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Electrical Energy and Current Section 1
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Preview
Section 1 Electric Potential
Section 2 Capacitance
Section 3 Current and Resistance
Section 4 Electric Power
Electrical Energy and Current Section 1
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
The student is expected to:TEKS
6B investigate examples of kinetic and potential
energy and their transformations
Electrical Energy and Current Section 1
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
What do you think?
• You may have purchased batteries for radios, watches, CD players, and other electronic devices. Batteries come in a variety of different sizes and voltages. You probably have 1.5 volt, 3 volt, and 12 volt batteries in your home.• What do volts measure?• Is the number of volts related to the size of the
battery?• How is a 3 volt battery different from a 1.5 volt
battery?
Electrical Energy and Current Section 1
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Electrical Potential Energy
• A uniform electric field exerts a force on a charged particle moving it from A to B.
• Will the particle shown gain or lose PEelectric as it moves to the right?– Lose energy (because it is moving
with the force, not against it)
– Similar to a falling object losing PEg
PEelectric = Wdone = Fd = -qED
Electrical Energy and Current Section 1
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Electrical Potential Energy
PEelectric is positive if the charge is negative and moves with the field.
PEelectric is positive if the charge is positive and moves against the field.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 1
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Classroom Practice Problem
• A uniform electric field strength of 1.0 x 106 N/C exists between a cloud at a height of 1.5 km and the ground. A lightning bolt transfers 25 C of charge to the ground. What is the change in PEelectric for this lightning bolt?
• Answer: -3.75 x 1010 J of energy
Electrical Energy and Current Section 1
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Gravitational Potential Difference• Suppose a mass of 2.00 kg is moved from point A
straight up to point B a distance of 3.00 m. Find the PEg for the mass if g = 9.81 m/s2. Repeat for a mass of 5.00 kg.– Answer: 58.9 J and 147 J
• What is the PEg per kg for each?– Answer: 29.4 J/kg for both
• The change per kg does not depend on the mass. It depends only on points A and B and the field strength.
• There is an analogous concept for electrical potential energy, as shown on the next slide.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 1
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Potential Difference• Potential difference (V) is the change in electrical
potential energy per coulomb of charge between two points.– Depends on the electric field and on the initial and final positions– Does not depend on the amount of charge– SI unit: joules/coulomb (J/C) or Volts (V)
Electrical Energy and Current Section 1
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Potential Difference
• The potential difference is calculated between two points, A and B.– The field must be uniform.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 1
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Electrical Potential Energy
Electrical Energy and Current Section 1
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Potential Difference Near a Point Charge
• The above V determines the potential energy per coulomb at a point compared to a very distant point where V would equal zero.
• Potentials are scalars (+ or -) so the total potential at a point is the sum of the potentials from each charge.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 1
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Superposition Principle and Electric Potential
Electrical Energy and Current Section 1
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Batteries
• A battery maintains a constant potential difference between the terminals.– 1.5 V (AAA, AA, C and D cell) or 9.0 V or 12 V (car)
• In 1.5 V batteries, the electrons use chemical energy to move from the positive to the negative terminal.– They gain 1.5 joules of energy per coulomb of charge
• When connected to a flashlight, the electrons move through the bulb and lose 1.5 joules of energy per coulomb of charge.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 1
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Now what do you think?
• You may have purchased batteries for radios, watches, CD players, and other electronic devices. Batteries come in a variety of different sizes and voltages. You probably have 1.5 volt, 3 volt, and 12 volt batteries in your home.– What do volts measure?– Is the number of volts related to the size of the
battery?– How is a 3 volt battery different from a 1.5 volt
battery?
Electrical Energy and Current Section 2
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
The student is expected to:TEKS
6B investigate examples of kinetic and potential
energy and their transformations
Electrical Energy and Current Section 2
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
What do you think?
• If a light bulb replaced the two metal plates and the battery was connected, electrons would flow out of the negative and into the positive terminal. Will this also occur with the two metal plates?• If not, why not?• If so, is the flow similar or different from that with the light bulb?
Explain.
• The battery shown has a potential difference of 6.0 volts. It has just been connected to two metal plates separated by an air gap. There is no electrical connection between the two plates and air is a very poor conductor.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 2
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Capacitors
• The two metal plates are electrically neutral before the switch is closed. What will happen when the switch is closed if the left plate is connected to the negative terminal of the battery?– Electrons will flow toward lower
PE.• From the battery to the left plate
• From the right plate to the battery
Electrical Energy and Current Section 2
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Parallel Plate Capacitors
• Electrons build up on the left plate, giving it a net negative charge. The right plate has a net positive charge.– Capacitors can store charge or electrical PE.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 2
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Capacitance
Electrical Energy and Current Section 2
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Capacitance• Capacitance measures the ability to store charge.
