Transcript
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ELECTRIC
L O G S
S O U T H
O
L O U I S I A N A
THE
PREPARED AN D PUBLISHED
by
NEW ORLEANS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
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EDIT O RS AND CHAIRM EN
Wi l l iam S. Shaw
John S. Fischer
Frank S. Pons
Edi tor and Ge nera l Cha irman
Assistant Edi tor
V i ce Ch a i rm a n
SUBCOMMITTEE CHAIRMEN
Frank S. Pons
Ear le F. T ing ley
I. D. Simpson
A. T . Green
L i t h o lo g y
Formation Fluids
Muds
M isce l l a n e o u s
R. M. Bane
A. L. Backlund
Co L. Blackburn
J. E. Davis
T. R° Eskrigge
E. R. George
J. P. Hansen
T. J. Hoz
CO M M IT T EE M EM BERS
R. M. Jemison, Jr .
W. L. Laf l in
Jo C. Langford
J . J . M a r i c e l l i
J . F . McCIoskey
D° V . McLendon
J . D. S i l ve rna i l
R . G . Voe lke r
R. R. Wil l iams
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INTRO D UCT I O N
Th is vo lume was o r i g in a l ly conce ived as a co l lec t ion o f "unusua l " e lec t r i c logs . An
unusual log was ge ne ra l ly understood as a log that exh ib i ted some com binat io n o f low
spontaneous po ten t ia l and low res is t iv i ty opposi te an o i l or gas prod uct ive sand. A
non-p rod uc t ive sand exh ib i t in g good spontaneous po ten t ia l and r e la t i ve ly h igh res is -
t i v i t y on an e le ct r ic log was a lso considered "unusu al" s ince th is is a comm on response
to a p roduc t ive sand . As the com p i la t ion p rog ressed it became apparen t tha t m os t e lec -
t r i c logs fa l l in to sys temat ic pa t te rns con t ro l led p r imar i l y by l i t ho logy and fo rmat ion
f lu ids , and d r i l l i n g mud s . The ob jec t i ve evo lved in to an a t tempt to assemblea g roup
of examples wh ich w ould demonst ra te the mo re or less systemat ic va r ia t ion in response
to va ry i n g co m b in at io n s o f l i t h o l o g y , f o rm a t i o n f lu i d s a nd d r i l l i n g m u d s . As m a l l
group of misce l laneous examples, the on ly t ru ly "unus ual" examples, have a lso been in-
c luded .
The de tec t ion o f f lu i d hydrocarbons f rom the e le ct r ic log is the pr ime co ncern o f the
geo log is t , bu t because the fo rmat ion f lu id is on ly one o f several fac to rs wh ich de te r -
m ine the re s is t i v i t y and spontaneous po ten t ia l o f the fo rma t ion , the in te rp re te r can be
ser iously mis led. The co m pi la t ion is usefu l because i t w i l l sh arpen the geo log is t 's
awareness o f the many p i t fa l l s in e lec t r i c log in te rp re ta t ion .
Dur ing the pas t decade a va r ie ty o f eva lua t ion too ls have been deve loped wh ich use
el ec t r ic a l , rad ia t ion and sonic measurements, p lus che mic a l ana lys is o f the mud st ream,
cu t t ings and co res . W hen these too ls a re p roper ly se lec ted and in te rp re ted , fo rmat ion
eva lua t ion is a h igh ly dependab le and e f fec t i ve op era t ion . The ma jo r p rob lem now is
to de te rm ine wh a t too ls to app ly . Excep t ing the con t inuous ana lys is o f mud and cu t t -
ings the se lec t ion o f add i t iona l too ls i s based on the in te rp re ta t ion o f the e lec t r i c log-
g ing . I t is a t th is po in t tha ta b road know ledge o f the poss ib le co nd i t ions a f fe c t ing the
e le c t r i c a l measurements w i l l com e in to p lay and th is i s p rec ise ly the a im o f the d iscus-
s ion and examples to fo l low.
