Transcript
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The eecTso Twins andmulTiple birThs onamilies and Theirliving sTandardsStephen McKayUniverSity o BirMinghaMMarch 2010
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conTenTsconTenTs .............................................................................................................iilisT o Tables ...................................................................................................... iiilisT o igures ....................................................................................................iii
1........... idu ................................................................................................................................................................................041.1........ Mds ......................................................................................................................................................................................042........... Bkud ................................................................................................................................................................................042.1........ tds mull bs ............................................................................................................................................................042.2........ pus s ws d mull bs .......................................................................................................................052.3........ rs ws d muls ........................................................................................................................................................053........... rs u ws d ls t s .....................................................................................................................063.1........ D d mds .....................................................................................................................................................................063.2........ ml sus ...............................................................................................................................................................................063.3........ t s ...............................................................................................................................................................................073.3.1..... adjusm bm ...........................................................................................................................................073.3.2..... ims d l sus .....................................................................................................................................................083.3.3..... emlm ...............................................................................................................................................................................093.3.4..... cld .....................................................................................................................................................................................103.4........ tddls d s sl .....................................................................................................................................................104........... rs mls w ws d mull bs ........................................................................................................................114.1........ D d mds .....................................................................................................................................................................114.2........ oums mls s ws d mulls .......................................................................................................114.2.1..... ims.......................................................................................................................................................................................114.2.2..... Ml d ..................................................................................................................................................................124.2.3..... emlm ...............................................................................................................................................................................124.2.4..... Ml sus ..............................................................................................................................................................................134.3........ mls w ws w ms mss? ...................................................................................135........... all w u, ws m 23 46 s ld .............................................................................................................................145.1........ D d mds .....................................................................................................................................................................145.2........ Ml wll-b ....................................................................................................................................................................145.3........ ml m d ml sus .........................................................................................................................................145.3.1..... B , s ld .............................................................................................................................................................155.4........ Sus ml su ..................................................................................................................................................156........... cluss ................................................................................................................................................................................17
rs ..................................................................................................................................................................................18lisT o Tablestbl 3.1 Ms ls m b, d ms l (McS) ..............................................................06tbl 3.2 ....as w m d ld (McS) .......................................................................................................................07tbl 3.3 .... es (McS) .................................................................................................................................................07tbl 3.4 ....a ms (McS1) ...................................................................................................................................................08tbl 3.5 .... l s (McS1)................................................................................................................................08tbl 3.6 .... Wk sus, m uls d l s (McS1) ...................................................................................................09tbl 3.7 .... cs wk sus m (McS) ..........................................................................................................................09tbl 3.8 ....cld ms wls wk/ll (McS1) ...............................................................................................
10tbl 3.9 ....Sl-dss (McS2) ....................................................................................................................................................10tbl 4.1 ....husld wkl qulsd ms, b w ml ludd mull b (rS 04/5-06/7) ......................11tbl 4.2 ....adul d ld ml d (rS 04/5-06/7) ......................................................................................................12tbl 4.3 .... adul mlm (rS 04/5-06/7) ...................................................................................................................................12tbl 4.4 ....Ml sus m ms (rS 04/5-06/7) ................................................................................................................13tbl 5.1 .... cumss ncDS sds 46 ..............................................................................................................14tbl 5.2 .... cumss ncDS sds 23 ..............................................................................................................15tbl 5.3 .... cumss ncDS sds 41 ..............................................................................................................15tbl 5.4 ....W b wls w u ..................................................................................................................15tbl 5.5 ....M su su dd 41 ......................................................................................................................16tbl 5.6 ....M su su dd 46 ......................................................................................................................16
lisT o iguresu 2.1 ..... aul umbs bs eld & Wls, 1938-2007............................................................................................04u 2.2 ..... p mull bs eld & Wls, 1938-2007, d ms m b ..........05u 3.1 ..... W l u wk, b ld (McS1), m s l u ....................................09u 4.1 ..... Sd ms (equlsd, wkl) b ml sus (rS 3 ws) .....................................................................11
Poesso Stepen MKy is te i in soil ese t te Univesity o Bimingm.all imges by: Den Willims, Mlplu
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orewordOu sinee tnks to Poesso Stepen
MKy wo ompiled tis epot nd o
Blys Bnk wo elped meet te osts
involved.
