Egypt - University of Albertaegarvin/assets/5-egypt.pdf · • Pushed the Hyksos out of Egypt • Amenophis I 1526 – 1506 • Conquered Nubia (Kush) • Tuthmosis I 1506 – 1493

EgyptThe Gift of the Nile

Nubia

LowerEgypt

UpperEgypt

Egypt

Early History

• Pre-Dynastic• Cultural development from at least 5000 BC.• First hieroglyphic scripts date to ca. 3400

• First Dynastic Period• 1st Dynasty 3150 – 2125 BC• 2nd Dynasty 2925 – 2700 BC

• An homogenous, distinct, Egyptian culture.• Afro Asiatic is the parent language of Semitic.

Old Kingdom 2700 – 1552 BC: 3rd to 12th Dynasties

• 3rd Dynasty 2700 – 2625• Pyramid of Djoser at

saqqara

Old Kingdom

4th Dynasty 2625 – 2510Pyramids at GizaEstablished the nomessystem

Giza

Giza

GizaKhufu

Khafre

Menkaure

Sphinx

Old Kingdom

• 5th – 8th Dynasties• 2510 - 2180

• 9th – 10th Dynasties• 2180 – 2040• 9th and 10th Dynasties, capital at Herakleopolis• 11th Dynasty capital at Thebes (Luxor)• Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Mentuhotep II: 2040.

10th and 11th Dynasties

10th Dynasty capital at Herakleopolis

11th Dynasty capital at Thebes

Thebes(Luxor)

Herakleopolis

Memphis

Sais

Middle Kingdom

• Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1991• 12th Dynasty 1991 – 1783• The Classical Period of Egyptian history• Ammenemes I 1991 – 1962

• Seized the throne from Mentuhotep IV.• Official court moved from Thebes to Memphis

• Sesostris I 1971 – 1926• Began construction of the temple complex at Karnak

The 12th Dynasty ends in decades of internal competition such that the 13th

and 14 Dynasties are lost to obscurity

12th Dynasty

10th Dynasty capital at Herakleopolis

11th Dynasty capital at Thebes

Thebes

Herakleopolis

Memphis

Sais

Karnak

Hyksos Period

Hyksos – Lower Egypt

15th & 16th Dynasties: ca. 1650 – 1552

Introduction of the Chariot

Levantine and Minoan connections

Theban - Upper Egypt

17th Dynasty: 1650 - 1552Thebes

Herakleopolis

Memphis

Sais

New Kingdom

• 18th Dynasty• Ahmose 1552 – 1526

• Pushed the Hyksos out of Egypt• Amenophis I 1526 – 1506

• Conquered Nubia (Kush)• Tuthmosis I 1506 – 1493

• Capital established at Memphis• Expanded the temple complex of Amun-Re at Karnak• First rock-cut tombs – Valley of the Kings

New Kingdom

Tuthmosis I 1506 – 1493Capital established at MemphisExpanded the temple complex of Amun-Re at KarnakFirst rock-cut tombs – Valley of the Kings

Thebes

Herakleopolis

Memphis

Sais

KarnakValley ofthe Kings

• Tuthmosis II 1493 – 1479

• Hatshepsut 1479 - 1458• Widow of Tuthmosis II, assumed regency for her son.

• Tuthmosis III (1479) – 1425• Defeated the Sea People at the Battle of Megiddo ca. 1457 (?)• 17 campaigns into the Levant

Akhenaten and Nefertiti

• Crowned Amenophis IV:• 1352 – 1348

• Adopted the monotheistic cult of Aten – the Sun.

• Changed his name to Akhenaten• 1348 - 1338

• Built Akhtetaten

Nefertiti Akhenaten

Tut

• Smekhkare 1338 – 1336• Possibly a brother of Akhenaten.• Reigned as regent

• Tutankhamun 1336 – 1327• The ‘Boy King’• Died without an heir. • Tomb discovered by Howard Carter in 1922

Geopolitical Scene ca. 1300 BC

• From the end of the 19th Dynasty (1188) to the 26th Dynasty (656) Egypt is beset by invasions and rivalries between the priests and the kings

Sea Peoples Hatti

Assyrians

Lybians

Nubians

26th & 27th Dynasties• Necho I 672 – 664

• 671: Sennacherib of Assyria conquers to Memphis• 664: Necho assists in Assyrian conquest to Thebes

• Psammetichus I 664 – 610• Re-asserts Egyptian independence• Extensive use of foreign mercenaries• Opens ports to Greek and Phoenician trade

• Necho II 610 – 596• Wars against Babylon for control of the Levant

• Psammetichus II 595 – 589• Apries 589 – 570• Amasis 570 – 526• Psammetichus III 526 - 525