drives configured in RAID 5. Caching
can reduce the drive numbers, but only slightly given that desktops have heavy write loads, and that full
desktop clones will not make the read blocks hot enough to store them in the cache.
IOPS/VM VMs Total IOPS
Read 3 500 1500
Write 7 500 3500
Total IOPS 5000
As you can see, IOPS is the problem, not capacity. Only 25 drives are required to deliver enough usable
storage capacity for the 500 desktops, but 60 drives are required to deliver sufficient IOPS.
HDD
QTY
HDD
IOPS
Raw
IOPS
Write % Subtotal Penalty Write
IOPS
read % Read
IOPS
Usable
IOPS
60 180 10800 0.7 7560 4.0 1890 0.3 3240 5130
Dell EqualLogic Hybrid Arrays Solve the VDI IOPS Problem
The Dell EqualLogic PS Series hybrid arrays are designed to support fast access to high demand hot
data in multi-tiered datasets. The Dell EqualLogic PS6010XVS hybrid array has 16 drives 8 high
performance SSD drives and 8 high capacity 15,000 rpm Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) hard disk drives. The
on-board intelligence of the EqualLogic firmware provides automatic tiering between the two drive
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Customizable Desktop Experience of Persistent VDI
and the Storage Efficiency and Single ImageManagement of Non-Persistent VDI
types SSD and SAS, as well as automatic load balancing across multiple drives of each type, helping
deliver the appropriate balance of responsiveness and capacity for virtual desktop workloads. The
arrays use dynamic data placement algorithms to move hot data to the SSD drives from SAS drives and
move cold or warm data from the SSD drives out to the SAS drives as needed.
Figure 5 Automatic Tiering with Dell EqualLogic PS6010XVS
The 8 SSD drives and 8 SAS drives in the hybrid arrays provided sufficient IOPS to support the
requirements of 500 virtual desktops.
However, capacity for persistent desktops is a challenge for the Dell EqualLogic PS6010XVS array, as it
delivers 4.4 TB of raw storage capacity. Using RAID6, approximately 2.5 TB of storage capacity remains
usable. So although the Dell EqualLogic PS6010XVS provides sufficient IOPS needed by the 500
desktops, the 2.5TB of usable capacity falls short of the 10 TB of usable storage capacity required by the
500 full-sized virtual desktops.
This is where using Unidesk in conjunction with Dell EqualLogic hybrid arrays is the ideal combination to
solve both the IOPS and capacity challenges that have been holding VDI back.
Unidesk VDI Management Software Solves the VDI Capacity Problem
Unidesk VDI management software creates persistent desktops on VMware infrastructure that sustain
all user customizations, while delivering the storage savings and single image management benefits of
non-persistent desktops.
As shown in Figure 6, Unidesk enables
desktops to be managed as sets ofdiscrete, reusable layers. Every
desktop has a personalization layer that
sustains all user customizations, from
simple profile settings to user-installed
applications and plug-ins, enabling IT to
implement VDI for more use cases.
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Figure 7 Unidesk Shares the Same OS and Application
layers across many virtual desktops to reduce VDI disk
space requirements up to 70%
However, administrators need only patch and manage a single set of shared application and OS layers
for all desktops to dramatically reduce OpEx.
As Figure 7 shows, Unidesks ability to share the same OS and application layers across many virtual
desktops reduces the disk space capacity required for persistent desktop use cases by upward of 70%.
Lets look at how Unidesk layer sharing
impacts our 500 desktop VDI example
from a capacity standpoint. By sharing
a single copy of Windows 7 and
standard applications across many
virtual desktops, you would only need
to design for approximately 5 GB ofstorage per desktop as follows:
2.5 GB for the boot drive
1 GB for desktop storage (user
settings and user-installed
applications)
1 GB for shared applications
.5 GB for desktop repair
snapshots
Multiplying 5GB by the 500 desktops and 2.5 TB of usable storage capacity is required with Unidesk for
the 500 desktops, a 70% reduction compared to the full-sized clones.
Since each Dell EqualLogic hybrid array can deliver 2.5 TB of usable capacity, you would only need 1
array to meet the storage capacity requirements of the 500 desktops provisioned and managed by
Unidesk. And since only 1 array is required to meet the IOPS requirements as well, youve now reduced
your VDI storage costs from 4 arrays to 1 array.