Sine te Twins nd Multiple Bits
assoition (Tmb) oundtion ove 30
yes go, we ve been telling suessive
Govenments tt it osts moe to ise
twins, tiplets nd moe nd tt ou
milies fnd it difult nd need elp.
To dte, evey Govenment s lgely
dismissed tese onens nd dditionl
elp s not been otoming.
Well, tis epot uses te Govenments
own dt to pove onlusively tt ou
milies know wt tey e tlking bout.
By ny ompison, tey e pooe tn
ote milies, fnd it moe difult ising
tei ilden nd onsequently ige
popotion o eltionsips ppe to end in
seption.
Tee e some simple tings tt
Govenments oss te UK n do to elp
nd tese inlude;
easing The TransiTion To parenThood by:1. exd m d l mull b s m m lsl s , w
ddl 18 wks ms ws, 30 wks ms ls (d mulls) d 18 ds
ll s.
reducing The inancial sTrain by:2. ad mdl ld b ss usd rubl ild, w mull b s
d m b d l w ld u s d w ld b
ms sd b l ws d dubld ls d d mulls.
easing moThers back inTo work by:3. idu su bl ll us sl ls mull b ld
sm s d sm m d s l su mls w ws us sl
ld ds.
supporTing amily relaTionships:4. pd su tmbs su ss.
i ls mmd su ss u s mus . Dl 30 s wll
sml sul m m d ssd, u, mull b mls.
kt r
T c ext
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at t t tt
t f
q t t.
wt t t t t t tt t-
-t t, t t
x t q
t f.
h, t
t tt t t
tt t f
tt ,
t
t tx ft t.
T t t ttt ,
t t
t
tt, t t
t t.
1.1 meThodsW ls ll smll
ul u, su s ws
w ud 1/65 bs B, l s
s b lss
l-sl dss. t
umb m sus
lud l smls ld,
d lk su s s ms,
bs, l sdds
d s wk. tw
ul s s lss
Mllum c Sud d
ml rsus Su.t Mllum c Sud
(McS) s llw u 18,500
ld b 2000/2001, w
ws w ld
d 9 ms, s,
s, d u. ts sud
us d UK b
suds. t ws lll
su sd 1958, t
nl cld Dlm Sud(ncDS) k u ld
b sm wk ,
d s ud w m
(, w u, s)
subsqu ss.
t ul ml rsus Su
(rS) s 25,000 uslds
w 16,000 ld, d s
k su sss
d lw m.
t McS d ncDS dmull bs dl; rS
w mus mk us s
ld (d lss w
usld) d mull
bs. ts, w, s lkl b
d xm, w.
1: inTroducTion
2.1 Trends inmulTiple birThst w 10,000 mull
bs eld & Wls,
lus ud 800 Sld d 300
n ild. t umb
mull bs s fuud
m, s s ll umb
bs. t umb mull
bs eld & Wls d
xd 11,000 1947, d
lw 5,500 1977. as sw
u 2.1, umb mull
bs fs, l x,
ll umb bbs b
b. t l umb bs ws
ull jus sd
wld w, d sd
s-w bb bm w kd
md-1960s d s w
ms w mull bs w
ms qu.
t ds l d mull
bs md us
s 1970s. t umb
mull bs s b sl
s d s md-1970s,w s ud b
ds l umb bs.
tl bs ll bw 1990 d
2001, bu umb mull
bs ud s
ms s.