The vo lume is organ ized in to two parts . The f i rs t part is a rev iew of the basic factors
a f f e c t i n g t h e e l e c t r i ca l m e a su re m e n ts . G ra p hs i l lu s t ra t e t he va r i a b i l i t y o f e a ch f a c t o r
and sp ec i f ic examples are located on the graphs. The graphs are wo rth s tudying c los e ly
to fu l l y apprec ia te the sys temat ic va r ia t ions men t ioned above . There fo l low sa b r ie f
summary o f fo rmat ion eva lua t ion too ls , and f in a l l y a genera l approach to we l l s i t e eva lu -
at io n o f the e le ct r ic log. The second part conta ins the examples w hic h are grouped
accord ing to ma jo r fac to rs a f fec t ing the e le c t r i c a l measurem ents . The examp les a re in -
dexed by le t ter and number as fo l lows:
L i tho logy
Formation Fluids
Muds
M isce l l a n e o u s
(L-1 to L-16)
(F-1 to F-lO)
/W-1 to/V~ 7)
( X - l t o X - 8 )
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The index map shows the loca t ion o f each examp le .
A c om p i la t i o n o f abbrev ia t i on s and symbo ls used in the d i scuss ion and examp les i s ap-
p e n d e d . Du r i n g th e co l l e c t i o n o f d a ta , e sp e c i a l l y co r e d e sc r i p t io n s , t h e co m mi t t e e
found a bew i lde r in g ~ar ie ty o f abbre v ia t i ons and symbols des igna t ing the sam e i tem.
A great e f for t was made to standard ize these For the purposes o f th is vo lume and to th is
end a ra the r com p le te l i s t oF abbrev ia t i ons and symbols was com p i led . The o rde r o f des-
c r ip t i on For co res a l so va r ied w ide ly and was o f ten am b iguous . In many ins tances i t
cou ld no t be asce r ta ined whe the r the F luo rescence repor ted re la ted to the d ry co re o r to
a cu t mad e f ro m co re m a te r i a l . T he co m mi t t e e d e c i d e d t o p u b li sh t h is co m p i l a t i o n a n d
orde r o f co re desc r ip t i on i n the hope tha t i t wou ld be used as a s tandard and the re by lessen
Fu tu re con fus ion and amb igu i ty .
I I I
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AC K N OWLEDGEME NTS
The idea o f p repar ing a vo lum e o f e lec t r i c l ogs was o r ig ina ted by M r . T . H . Ph i lpo t t ,
Pres ident o f the New Or leans G eo log ica l S ocie ty, and h is Execut ive C om mit tee°
Succeed ing pres idents , Ju les Braunste in in 1961 and Leonard L. L imes in 1962, a long
w i th th e i r Execu ti ve Com m i t tees , fos te red the p rogress o f the vo lume. The ir coopera-
t ion and encouragem ent susta ined the com mit tee through m any problems.
The four subcom mit tee chairmen under took the re sp on sib i l i ty o f assem bli ng examples
re la ted to the fou r major categor ies. The com mit tee m embers sought out the examples
and prepared them to the speci f icat ion s established by the comm ittee. The examples
conta ined in Pa r t I I are the core of th is vo lume, and i t was the in terest and cooperat ion
of the com mit tee m embers and other contr ibutors that made i t possib le .
Two com m ittee m embers deserve specia l me nt ion. Fr an k S. Pons under took to superv ise
the F ina l check ing and d ra f t ing o f the exa m p les . Jo hn S. F i sche r p repared m ost o f the
discussion in Par t I . The w r i te r is indebted to M essrs. Fisc her and Pons for the i r in va l -
uable a ss is tance in th is regard.
W. S. Shaw
IV
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T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
E LE CTR IC L O G S O F S OU T H L O U I S I A N A - C O M M I TT E E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I N T R O D U C T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P a g e
I
II
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV
TAB LE O F C O N T E N T S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V
PART I
A . F A C TO R S A F F E C T I N G S P O N T A N E O U S P O T E N T I A L A N D R E S IS T IV IT Y . . . . . . 1
1. S po nta ne ou s P o t e n ti a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2 . R e s is t iv it y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
B. F O R M A T I O N E V A L U A T I O N T O O L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1. E l e ct r i ca l Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. I n d u c t i o n -E l e c t r i c a l Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 . M i c r o lo g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4 . C a l ip e r Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5 . S on ic V e l o c i t y Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. G am m a R ay Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7 . M u d Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
8. C o r in g a nd C o re A n a ly s is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
9 . W i r e l ln e F o rm a t io n T e ste r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
C . IN T E R P R ET A T IO N A T T HE W E LL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
PART I I
I N D E X M A P O F S O U TH L O U I S I A N A - S h o w in g E xa m p le L o ca tio n s
L I T H O L O G Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E xam ples L -1 to L -1 6
F O R M A T I O N F LU ID S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E xa mp le s F -1 t o F - 10
M U D S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E xa m ple s M - 1 to M - 7
M I S C E L L A N E O U S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E xa m ple s X -1 to X -8
A P P E N D I X - A b b r e v i a t i o n s a n d S y m b ols
V
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- I
[
L
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A . F A CT OR S A F F E C T I N G S P O N T A N E O U S P O T E N T I A L A N D R E S IS T IV IT Y
Al l e le c t r i c logs consis t o f reco rd ings ve rsus dep th o f two bas ic m easu rem en ts-
Spontaneous P ote nt ia l (SP) and R esis t iv i ty .