More Benefits of Combining Dell Hybrid Arrays with Unidesk
Unidesks layer sharing also creates a data pattern that makes good use of the intelligent data tieringcapabilities of Dell EqualLogic PS Series hybrid arrays. When a Unidesk application or OS layer is
assigned to one or more desktops, the desktops directly read that layer without copying or duplicating
the data. This enables the array to easily identify those layers as hot and retain them on SSD, while
pushing the rarely accessed desktop content to SAS.
The most-used blocks from the OS layer remain on the low-latency SSD drives, which is especially
beneficial for writes given they generally make up 70% of VDI payload. If Unidesk was not used, then
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the OS blocks would be spread out and too infrequently used to be recognized as hot, resulting in
increased latency and lower performance, as our testing showed.
Using Dell hybrid arrays in tandem with Unidesk also offers data center space management advantages
and significant savings in power and cooling as well. Instead of needing many shelves of 15K drives, only
1 hybrid array is needed, with a power footprint of a single shelf.
Test Configuration and Tools
To prove that you can increase user density and still deliver plenty of IOPS by provisioning storage-
efficient desktops with Unidesk on Dell EqualLogic hybrid arrays, Dell DVS built a test environment
consisting of Dell servers, a Dell EqualLogic PS Series hybrid array, VMware vSphere virtual
infrastructure, VMware View connection brokering software, Unidesk VDI management software, and a
variety of applications, as shown in Figure 9.
Figure 8 Test Lab Configuration for Comparing Capacity and IOPS of
Unidesk Layered Desktops versus Standard Full Clone Desktops
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Figure 9Login VSI Medium Workload
Characteristics
Testing Method
In order to create a valid apples-to-apples comparison VMware View 4.6 was tested first to establish
the baseline. Unidesk was then integrated into the View environment and tested. All testing was
conducted under load usingLogin Consultants Login VSI Proa benchmarking tool used to measure and
report on the performance and scalability of VDI environments.
Login VSI Pro uses Launcher virtual machines (VMs) that open VMware View sessions to the virtual
desktops and execute a set of tests. Upon completion, EqualLogic SANHQ was used to assess storage
performance. SANHQ provides centralized monitoring, historical performance trending, and event
reporting for EqualLogic PS Series storage.
The Login VSI Pro Medium work load was used to simulate what is typically referred to as a
Knowledge Worker. Details of this workload are in the following table.
Login VSI Medium Workload Characteristics
Emulates a medium knowledge worker using Office 2010, IE9, PDF and Flash.Once a session has been started the medium workload will repeat every 12 minutes.
During each loop the response time is measured every 2 minutes
The medium workload opens up to 5 apps simultaneously.
The type rate is 160ms for each character
Approximately 2 minutes of idle time is included to simulate real-world users.
Each loop will open and use:
Outlook 2010, browse 10 messages.
Internet Explorer 9, one instance is left open (BBC.co.uk), one instance is browsed to Wired.com,
Lonelyplanet.com and heavy Flash app gettheglass.com
Word 2010, one instance to measure response time, one instance to review and edit document
Bullzip PDF Printer & Acrobat Reader, the word document is printed and reviewed to PDF.
Excel 2010, a very large randomized sheet is opened.
PowerPoint 2010, a presentation is reviewed and edited.
7-zip: using the command line version the output of the session is zipped.
The Windows 7 master image for the VMware View testing was 21GB. With a capacity use target of 90%
of the EqualLogic array, 107 persistent virtual desktops were deployed. While 3 additional desktops
could have been deployed across LUNs 2, 3 and 4, it was decided against bringing the LUNs to within 1%
of capacity to avoid possible performance implications that might affect results.
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The 107 full VMware View Windows 7 virtual desktops were then tested under load.
After the VMware View testing was complete, Unidesk was deployed into the environment and tested
under identically configured load in the following test scenarios:
1. 107 Unidesk provisioned virtual desktops to contrast directly with the aforementioned
VMware View testing.
2. 361 Unidesk provisioned virtual desktops to produce greater than 3x-to-VMware View
comparison
Storage Analysis and Results
The results verified that Unidesk desktops performed as well as the thick provisioned, full-sized clones
when both were run on the Dell EqualLogic hybrid arrays. As expected, however, the Unidesk provided
a much higher virtual desktop density on the same EqualLogic PS Series array without sacrificing
performance.