• SI unit: coulombs/volt (C/V) or farads (F)• In what way(s) is a capacitor like a battery?• In what way(s) is it different?
Electrical Energy and Current Section 2
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Capacitance
• How would capacitance change if the metal plates had more surface area?– Capacitance would increase.
• How would it change if they were closer together?– Capacitance would increase.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 2
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Capacitance
is a constant that is determined by the material between the plates (0 refers to a vacuum).
• Combining the two equations for C yields:
0
AQ V
d
Electrical Energy and Current Section 2
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Parallel-Plate Capacitor
Electrical Energy and Current Section 2
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Dielectrics
• The space between the plates is filled with a dielectric.– Rubber, waxed paper, air
• The dielectric increases the capacitance.– The induced charge on
the dielectric allows more charge to build up on the plates.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 2
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Capacitor Applications
• Connecting the two plates of a charged capacitor will discharge it.– Flash attachments on cameras use a
charged capacitor to produce a rapid flow of charge.
• Some computer keyboards use capacitors under the keys to sense the pressure.– Pushing down on the key changes the
capacitance, and circuits sense the change.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 2
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Energy and Capacitors
• As the charge builds, it requires more and more work to add electrons to the plate due to the electrical repulsion. – The average work or PE stored in the capacitor is (1/2)QV.
– Derive equivalent equations for PEelectric by substituting:
Q = CV and V = Q/C
Electrical Energy and Current Section 2
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Classroom Practice Problem
• A 225 F is capacitor connected to a 6.00 V battery and charged. How much charge is stored on the capacitor? How much electrical potential energy is stored on the capacitor?– Answers: 1.35 x 10-3 C , 4.05 x 10-3 J
Electrical Energy and Current Section 2
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Now what do you think?
• If a light bulb replaced the two metal plates and the battery was connected, electrons would flow out of the negative and into the positive terminal. Will this also occur with the two metal plates?• If not, why not?• If so, is the flow similar or
different from that with the light bulb? Explain.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 3
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
The student is expected to:TEKS
5E characterize materials as conductors or insulators
based on their electrical properties
Electrical Energy and Current Section 3
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
What do you think?
• The term resistance is often used when describing components of electric circuits.• What behavior of the components
does this term describe?• Do conductors have resistance?
• If so, are all conductors the same? Explain.
• What effect would increasing or decreasing the resistance in a circuit have on the circuit?
Electrical Energy and Current Section 3
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Electric Current
• Electric current (I) is rate at which charges flow through an area.
• SI unit: coulombs/second (C/s) or amperes (A)– 1 A = 6.25 1018 electrons/second
Electrical Energy and Current Section 3
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Conventional Current
• Conventional current (I) is defined as the flow of positive charge.– The flow of negative charge
as shown would be equivalent to an equal amount of positive charge in the opposite direction.
• In conducting wires, I is opposite the direction of electron flow.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 3
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Conventional Current
Electrical Energy and Current Section 3
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Velocity of Electrons Through Wires
• When you turn on a wall switch for a light, electrons flow through the bulb. Which speed below do you believe most closely approximates that of the electrons?– The speed of light (300 000 000 m/s)– 1 000 m/s– 10 m/s– 0.0001 m/s
• Why do you think so?
Electrical Energy and Current Section 3
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Drift Velocity• Electrons undergo
collisions with atoms in the metal.– They “drift” through the wire.– Drift velocity for a copper
wire with a current of 10 A is 0.000246 m/s.
• The E field moves through the wire near the speed of light, causing all electrons in the wire to move nearly instantly.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 3
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Drift Velocity
Electrical Energy and Current Section 3
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Resistance to Current• Resistance is opposition to the flow of charge.