1. S P O N T A N E O U S P O T E N T I A L
The Spon taneous Po ten t ia l is a na tu ra l l y occu r r i ng vo l tage in the bo reho le . Th is is
c rea ted in the ma in by cu r ren ts f l ow ing th rough the mud due to e lec t rochemica l reac t i on
a t sa n d -sh a le co n ta c t s a n d a t mu d f i l t r a t e - f o r m a t i o n w a te r co n ta c ts . An o th e r , r e l a t i ve l y
mino r , cause o f SP is the e le c t r ok ine t l c vo l tage due to the movement o f mud f i l t r a te
th rough the mud cake . S ince changes in the SP occu r a t sand-sha le con tac ts , the SP
log is a record o f l i fh o l og y in a sand-sha le ser ies.
Fac to rs A f fec t i ng the SP
The amo un t o f Spon taneous Po ten t ia l measu red in the bo reho le depends p r im ar i l y on :
a . Fo r ma t io n wa te r r e s i s t i v i t y - Rw
b . M u d r e s i s t i v l t y - Rm
c. Sha li ness o f sa nd - cc
d . Fo r ma t io n r e s i s t i v i t y - R
e . H o l e s i z e - d
f . De p th o f i n v a s i o n - D i
g . B ed t h i c kn e ss - e
F igu res 1 and 2 show the re la t i onsh ip o f fac to rs a , b , c , and d to SP de f lec t i on . Some
of the examp les have been p lo t ted on the cha r ts .
My.
I00
CL
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1 80
o
a. 60
o
=o
o
l:
0
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4 0
2 0
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0
m
9,m ~ ~.0
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/ ~ O h m - m e t e r s f _ ~
/ .028 .o 2
I I I ~ I
40 80 120 160 200
I~ 0 0 0 ppm N i l C I
R e s i s t i v i t y ( R w ) a n d S a l i n i t y o f F o r m a t i o n W a t e r
Figu re 1 - Va r ia t i o n o f Spon taneous P o ten t ia l w i th mud res i s t i v i t y (R m
wa te r r e s i s t i v i t y (R ) f o r c l e a n san d s.
W
) and fo rma t ion
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1.0
.8
~ ) . 6
0
. E
O~
.4
0 1 I I I I
0 . 5 .2 I 5 20
.2
I 0 0
F o r m o t i o n R e s i s t i v i t y - R t
F i g u re 2 - V a r i a t i o n s o f A l p h a (S P R e d u c t io n Fa c t o r) w i t h p e r c e n t s h a le a n d fo rm a t i o n
res i s t i v i t y (R t ). Con d i t i ons : R sha le equa l s 1 and R /R i equa l s 1 .
2 . RESISTIVITY
R e s i s t i v i t y is a n i n ve r se f u n c t i o n o f th e a b i l i t y o f a m a t e r i a l t o c o n d u c t e l e c t r i c i t y .
Sa l t wa te r is a good con duc to r and the re fo re has a l ow res l s t lv~ ty. Hyd roca rbon s a re
i nsu la to rs and have a h i gh res i s t i v i t y . Th is res~s ti v lt y con t ras t be tween sa l t wa te r and
hydroca rbons i s t he bas is o f t he u t i l i t y o f t he res i s t i v i t y l og . A l t h ou gh the res i s t i v i t y
o f a f o rma t i on can be measured in seve ra l ways the fac to rs a f f ec t i ng res i s t i v i t y measure -
m e n t s a re c o m m o n t o a l l .
