English Learning Strategies_the case of Listening Mr. Ying Liu ( 刘鹰 ) Students’ English Times 《学生双语报》
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English Learning Strategies_the case of
ListeningMr. Ying Liu ( 刘鹰 )
Students’ English Times
《学生双语报》
Students' Ensligh Times
New Curriculum Standard and Learning Strategies
• Learning strategies: a short history.– Learning strategy, along with affect and
attitude, cultural awareness ( 情感态度、文化意识 )is one of the three new goals defined in the new curriculum standard
– Learning Strategies have been an area of intensive study in the west for the past few decades
Students' Ensligh Times
The present situation in China
• Research– Few research projects or books on the subject
yet in china– Learning strategies for Chinese students is not
well researched
• Teachers – Few teachers are helping their students to
develop efficient learning strategies
Students' Ensligh Times
Layout of the Presentation
• Methods v.s Strategies• Why Learning Strategies• What Constitutes learning Strategies• Learning Styles : A Brief Introduction• Global Learning Strategies: A Brief Introduction• Specific Learning Strategies: using listening as a
case study• Questions and Answers
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Methods V.S. Strategies
• Learning methods– Learning methods are well known notion in China– There are many different kinds of methods– Learning methods focused on skills, not learners
• Learning strategies– Focused on learners, instead of skills– Work at what be learnt, not what can be taught– Systematic, comprehensive, individualized and well
documented process ( 系统性、全面性、个性化、文档化 )
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Why Learning Strategies?• People learn differently
• Students apply their own strategies when learning,though they may not be conscious about them
• Without guidance, students own strategies can be inefficient
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Benefits of Learning Strategies• Teachers’ benefits
– Learning Strategies make students efficient learners
– Efficient learners are easy to teach
• Students’ benefits – Efficient learners are successful learners in
many aspects– Efficient learners are happy learners and enjoy
learning more
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What Constitutes Learning Strategy
• Learner’s learning styles 学习风格– Different learners have different learning styles
• Global Strategies 整体学习策略– Planning, monitoring, assessing and
documentation
• Specific Strategies 技能相关策略– Listening, reading, writing, speaking and
communication and interaction
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Learning Styles: Oxford
• Cognitive 认知类型的区别– Visual or auditory 视觉与听觉– Logical or intuitive 逻辑与直觉– Holistic or analytic 整体与分析
• Personality 人格类型的区别– Introvert or extrovert 内向与外向– Thinking or feeling 思维与感觉– Closure or Open 封闭与开放
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Global Strategies• Planning
– Target oriented
• Monitoring– Regular and Irregular– Self, Collective, and Supervising
• Accessing – Formal and Informal
• Documenting– Written and shared
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Target Oriented Planning:smart System
• Specific 具体的• Measurable 可量度的• Attainable 可取得的• Relevant 相关的• Traceable 可追踪的
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Listening Comprehension
• Why Listening Comprehension– Most poorly developed in China
• Low scores on every level of test
• Poor performance
• The Most Important Skill– Speaking
– Writing
– Learning in general
• Readily Available
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Listening Strategy: An Overview• Problems
– Listening has been a big problem at all levels of education
– No systematically designed strategies in either teaching or learning
• Resources– Abundant– Neither efficient nor systematic, only focused
on tests types, with few exceptions
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Four Dimensions of Listening
• Transactional Language Functions– Message oriented and Business type
• Inter_actional Language Functions– Person oriented and Social type
• Top down processing– Prior knowledge and general idea
• Bottom up processing– Sounds to words, structure to meaning
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Four Modes in Listening
• Top down mode– Inter_actional: party talk– Transactional: travel safety rules
• Bottom up mode– Interactional: jokes– Transactional: instructions on testing
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Four Kinds of Listening Practices
• Listening and Repeating– To listen and repeat or memorize
• Listening and Answering Comprehension Questions– Widely used in testing
• Task Listening– To listen and do something with the information
• Interactive Listening– Real life conversations
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Systematic Training Programs for Listening (I)
• Interactive listing – Only possible for a tiny percentage of students
– Has little practical relevance for most Chinese students
• A systematic programs for Chinese students should include listening and repeating, task listening and listening and answer comprehension questions
• Task listening should be the center of gravity
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Systematic Training Programs for Listening (II)
• Good for beginners • To get familiar with sounds of English words and
the language flow of English• Single word level: stress of syllabus • Sentence level:tones, stress and rhythm• Materials should be simple and slow• Recognition of sounds in stead of meanings • Move to task listening as soon as possible
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Systematic Training Programs for Listening (III)
• Task Listening– A practical and good strategy for real life interactive
listening as well as testing
• Task listening as a center – Listening materials, from simple,slow,created listening
materials to real life materials,e.g new broadcasting and movies, songs and lectures, speeches etc
– Tasks, from simple and created tasks for specific skills to real life tasks
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Systematic Training Programs for Listening (IV)
• Listing and Answering Comprehension Questions– Useful only in testing setting, and should be treated as
such
• Focus should be on types of comprehension questions and skills that will help students answer them with the least effort– Should be the last stage of training
– Should take the minimum time required for the test preparation
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From Sound to Sentences: A Micro Skill Study
• Sound May Change in Language Flow– Sound Change with a Reason: contents or
functional
• Stress and Rhythm: two critical points for fluent listening compression– Stress, what sounds clear and similar or same as
the sound in dictionaries– Rhythm, what is connected and where to pause
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DIY Cloze Test For Listening ( I )
• Start with a short passage that is between 3 to 5 minutes
• Play no more than three times, and ask students take down what they can hear clearly, and for the words that can’t be heard clearly use underlines instead
• Ask the students fill the underlined space with the appreciate words
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DIY Cloze Test for Listening (II)
• Check the finished passage with the original scripts and make corrections
• If the mistakes are within 10-15% range move to the last step
• Play the passage again, and ask the students compare the sounds of underlined words with the sounds described in dictionaries and find out why.
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Summary
• Why Learning Strategies
• Global Learning Strategies
• Specific Learning Strategies: listening comprehension
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Contact Information
刘鹰 《学生双语报》电话: 010-88463505
Email: eic@enhero.net
Official Website: http://www.enhero.net
Personal Website: http://www.dyl.name
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