– SI unit: volts/ampere (V/A) or ohms ()
• Ohm’s Law : V = IR– Valid only for certain materials whose resistance is constant
over a wide range of potential differences
Electrical Energy and Current Section 3
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Classroom Practice Problems
• A typical 100 W light bulb has a current of 0.83 A. How much charge flows through the bulb filament in 1.0 h? How many electrons would flow through in the same time period?– Answers: 3.0 103 C, 1.9 1022 electrons
• This same 100 watt bulb is connected across a 120 V potential difference. Find the resistance of the bulb.– Answer: 1.4 102
Electrical Energy and Current Section 3
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Resistance of a Wire
• On the next slide, predict the change necessary to increase the resistance of a piece of wire with respect to:– Length of wire– Cross sectional area or thickness of the wire– Type of wire– Temperature of the wire
Electrical Energy and Current Section 3
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Electrical Energy and Current Section 3
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Factors that Affect Resistance
Electrical Energy and Current Section 3
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Applications
• Resistors in a circuit can change the current.– Variable resistors (potentiometers) are used in
dimmer switches and volume controls.– Resistors on circuit boards control the current to
components.
• The human body’s resistance ranges from 500 000 (dry) to 100 (soaked with salt water).– Currents under 0.01 A cause tingling.– Currents greater than 0.15 A disrupt the heart’s
electrical activity.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 3
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Now what do you think?
• The term resistance is often used when describing components of electric circuits.• What behavior of the components
does this term describe?• Do conductors have resistance?
• If so, are all conductors the same? Explain.
• What effect would increasing or decreasing the resistance in a circuit have on the circuit?
Electrical Energy and Current Section 4
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
The student is expected to:TEKS
6B investigate examples of kinetic and potential
energy and their transformations
Electrical Energy and Current Section 4
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
What do you think?
• Hair dryers, microwaves, stereos, and other appliances use electric power when plugged into your outlets.• What is electric power?
• Is electric power the same as the power discussed in the chapter “Work and Energy?”
• Do the utility companies bill your household for power, current, potential difference, energy, or something else?
• What do you think is meant by the terms alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC)?
• Which do you have in your home?
Electrical Energy and Current Section 4
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Types of Current - Direct
• Batteries use chemical energy to give electrons potential energy.– Chemical energy is eventually depleted.
• Electrons always flow in one direction.– Called direct current (DC)
Electrical Energy and Current Section 4
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Types of Current - Alternating
• Generators change mechanical energy into electrical energy.– Falling water or moving steam
• Electrons vibrate back and forth.– Terminals switch signs 60 times
per second (60 Hz).– Called alternating current (AC)– AC is better for transferring
electrical energy to your home.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 4
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Energy Transfer
• Is the electrical potential energy gained, lost, or unchanged as the electrons flow through the following portions of the circuit shown: – A to B– B to C– C to D– D to A
• Explain your answers.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 4
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Energy Transfer– A to B (unchanged)– B to C (lost in bulb)– C to D (unchanged)– D to A (gained in battery)
Electrical Energy and Current Section 4
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Electric Power
Electrical Energy and Current Section 4
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Electric Power
• Power is the rate of energy consumption (PE/t ). For electric power, this is equivalent to the equation shown below.– SI unit: joules/second (J/S) or watts (W)
– Current (I) is measured in amperes (C/s).
– Potential difference (V) is measured in volts (J/C).
• Substitute using Ohm’s law (V = IR) to write two other equations for electric power.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 4
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Classroom Practice Problems
• A toaster is connected across a 120 V kitchen outlet. The power rating of the toaster is 925 W.– What current flows through the toaster?– What is the resistance of the toaster?– How much energy is consumed in 75.0 s?
• Answers: 7.7 A, 16 , 6.94 104 J
Electrical Energy and Current Section 4
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Household Energy Consumption
• Power companies charge for energy, not power.– Energy consumption is measured in kilowatt•hours
( kw•h).• The joule is too small.
– A kw•h is one kilowatt of power for one hour.• Examples of 1 kw•h:
– 10 light bulbs of 100 W each on for 1 h
– 1 light bulb of 100 W on for 10 h
• 1 kw•hr = 3 600 000 J or 3.6 x 106 J
Electrical Energy and Current Section 4
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Relating Kilowatt-Hours to Joules
Electrical Energy and Current Section 4
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Electrical Energy Transfer
• Transfer of energy from power plants to your neighborhood must be done at high voltage and low current.– Power lost in electrical lines is significant.
• P = I2R• Power lines are good conductors but they are very long.• Since power companies can’t control the resistance (R), they
control the current (I) by transferring at high voltage.
Electrical Energy and Current Section 4
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Now what do you think?
• Hair dryers, microwaves, stereos, and other appliances use electric power when plugged into your outlets.– What is electric power?
• Is electric power the same as the power discussed in the chapter “Work and Energy?”
– Do the utility companies bill your household for power, current, potential difference, energy, or something else?
– What do you think is meant by the terms alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC)?
• Which do you have in your home?
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