The t rue res i s t i v i t y (R ) o f a f o rm a t i on va r i es w i th :
a . P o r o s i t y -
b . Fo rm a t i o n w a t e r r e s i s t i v i t y - Rw
c . S a lt w a t e r s a t u ra t i o n - Sw
d. Presence o f sh a le - c~
T rue res i s t i v i t y (R ) i s a bas i c p rop e r t y o f a f o rm a t i on . I f we kn ow R t , and we can t i e
dow n the fac to rs a f f e c t i n g i t by o the r means such as the SP l og and a po ros i t y log1 we
can then so l ve fo r wa te r sa tu ra t i on . Th i s is t he measure o f wh e the r o r no t a f o rm a t i on
c o n t a i n s p ro d u c t i v e h y d ro c a rb o n s .
2
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Appa ren t res is t i v i t y (Ra) wh ich is the read ing d i r ec t ly o f f o f the log , va r ies w i th :
a . Spacing o f logg ing too l d . Ho le s iz e - d
b. Bed th lc kn es s- e e . Res is t iv i ty o f surrounding be ds - R
s
c . D e p th o f i n v a s i o n - D i f . M u d r e s i s t i v i t y - R
m
These fac to rs wh ic h a f fec t the m easured res is t i v i t y (Ra) a re so w ide ly va r iab le tha t i t is
beyond the scop e of th is book to d iscuss them. Charts ca l led res is t iv i ty departure curves,
o r co r re c t ion char ts , a re ava i la b le in logg ing in te rp re ta t ion manua ls to co r rec t fo r these
factors.
F igu res 3, 4 , and 5 show how true fo rmat ion res is t i v i t y (R t )va r ies w i th po ros i t y , fo rma-
t ion wa te r res is t i v i t y , wa te r sa tu ra t ion , and sha le con ten t .
. . 2
¢r
i
e,.-
T,
Q )
E
i. . .
0
u.
3
) h m - m e t e r s . 0 8 5
I
0 3 0 0 p p m N a C l 4 0
%
. 0 4 7 . 0 3 5 . 0 2 8 0 2 5
I I I I
8 0 1 2 0 1 60 2 0 0
R e s i s t iv i t y ( R w ) a n d S a l i n i t y o f F o r m a t i o n W a t e r
OZ I
I
: ) 4 0
Figu re 3 - Va r ia t ion o f res is t i v i t y o f a sa l t wa te r sand w i th po ros i t y ( ~ ) and fo rma-
t ion wa te r res is t i v i t y (Rw) .
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I 0 0
\ ~ , ~ . . . .
W a t e r
P r o d u c t i v e
o H y d r o c a r b o n ~
P r o d u c t i v e
I I I I I
0 ' 10 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 I 0 0
W a t e r S a t u r a t i o n - S w
°/o
F i g u r e 4 - V a r i a t i o n o f fo r m a t i o n r es i s t iv i t y (R t) w i t h p o r o s i t y ( ~ ) an d w a t e r s a t u r a -
t i o n ( S w ) . Co n d i t i o n : Rw e q u a l s . 0 3 .
I 0 0
E
I I 0
:>
¢o
¢g
n-
o I
E
0
LL
,I 0
R e s i s t i v i t y o f S h a l e
° / o S h a l e
I 0 0
F i g u r e 5 - Va r i a t i o n o f f o r m a t i o n r es i s t i v i ty ( Rt ) w i t h s h a l e co n t en t fo r w a t e r an d h yd r o -
ca r b o n b ea r i n g s an d s .
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B. F O R M A T I O N E V A L U A T I O N T O O L S
The eva lua t ion too ls descr ibed in the fo l low ing pa ragraphs a re those wh ich appear in
the examp les . There are o the r fo rmat ion ev a lua t ion too ls such as Format ion Dens i t y
logs, cont inuous d ipmeter surveys, ch lor ine logs, and others which are fu l ly descr ibed
in o the r pub l i ca t ions .
I . THE ELECTRICAL LOG
The Elect r ica l Log consis ts o f an SP curve recorded in the le f t han d t rack and severa l
res is t i v i t y cu rves . The res is t i v i t y cu rves on the E lec t r i ca l Log a re mad e by passing
e le c t r i c a l cu r ren t be twe en two e lec t rodes and measuring the vo l tage d rop across two
o the r e lec t rodes . Th is is p ropo r t iona l to the res is t i v i t y o f the fo rmat ion . The geom et r i -
ca l a r ray o f the e lec t rodes de te rm ines the spac ing o f the dev ice . Th ree spacings a re
usua l ly reco rded on the E lec t r i ca l Log :
a . 16" N o rm a l - sha l low inves t iga t ion , symm et r ica l cu rve , good
th i n be d d e f i n i t i o n .
b . 64" Norma l - med ium dep th o f inves t iga t ion , symm et r ica l cu rve ,
approaches t rue res is t i v i t y in th ic k , mod era te ly invaded sands .
c . 18 ' 8" La te ra l - deep inves t iga t ion , non-symm et r ica l cu rve ,
po in ts out th in res is t ive beds.
