EMISSION STANDARDS IN LIGHT AND HEAVY VEHICLES. INTRODUCTION Emission requirements in Europe since 1970 US and some European countries (Sweden, Norway.

EMISSION STANDARDS IN EMISSION STANDARDS IN LIGHT AND HEAVY LIGHT AND HEAVY

VEHICLESVEHICLES

INTRODUCTION

bull Emission requirements in Europe since 1970bull US and some European countries (Sweden Norway and Austria) introduced firstbull Current emission regulate NOXHCCO amp PMbull Standards are represent by Euro amp followed by nobull For motorcycles amp mopeds and for engines of non road machinery

ROAD TRAFFICrsquoS SHARE OF EMISSION

EMISSION STANDARDS

EU STANDARDS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES

TEST CYCLES

bull Emissions measured by standardized test cyclesbull For light vehicles in gKmbull For heavy vehicles in gkWhbull For light vehicles transient cyclebull Heavy vehicles both transient and stationary cyclebull ETCESCEuropean load response (ELR) Enhanced Environmentally vehicles(EEV)

EUROPEAN TRANSIENT CYCLE(ETC)

bull FIGE transient cyclebull Road cycle measurement of heavy duty

vehiclesbull 3 parts ndash urban rural motorway driving ndash

total 1800s ndash each 600s

1 city driving max speed 50 kmhr frequent starts stops and idling

2 rural driving starting with a steep acceleration segment (avg-72kmhr)

CONTDhellip

3 Motorway driving with average speed of about 88 kmh

bull The cycle in two variants

a) As a chassis and

b) An engine dynamometer test

EUROPEAN STATIONARY CYCLE(ESC)

bull Emission certification of heavy duty diesel engine

bull Engine is tested on dynamometer over steady state modes

bull The specified speed held within plusmn50 rpm and the specified torque held within plusmn2 of max torque

bull final results in gkWh

LIGHT VEHICLES

bull Road vehicles under 35 tonne (both passenger cars amp commercial vehicles)

bull Auto-oil-programbull Emission control increased the quality of fuel

(eg sulphur-150ppm to 10ppm within 2009)

bull NOX is controlled in PVbull Particulates are controlled in DV

EU STANDARDS FOR LIGHT VEHICLES

HEAVY VEHICLES

bull Vehicles heavier than 35tonnesbull EuroI-1992EuroII-1995EuroIII-2000 EuroIV-

2005EuroV-2008bull Main difference bw Euro IV and Euro Vbull Environmentally friendly vehicles

as well as for on-board diagnostic systems (OBD) enhanced it

EU STANDARDS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES

FUTURE EMISSION STANDARDS

bull Motor Vehicle Emissions Group Commissionbull German Environment agency (UBA) published

new proposal for ES- Passenger cars

1 Emission requirements should be fuel-neutral 2 Particulate requirement should be strengthen

by a factor 10 3 NOX strengthen by a factor of 3 4 Summation value for NOx + HC replaced with

an HC limit

CONTDhellip

Heavy vehicles- 1 Fuel-neutral requirements 2 Particulate standards for 2008 3 NOx requirement for 2008 are halved amp then

halved again in 2010bull Current weight-based standards with

maximum no of particles within size rangebull Tax incentives to vehicles that comply with

requirements

FACTFILEEMISSION CONTROL Petrol-driven passenger cars bull Emission consist of NOX and unburnt HCbull Three-way catalytic convertorbull 300-400rsquoC to start the catalytic convertor

Diesel-driven carsbull Nitrogen oxidesbull Particulatesbull Combined methods

POPULAR EMISSION CONTROL DEVICES

bull HC as a result of vaporization of gasolinebull Clean air act in 1977bull Feedback fuel control systembull Oxygen sensors in exhaust

bull Some of the popular emission control system are explained

CATALYTIC CONVERTOR

Flash

bull It oxidize CO amp HC using palladium amp platinum as catalyst separating oxygen than adding bull It cannot operate in presence of lead bull Industrial application to avoid harmful emissionsbull Ideal byproducts of automobile engine are CO2 H2O and some N2

bull Standard subcomponents of catalytic oxidizers include a line burner catalyst bed and heat exchanger

PCV VALVEbull Take vapors from crankcasebull Recirculation of air through crankcasebull Dilute airfuel mixturebull Increase life of oil and enginebull life of valve and filter is around 30000 to 50000 milesbull If the valve or system is clogged it will create engine oil leak

EGR VALVE

bull Reduce emissions of oxides of N2 (1972)bull How oxides of nitrogen formedbull Thought of a fire extinguisher to cool the

combustion chamberbull How CO2 amp water (plus zillion other noxious

chemicals) cool combustion chamber amp prevent the formation of NOX

bull External EGR and Internal EGR valve

EVAPORATIVE CONTROLSbull To dispose of fuel vapors created in fuel systembull Improper operation may cause rich driveabilitybull Maintain stable fuel tank pressurebull Due to evaporation fuel vapors are createdbull Stored vapor fuel is added to the incoming

airfuel mixture

bull

AIR INJECTION

bull The air injection system supplies air to the exhaust stream to promote additional burning of exhaust gases such as hydrocarbons (abbreviated as HC) and carbon monoxide (abbreviated as CO) bull catalytic converter to further reduce HC CO and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) a major contributor to photochemical smog

AIR INJECTION

TURBOCHARGER

TURBOCHARGER

bull Itrsquos a part of advanced clean diesel system bull Increase diesel efficiencybull What is a turbochargerbull How common rail direct injection and

turbocharging increases

efficiencybull Turbochargers and

advanced

ABOUT BHARAT STANDARDS

bull Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) decided to implement Bha-III

bull The gasoline vehicles were being tested for idle carbon monoxide emission and diesel vehicles for free acceleration smoke

bull Four metrosmdash Mumbai Kolkata Chennai New Delhi mdash and the mini metros mdash Bangalore Hyderabad Ahmedabad Pune Surat Kanpur and Agra

EURO STANDARDS FOR PETROL CARS

EURO STANDARDS FOR DIESEL CARS

EURO vsUSJAPAN STANDARDS

MERCEDES-BENZ BIONIC CAR

TECHNICAL DATA

bull Vehicle Type Mercedes-Benz concept carbull Intake system Common-rail direct injection

particulate filter Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)

bull Engine 4-cylinder Diesel enginebull Horsepower 140 hpbull Torque 300 Nm 1600 ndash 3000 rpmbull Transmission AUTOTRONIC continuously

variable automatic transmission

DISCUSSION