Transcript
1-2
The Nature and Importance of Entrepreneurship
McGraw-Hill/IrwinEntrepreneurship, 7/e Copyright © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1
1-3
Development of Entrepreneurship (1 of 2)
Earliest Period Entrepreneurs would sign contracts with a money
person. Example: Marco Polo
Middle Ages Entrepreneurs were actors and people who
managed large production projects. 17th Century
Entrepreneurs entered into contractual arrangements with the government.
Example: Mississippi Company
1-4
Development of Entrepreneurship (2 of 2)
18th Century With global industrialization taking place, entrepreneurs
were distinguished from capital providers. Inventions developed during this time were reactions to
the changing world. Example: Edison & Whitney
19th and 20th Centuries Entrepreneurs were not distinguished from managers. They were viewed mostly from an economic
perspective. Concept of innovation and newness was an integral
part. Example: Andrew Carnegie
1-5
Definition of Entrepreneurs Today
Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new and assuming the risks and rewards.
Four aspects of being an entrepreneur today: Involves creation process. Requires devotion of time and effort. Involves rewards of being an entrepreneur. Requires assumption of necessary risks.
1-6
Entrepreneurs Versus Inventors
Inventor: Creates something for the first time; highly driven and motivated by his or her own work and personal ideas.
Differentiating characteristics of an inventor: Education. Level of experience. Problem-solving skills. Level of self-confidence. Willingness to take risks. Ability to tolerate ambiguity and uncertainty. View of monetary benefits in measuring success.
1-7
The Entrepreneurial Process
Four distinct phases: Identify and evaluate the opportunity.
Window of opportunity.
Develop a business plan. Determine the resource requirement. Manage the resulting enterprise.
1-8
Aspects of the Entrepreneurial Process
Table 1.1
<<Insert Table 1.1>>
1-9
Types of Start-Ups
Lifestyle firm Privately held; usually achieves only modest growth.
Foundation company Created from research and development. Lays the foundation for a new business area.
High-potential venture Receives the greatest investment interest and
publicity. Starts out like a foundation company, but attains
rapid growth. Also called gazelles, is integral to the economic
development of an area.
1-10
Role of Entrepreneurship inEconomic Development
Innovation is depicted as a key to economic development. Product-evolution process: Process through which
innovation is developed and commercialized. Iterative synthesis: Critical point in the product-
evolution process.
Three types of innovation: Ordinary Technological Breakthrough
1-11
Product Evolution
Need RecognitionNeed Recognition
Initiate InnovationInitiate Innovation DevelopmentDevelopment
IndustrialIndustrial
Press to InventPress to Invent
1-12
Government as an Innovator
One channel for commercializing the results of the synthesis of social need and technology. Frequently called technology transfer.
Relatively few innovations reach commercial markets. Lacks business skills necessary for successful
commercialization. Government bureaucracy and red tape act as
inhibitors.
1-13
Corporate Entrepreneurship
Strengths of an existing business: Financial resources. Business skills. Marketing and distribution systems.
Factors that inhibit successful commercialization: Bureaucratic structure. Emphasis on short-term profits. A highly structured organization.
In the current era of hypercompetition, strategic business units (SBUs) are emerging.
1-14
Independent Entrepreneurship
Factors that inhibit commercialization:
Managerial skills. Marketing capabilities. Financial resources. Unrealistic inventions. Lack of awareness on interfacing with necessary
entities (banks, suppliers, customers, venture capitalists, distributors, and advertising agencies).
1-15
Ethics and Social Responsibility
Entrepreneurs usually develop an internal ethical code.
Personal value systems tend to be influenced
by: Peer pressure. General social norms in the community. Pressures from their competitors.
1-16
Future
Entrepreneurship has gained mileage through a number of ways:
Entrepreneurial education. Increase in academic research. Societal support (media coverage). Corporate entrepreneurship.
1-17
Entrepreneurial Universities
Activities Seminars Consulting Research Case Development Technology Development
& Transfer Joint Ventures & Strategic
Alliances
Structures Business Assistance
Centers Incubators Innovation Centers Industrial Parks Enterprise Development
Centers Venture Capital
Exchanges Inputs
Guest Lectures Board of
Advisors/Trustees Internships Student Projects Source of Funds
top related