An am p l i f ied 16" Norm a l i s a lso ge nera l ly p resen ted .
2 . INDU CTION--ELECTRICA L LOG
In combina t ion w i th the 16" Norma l and SP cu rves the ind uc t io n log , as the " Indu c-
t ion -E le c t r i ca l Log" , has la rge ly rep laced the o r lg~na l E le c t r i ca l Log. i ts pu rposes
are the same but i ts measuring system is qu i te d i f fe re nt , and i t o f fers severa l ad van-
tages over the Elect r ica l Log.
The Induc t ion Logg ing dev ice em i ts rad io f requency energy f rom a t ransmi t te r co i l on
the too l . Th is RF energy se ts up eddy cu r ren ts in the fo rmat ion w h ich f low in a c i rc le
a round the bo reho le . These eddy cu r ren ts cause ad d i t iona l RF energy wh ic h is p icked
up by a rece ive r co i l on the logg ing to o l . Th is rece ived energy is p ropor t iona l to the
co n d u c t i v i t y o f t h e f o rm a t io n . Co n d u c t i v i t y i s t h e re c i p ro ca l o f r e s i s t i v i t y .
The Induc t ion -E lec t r i ca l Log consists o f the fo l lo w ing cu rves :
a. SP
b. 16" Norm al and am pl i f i ed 16" Norm al
c . Re c ip ro ca l Co n d u c t i v i t y ( In d u c t i o n re s i s t iv i t y )
d . C o n d u c t i v i t y
The co nd uc t iv i t y ( induc t io n) cu rve is a sym me t r ica l , deep inve s t iga t ion d ev ice and resis-
t i v i t y va lues approach ing R can be ob ta ined f rom i t in beds f i ve fee t th ic k o r g rea te r .
In beds o f low re s is t i v i t y , the cond uc t iv i t y cu rve g ives much g rea te r reso lu t ion than the
res is t i v i t y cu rves .
5
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3 . M I C R O L O G
The M ic ro log cons is ts o f two ve ry shor t spac ing res is t i v i t y curves : ( 1 1 /2" La tera l and
2" Norm al ) . The se curves o f f e r a means o f de te rm in in g the re s is t i v i t y o f t he flushed
zone (Rxo). By know ing th is and the res is t i v i t y o f the inva d ing f lu id Rm f , we can ap p ly
a m od i f i ca t io n o f A rch ie 's Satura t ion Formula and ar r i ve a t a va lue o f poros i t y . Th is log
is usua l l y a good l i t ho logy dev ice and g ives de ta i led "sand count "
4 . CALIPER LO G
A c a l i pe r c u r v e i s us ua l l y l ogged a long w i t h e i t he r t he M i c ro l og o r s on ic v e l o c i t y l og .
I t is a log o f boreho le d iame ter and can be use fu l to t he eva lua t ion geo log is t f o r loca-
t ing permeable zones th rough the presence o f mud cake .
5 . S O N I C V E L O C I T Y L O G
The son ic ve lo c i t y log i s a log o f the t rave l t ime o f sound th rough one foo t o f f o rm at ion .
Th is in te rva l t rave l t ime i s p rop or t iona l t o poro s i t y . The s im p l i c i t y o f poros i t y de te rm in a-
t ion and thence sa tu ra t ion w i th t he son ic ve loc i t y log has led to it s rap id r i se in usage. On
the log , in te rva l t rav el t im e increases as po ros i ty increases.
6. G A M M A R A Y L O G
The gamma ray log is a log o f t he na tura l l y occu r r ing ra d io ac t i v i t y o f the fo rmat ions .
Because rad ioac t i ve m inera ls a re depos i t ed p re f e re n t ia l l y w i t h shales r t he gamma ray log
in a sand-sha le series is a good l i t ho log y too l . I t has the advantages o f be ing obta lnab le
th rough cas ing and no t be ing a f fec ted by e lec t r i c a l p roper t ies o f muds and fo rma t ion
f lu ids . On severa l o f the examples the gamma ray log g ives a good l l t h o lo gy p ic tu re
where the SP is feature less.