See igUre 2.1
ts u s msl ud-
b s ls
sss , ludiv, bu ls fs ds
s ms. e wu
sss qus, lkld
mull ms s
2: background
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ld m, d
s s b s
s.
ts sl ds
uqu eld & Wls,
bu b llwd m
us w w m. gs d Dadd
(2006: 250) ud mm
d dl w
s du s
qus 20 cu, d
sl uwd d
s 1970s 1980s.
t s u udl, kw
s hlls lw, w bs u
bu 89 s,
ls 89 x 89 ( 7921), quduls 89 x 89 x
89 ( 704,969), d s . ts
mul s b mll
u bu ds ud
xm s
mull bs bs
l m (llm d
ekss 2009).
i umb mull
bs eld & Wls w
ss ud 65 bs 15 bs 1000
(, 1.5 ). t
bs suld ws,
ls d mull bs
ll smw bw 1950 d
l 1970s (s u 2.2).
t mull b
ud s s
ms, 1.5
ll. a s,
md 1970s, s wuld l
b b 100. t bs w du
sl ld s l
s s s s dd du
1990s, bu s sll slwl s.
i sd l u
2.2, (b), w l
w ms b
. t s-w d
wm ws
dd w d
b, w uddu 1960s bb bm. t
subsqu s qu
mull bs s fd
s s
w wm b s m
26 s ld
l 1970s, 29 s
ms us.
See igUre 2.2
2.3 raising Twins and
muTiplest s sl sw l s ws;
l l ldd
ds l d ml
bw sls d ws suld
b smll ( xs ll). W s
lss l d mu lss sd,
d subj s sud, s
squs mls
s ws d ld m
mull bs.t d ss
x b ds
xs s
s ws sl
ld. ps s ws
umb ds md
s sl ld.
s, w m x b
ds w s
ws sd m, s w
ld wll dmd m m . i su ds
m us, s m u
ssu lss. Sd,
ss ld wll bl
b w w ld
, mk u wk
m dul. td, wll b
d sd m -
uss w ld, w
lss d dw su
ms m ld .t ddl s
bs mls
mull b.
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3.1 daTa and meThods
t Mllum c Sud(McS) s b llw u
ld b ud m
mllum. ts u
ld b UK
12 ms s Smb
2000 (sll l Sld d
n ild). im ws
s lld m s mls
ul ms bs
d k l. a sd su
k l w s ld w s ld, d d su
w w d d sd
m sl.
alss s uqu su
d l-sl d u
d ds suls s
s. W s lk sm
ds ml umss
bw mls ws d
ls (mull bs) d
sl bs (sls), bu lk ms d
mlm.
3.2 amily sTaTustws d ls m lkl
sls b b
s w md d
l (tbl 3.2).
Sm 71 w
bs, d 83 lbs, w md s,
md w 59
ll bs McS.
ts ds m
x. ps w l
d
s mlm d l
sdds d l s;
m, md s d
b b s
l wls umd.S w m x sm
kd
mull bs m m
dd bs.
B m s w,ud ms b,
w 89 ws (d ll
smll umb ls)
md usld,
md w 85
sl bs.
See taBLe 3.1
o m dsbw mull bs d
sl bs s m
m lkl s ms
bm ld. am s
ws, b ws
bu 31 s, md w jus
ud 29 bs s wl t
3: raising young Twins and TripleTs -The irsT year
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l bs ws
34. ts suls ss
w l d, w ds
s mull bsm s d 35-39, w
lws d m u
ms. Sm
bs ms d ud 20,
bu l mull
bs, McS.
Mu s w wuld lk s
suls mls w ls
sl, w l su
mls, u 18500,
s ud s su. tm w w wll (lul, bu
bl) mb suls w
s mls w ws, w
d xs m b
. u m
s u s lbl nl
Su tls d h-d
Bs m l 1980s (B
l 1990).
See taBLe 3.2
i wll b m
sd s
d ml s.
old ms m
lkl b d wk, d
md, u ms.
i s m w k
sm ss su
mss b md
lk--lk, d w d
bu s ws s sul
ld m. o sml w
d s s djus suls
sls s s
m sm l
s ms w mull bs
m sdds. S,
wls ll bls w sw suls sl bs, sm ss
w wll m sw w
suls wuld lk lk sl
s b sm s
s s w mull b. ts
ls l s
ds ms
w ws d ls
ll b.