Note: Because this testing is based on simulation, and not real life desktop use, the number of
desktops you will be able to support on a single Dell EqualLogic hybrid array may be more or less in your
environment. TheMedium simulation may actually be more demanding than normal desktop use, sinceusers are not all active at the same time. The best way to determine the IO requirements in your
environment is to perform an assessment of all or a subset of your desktops.
The following set of charts represents the VMware View test and is used as the baseline for subsequent
analysis of the Unidesk tests. Note that while the capacity of the array is consumed, the IOPS are well
below the capabilities of the array at 8000+ IOPS.
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Figure 10 Storage Results of 107 VMware View virtual desktops under Simulated Desktop Load
Storage Performance Analysis
As the next chart shows, the performance of over 3x the number of Unidesk virtual desktops required a
little over 3x the IOPS, which is expected. However, while Average Write Latency is excellent in both
cases, Unidesk desktops show a significantly lower Average Read Latency especially when considering
there are 3x as many virtual desktops running under load, compared to the full VMware View desktops.
This is due to the Unidesk CacheCloud architecture sharing common OS and application layers across
many virtual desktops. The Dell EqualLogic array sees the blocks from these shared layers as hot and
stores them on its low-latency SSD drives for improved IO read performance.
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Figure 11 Storage Results of 361 Unidesk virtual desktops under Simulated Desktop Load
Conclusion: Combining Dell EqualLogic Hybrid Arrays with Unidesk
Maximizes IOPS and Minimizes Capacity When Deploying a Dell DVS
Enterprise Infrastructure Solution
In this paper we have discussed the challenges that result from trying to implement persistent virtual
desktops for the large percentage of knowledge workers who require a modern, customizable desktop
experience. Provisioning full-sized desktop clones on standard SAN storage requires costly storage
capacity that is still insufficient to address desktop IOPS requirements. Using advanced, high-performance hybrid arrays like Dell EqualLogic PS6010XVS that use SAS and SSD in the same chassis
deliver enough IOPS, but then capacity can become the bottleneck.
Our tests have shown that combining Unidesk VDI Management software with a Dell DVS Enterprise
Infrastructure integrated solution stack featuring Dell EqualLogic PS6010XVS hybrid array solves both
the capacity and IOPS problems at a greatly reduced cost, while also simplifying VDI image management,
application packaging, and persona management. Unidesk layering technology reduces the storage
footprint up to 70% compared to full desktop clones, and creates a hot data pattern that optimizes
the automated tiering of Dell EqualLogic PS6010XVS hybrid array, so that hot blocks are stored on SSD,
and less frequently accessed data is migrated to SAS. The result is more IOPS delivered on a smallerstorage footprint for greater user density and much lower storage cost/user.
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Product Information
Information about Dell EqualLogic hybrid SAN arrays can be found athttp://www.equallogic.com
Information about Unidesk VDI Management software can be found athttp://www.unidesk.com,or by
contacting your local Dell sales representative. To learn more about Dells Desktop Virtualization
Solutions (DVS), please visithttp://www.dell.com/virtualdesktops. Dell and Unidesk Corporation havepartnered to make Unidesk VDI Management software available for purchase through Dell Software &
Peripherals. For more information around the value of DVS and Unidesk, please visit
http://www.unidesk.com/dell.
Technical Support and Customer Service
Dell's support service is available to answer your questions about PS Series SAN arrays. If you have an
Express Service Code, have it ready when you call. The code helps Dell's automated-support telephone
system direct your call more efficiently.
Contacting Dell
Dell provides several online and telephone-based support and service options. Availability varies by
country and product, and some services might not be available in your area.
For customers in the United States, call 800-945-3355.
Note: If you do not have access to an Internet connection, contact information is printed on your
invoice, packing slip, bill, or Dell product catalog.
Use the following procedure to contact Dell for sales, technical support, or customer service issues:
1. Visit support.dell.com or the Dell support URL specified in information provided with the Dell
product.
2. Select your locale. Use the locale menu or click on the link that specifies your country or region.
3. Select the required service. Click the "Contact Us" link, or select the Dell support service from the list
of services provided.
4. Choose your preferred method of contacting Dell support, such as e-mail or telephone.
Online Services
You can learn about Dell products and services using the following procedure:
1. Visit www.dell.com (or the URL specified in any Dell product information).
2. Use the locale menu or click on the link that specifies your country or region.
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