7 . M U D L O G
The mud log is a m anu a l l y cons t ruc ted log based on cu t t ings and mud ana lys is wh ich is
prepared da i l y wh i le d r i l l i ng i s in p rogress .
The pr inc ipa l observa t ions a re :
2.
3.
Penet rat ion rate in minutes per foot or feet per hours .
L i t ho logy in percentages .
D r i l l ing f lu id measurement - c on t i nuous l y .
a . Percent o i l i n cu t t i ngs .
b. Tota l gas unl ts in mud and cut t ings .
c . Compo nent ana lys is o f gases . (Metha ne th rough Butane)
d . Ch lo r ide o r sa l t con ten t .
This ev id en ce is presented d a i ly on a 5" and 1" log. The imp or tance is to in form the
opera to r o f cor re la t i ve o r cor ing markers and hydrocarbon bear ing zones pr io r t o t he
e le c t r i c log run . In t he event t he ho le i s lost be fo re e le c t r l ca l e va lu a t io n , t he adva n-
tages o f th i s in fo rm at ion rece ived by the ope ra to r i s qu i t e app aren t .
6
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8. C O R I N G A N D C O RE A N A L Y S I S
Cor ing is the best me thod o f ob ta in ing p hys ica l samp les o f the fo rm a t ion . Thes e can be
ob ta ined by two methods:
a . S i d e w a l l c o r i n g - w l r e l i n e t o ol s
b . C o n v e n t i o n a l c o r i n g - c u t w h i l e d r i l l i n g
These samp les , a l thoug h f lushed to some degree by the d r i l l i n g f l u ids , can be ana lyzed
to p r o v i d e su ch u se fu l e va l u a t i o n i n f o r ma t i o n a s:
a . L i t h o l o g y
b. Porosi ty
c . P e r m e a b i l i t y
d . F lu id Sa tu ra t ions
9 . WIRELINE FO RM AT ION TESTER
The w i re l i n e fo rm a t ion tes te r i s a too l w h ic h can be used in bo th open and cased ho les
to recover phys ica l samp les o f the fo rma t ion f l u ids and to measure bo t tom ho le fo rma-
t i on p ressures. I t does no t p rov ide a tes t o f an en t i re zone bu t the s ing le p o in t tes t
can be ex t rapo la ted in many cases to cove r l a rge r i n te rva l s . I t is a l so used to p rov ide
i n fo r ma t i o n a bo u t t h e l o ca t i o n o f f l u i d co n ta c t s a n d tr a n s i t i o n zo ne s . T he f l u i d r e co ve r y
p e r m i t s co m p u ta t i o n o f g a s -o i l r a t io s , a n a l ys is o f f l u i d q u a l i t y , a n d d e te r m i n a t i o n o f o l l
g r a v i t y . T h e p r e ssu r e i n f o r ma t i o n ca n be u se d t o i n d i ca te p e r m e a b i l i t y , l o ca te d e p l e te d
zones and co r re la te them f rom w e l l to we l l , and ind i c a te abno rma l p ressu res as an a id to
co mp l e t i o n t e ch n i qu e s a n d f u tu r e d r i l l i n g p r o g r a ms .
7
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C. INTERPR ETATION AT THE WELL
As can be seen f rom the examples in th is vo lum e, there are w ide ranges in the response
o f t h e E le c t r i ca l Lo g a n d t h e In d u c t i o n - E le c t r i ca l Lo g . I n t e rp re ta t i o n o f e l e c t r i c l og s
and associa ted serv ices ava i lab le for format ion eva luat ion is far f rom an exact sc ience
and the re may be va r ia t ions in loca l g round ru les concern ing in te rp re ta t ion f rom one
area to ano the r . How ever , the re a re some bas ic s teps w h ich should be fo l low ed fo r tho-
rough and e f fec t i ve eva lua t ion o f a we l l by logg ing methods .