3.3 The irsT yeari s lds l ll
s lkl ud
ss djusm. ts m
b s ld, bu
w subsqu ld wll
b s, s ull
ld sbls. adjus ws
d ls s lkl b m
dmd sl bs.
3.3.1 adjusTmenTTo becoming aparenTi tbl 3.3 w s
sws b ms
ws d ls, md
ms sud. cls w ds (64
) ms w d
mull b sd l
d ms ll m,
md w jus ud l
(49 ) ms
sl b. Sm
38 s w
mull b dsbd ls
sl ls (24
ll ms), d 60 sd l d
d m lk
ld (71 ll).
W sml ud 250
ms w ws ls w
mus llw d m
suls. Ssll u
sms s u subj
d l bu
lus--mus 6%. W ls du
us ssl ss ds bw ms, d
s bl s
s, l ds d
bw mull b ms d
sl ms w ssll
s 1% ll, m
s m 99% lkl
ds sw dd s
b .
See taBLe 3.3
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3.3.2 incomes andinancial sTaTusps ws lw
ms s sls,
ll ds
ml sz. t m msu
m m uss sss s qulsd
m, w ms dd l
m b msu ml sz.
ts suld su mls
b md lk--lk
bss. s, ul ds
m m sl s
sm sdd l, bu
w s mu. as w sw
tbl 3.4, m
mls ( Mllum c
Sud) ws 340 wk. Bus
smll u mls s
ms, md m
ws lw, 271.
mls w d d mull
b, md sl b,
d lw ms, buw sll m lkl d
b lw m. o qu
ll mls d ms blw
161, wls s qu
mull b mls d ms
blw 172. hw, ml
bkud ws (s ld,
m lkl b md) suld
dd sm d
s lw ms. i
ms sls d
sm l s ms
ws, ms wuld b
sl d wuld b
l mls w ws w
m lkl b lw m.
e wu su djusms,
mls w mull b lss lkl ms.
t qu mls d
ms b ud 460
wk, md w mls w
mull b w m 393
wuld u m qu
ms m s u.
See taBLe 3.4
Ds u sml m lls, s s
ws ls
lls l sss (s
tbl 3.5). Wls 26
ll mls sd w l
mbl, d 28
s s sls w
-md mull bs,
l 17 s s
ws ls uld s
sm. Sm s w mull b
sd w d qu
dul,
s s sl ld
(w wuld ll s
ms l
md mull bs).
i ms us ,
du w smld ld
ld w b, 62
mull b u sd w w ll ws
, md w 41
s. ad l 11
s s ws/
ls sd w b ,
md w 19 ll
ms. t ls s tbl
3.5 lks w s d
s ss. abu l
s s ws ls
d usd u sm ll ss, md w 37
ll mls s sud.
See taBLe 3.5
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3.3.3 employmenTi tbl 3.6 w sw wk
sus l s, d
j wk sus uls. t
umb l s w d
mull b ws qu smll
(30 ss) s w us uls. jus l (52 )
uls b s w
d wk (lud -m
wk). W mls d d
mull b, l 44
w dul- mls (ud
ms b). i
w djus sl us
m l s
s ws,
dul sbms sll l
See taBLe 3.6
tw ds ms d b
wk du
(tbl 3.7). W wd
sm ms
b, ls l (48 )
sl ms w
ld bk wk, md
w 40 s wd mull b. ts s
ds m Bw d pull
(2006: 36) us d d
Ms w bs ws
ls k l bs
s w sl
b. o m s ,
m s wk s w
mull b w sll m
lkl s w
l wk uu.
See taBLe 3.7
i u 3.1 w sw w qukl
s ms w l
u wk, lk s
( ld) w ld wk. ts sws slw
( l ) u
wk s w d mull
b. t s mu
x d wk wll
w ul ws ls d
(, ull-m m
sl) s.
csl ms sl
ld m lkl b
sd u wk w ld s d w, u.