To star t , i t m ust be obvious that no one too l can furn ish a l l the data needed for ade-
qua te in te rp re ta t ion . The two bas ic qua n t i t ies needed to te l l whe the r o r no t a zone is
p roduc t ive a re :
a . Po ro s i t y -
b . W a te r sa t u ra t i o n - Sw
There are some basic formulas re la t in g these factors to re s is t iv i ty:
1. F= R /R w (de f in i t io n o f Fo rmat ion Fac to r )
2 . F= 1 /# 2 ( th is is approx imate)
3. Sw2 = R / R t ( i f po ros i t ies are constant)
Formulas 1. and 3. can be ap pl ied whe n a c lea n, homogeneous sand conta ins both hydro-
carbon and w ate r co lumns. Since th is case is not a lw ays seen, po rosi ty con t ro l must
usual ly be obta ined f rom another source.
Af te r runn ing the e lec t r i c log and i t i s co r re la ted w i th ad jo in ing w e l l s , i t should be exa-
m ined fo r l i t ho log y . I f none o f the sands have over O. 35 ohm-mete rs res is t i v i t y , and
none o f the sha les show any changes in re s is t i v i t y , the w e l l i s p roba b ly n on-p rodu c t ive
to th is dep th .
I f some ques t ionab le res ls t i v i t les a re no ted , some poros i t y c on t ro l log such as the son ic
ve loc i t y log shou ld be run .
Wi th po ros i t y con t ro l a res is t i v i t y index ( I ) examina t ion can be made. In zones o f s im i -
la r po ros i ties , the ra t io o f the res is t i v i t y o f the sand in ques t ion to tha t o f a wa te r sand
(Rt /R o) can be obta ined . I f th is ra t io is over two , the zone should be examined fur the r.
I f the ra t io ( I = Rt /R o) is grea ter than three, the zone should be pro du ct iv e. A m ethod
o f compar ing zones o f d i f f e ren t po ros i t ies in a s im i la r manner i s ca l led apparen t wa te r
res s t iv i ty (Rwa) compa r ison.
Any in te res t ing zones uncovered by the above m ethods can be fu r the r inves t iga ted w i th
s idewa l l co res and the w l re l lne Format ion Tes te r .
8
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I f accura te va lues o f e f f ec t i ve poros i t y and percentage sha le con ten t a re needed fo r
reservo i r ana lys is , a new dev ice ca l le d the Format ion De ns i t y Log has rec en t l y been
in t roduced . I t shows grea t p romise in t h i s a rea . I t i s a l so an exce l len t l i t ho log y
cont ro l l og . Sha ly sands hav ing l i t t l e o r no SP shou ld be inves t iga ted fu r ther w i t h t h i s
log and the Gamma Ray Log.
Prob lems in cor re la t ion such as fau l t s , channe l and bar t ype sands , and s t ra t ig ra ph ic
changes can o f ten be reso lved w i th use o f the Cont inuous D ipm eter . New methods o f
c om p u t a t i on , i nc l ud i ng c om pu t a t ion by D ig i t a l Com pu t e r , and im p roved i n t e rp re t a t i on
have inc reased grea t l y t he va lue o f t h i s t oo l .
Rem em ber , t ha t w hen a w e l l is d r i l l e d , v e r y o f ten it s on l y v a l ue w i l l be i n f o rm a t i ona l .
Once cas ing i s se t, o r t he we l l is p lugge d, t he oppo r tun i t y t o ga ther t h is in fo rm at ion
is severe ly l im i ted o r gone. The dec is ions made a t t he t ime o f eva lu a t ion a t the we l l
w i l l a f f ec t no t on l y the p res en t w e l l , bu t poss i bl y t he ev a l ua t i on o f fu t u re w e l l s i n the
a rea.
The re is p robab l y on l y one r u l e t ha t w i l l a lw ay s app l y to l og i n t e rp re t a t i on . Nev e r
a t temp t t o over -s imp. i f X i t .
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L- 4 E uge ne s la nd B I k . 32
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L- 16 P ecan Lake
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L I T H O L O G Y
L i t h o l o g y , a l o n g w i t h f l u i d co n te n t , is o n e o f th e ma jo r p a r ame te rs t o be d e te r m i n e d
f rom the e lec t r i c l og . The s imp les t w ay to l ook a t the l i tho log y p rob lem i s to con .-
s i d e r a n e l e c t r i c l o g o f a l t e r n a t i n g , t h i c k , c l e a n san d s a n d sh ale s . An y ch a n g e fr o m
th i ck t o t h i n , c l e a n t o sh a l y , o r t h e a d d i t i o n o f ma te r i a ls o th e r t h a n sa n d a n d sh a le
w i l l co m p l i ca te t h e i n t e r p r e ta t i o n o f t h e lo g .
Ever yo n e is f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e e l e c t r i c l o g o f a t h i c k , c l e a n h yd r o ca r bo n be a r i n g sa nd .
I f th in sha le l amina t ions a re added , the appearance o f the l og o f the sand i s changed
sl ig ht ly as in L-1. The am pl i t ud e o f" the SP and re s is t iv i ty curves decreases as sha le
con ten t inc reases and beds become th inn e r as in L -2 , L -3 , and L-4 un t i l the sand is
a l mo s t i n d i s t in g u i sh a b l e a s in L -5 . An e x ce l l e n t e x a m p l e o f a sa n d sh a l i n g o u t
l a t e r a l l y w i t h i n a n o i l f i e l d is g i ve n i n L -6 .
C h an g es i n p e r m e a b i l l t y a f f e c t t h e r e s i s t i v i ty cu r ve s g r e a t l y . As p e r m e a b i l i t y de c re a se s ,
i r red uc ib le wa te r sa tu ra t i on i nc reases. Th is lowers res i s t i v i t l es i n hyd roca rbon bear -
ing sands as in L -8, L-9, and L- 10.
The ad d i t i o n o f l lme as i n L -11 , o r o the r res i s t ive m a te r ia l s as i n L -12, w i l l i nc rease
res i s t i v i t l es . A po ros i ty con t ro l l og must be used to d i f fe ren t ia t e p ro du c t i ve and non--
product ive zones in these cases.
C o n d u c t i ve m i n e r a ls su ch a s p y r i t e s i n L -1 3 w i l l a f f e c t t h e l o gs i n a n u n p r e d i c t a b l e
mann er . Us ua l l y the SP cu rve is mos t a f fe c te d .
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; CO RE ANALYSIS
SPONTANEOUSOTENTIAL
FIELD
E u g e n e
Island
Elk. 32
WELL Pure O i l S t .Lse. 833 No.A-2
Drilled195 ogged 1950
I
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MUD DATA
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faor
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R i e n i e t s
Prepmed By
L-4: Pure Oil St. Lse. 833 No. A-2, Eugene Island Block 32 Field, 9600-9700 ft, Robulus mayer
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P O N T A N E C ~ P O I E N n / ¢
MIGR OL OG C A L IP E R
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SPONTANEOUS K)]lENI1AL
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STATE POTENTIAL TEST
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R E L D B o n n e t C o r r e
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STATE POTENTIAL TEST
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Submitted By
R . G . V o e l k e r
P~o,,=,odey
E S . P O N $
IND E
L
L-10: F.A. Callery No. 1 Unit 13 Montegut, F.A. Callery No. 1 Unit 11 Montegut, 28-11S-7E, Bonnet Carre Field, 9400-9500 ft, Operculinoides
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L-16: Superior Oil Miami Corp. B-8, 30-14S-3W, Pecan Lake Field, 12,400-12,5
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FLUIDS
The loca t ion and id en t i f i ca t ion o f flu ids i s the o the r ma jo r use o f e le c t r i c a l logg ing .
S ince most ma t r ix ma te r ia ls a re no n-con duc t ive , i t i s the re s is t i v i t y o f the va r ious
f lu ids (f resh wate r , sa l t wa ter , and hydrocarbons) th at causes the major var ia t ion s o f
the res is t iv i ty curves. In ad di t io n, i t is the cont rast betwee n Rw and Rmf w hic h is the
ma jor cause of the SP. Figures 1 and 3 in the d iscussion of lo gg ing descr ibed the
va r ia t ion oF SP and res is t i v i t y o f a fo rmat ion w i th chang ing Rw .
Examp les F-3 th rough F- IO i l l us t ra te the e f fec t o f inc reas ing sa l in i t les . No te how
the amount o f SP measured stays h igh in the h igh er sa l in i ty format ions even though the
mud res is t iv i t ies a re low and the sands are qu i te sha ly.
Figure 4 in the logg ing d iscussion shows how R var ies w i th wa ter saturat ion. Examples
F-1 and F-2 show ve ry we l l how the res is t iv i ty o f the same sand changes as the sand
goes f rom wa te r bear ing dow nd ip to hyd rocarbon bear ing upd ip . No te tha t the l i t h o log y
of the sand remains constant as ind icated by the SP.
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