See igUre 3.1
When child is aged
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3.3.4 childcaret w 91 sds w
d ud wk ( ll)
d ll d
ld s ms.
i ll bu s ld
ms w sm mull-b ld, d
s w lk m
m.
t ms s
sw tbl 3.8, d ls sm
l ds bw mls.
ts s ws d ls
md m us
lk ld wls
wk sud, md
qud b lms l (46 ),md w ud d (31
) mls. ts
s mull b bbs w
ls lss lkl b us
ldmds s, bu
subsll m lkl b us
m u
u lms ll ss s ws
sm usd m
l-.
t s w
ld (34 ) w
qu sml ss w s
ml. hw, s s ws
ls w dubl mu ( s wkl,
120 wk 60), w
b us us ud 25 us
d ld.
See taBLe 3.8
3.4 Toddlers andsTarTing schoolt mls ld b
2000-01 w -wdud s b.
Wls sm s s
b qu s bu l
llul dlm ld
m mull bs, ll
s s b dud
B. i w 2 McS
ss quss ws skd bu
ld ms sl
lds sl-dss (Bk
2002). ts ludd quss
88 d s sx
s (s, lus, ls,
umbs, szs, mss d
ss). t ll sul m blssd us sl
dss m dd
dld.
i tbl 3.9 w sw s
suls us sls
d mull bs. ts ssssm
ws d u ld
sud, jus ld
usld. oll bu
sx ld w lssd
s , w bu b dld, d
dd sd. tws
d ls w m lkl
b lssd s dld,
d lss lkl b dd s
dd dd.
ts ds sus
ms sm dsd l
ldd b
mull b. t sm
x s suls m ls bf mu bs d
lw b ws, w
ls ssd w lds
dlm.
See taBLe 3.9
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4.1 daTa and meThods
ts s lks mls wdd ld w d
mull b. r uss
ws d ls s bbs,
lks s ll s dd
s b dd s
u 16 s, u 18 sll
ull-m du. t k su
d s s s ml
rsus Su (rS). ts s
sud u b Dm
Wk d pss, d s usd(m s) d d
ld , s
d k-u sl su
bs. t gms
s du d ull
lm ld
kd us s
su.
W k su
s rS, 2004/5, 2005/6
d 2006/7 d sbl sml sz w
w wk. ts s
s s 581 ss
ws d 14 ss ls,
m l ud 25,000
mls. t d
mull bs m sd s
s , d wll
lud sm ld w
lsl sd (w ),
bu w sus s ds l d m. oll w
d ud 1.3
ms s b
mull b, ls
u mull bs
UK.
4.2 ouTcomes oramilies raising
Twins and oThermulTiples
4.2.1 incomest rS bbl s bs
d ms s lbl.
s mbd, m m mls w
dd ld ws 372
wk, bu l 346 mls w
mull b. t md m
( md- ms) ws 295
ll, bu l 268 mls
s ws ls.
t s qu ll mls
w l 192 wk lss,
bu s qu mls
w ws/ls d b w181 wk ls. as ud
b, ws ls szbl
d d ms.
See taBLe 4.1
t ull sd ms s wsw s u 4.1. ts ms
b sss, sw
mull b ld m
lkl ld b l
mls lw m, d
lss lkl b l s
mls b- lls
m. ts mss d
k u s,
su s
md uls mls wws, d ( dd) m
sw ll dsd.
See igUre 4.1
4: raising amilies wiTh Twins andmulTiple birThs
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4.2.2 maTerialdeprivaTiont msum s
dll usd lls
m. i s, w,
s b sd dm
d l m d msus d. ts lud su
quss s w ml
d wk ld
, k u s su,
u bdms
ld . W
ml ds s,
skd s s bus
d m, sd
bus s d
wu m. D s msud b lk
umbs ms mls
d (smms w
w ds/
ss m mml
wd). t m ks
umbs mls w
lw m d lk s
kds s, s wll s s
w lw ms.
i rS quss sk bu ld
ml d, d l
bu duls wd ml.
t ls quss bu
umb ul blls
s (.. ul blls,
ul x, d ds). W
bul s s
ml d tbl 4.2.
mls w mull b
m lkl ms ld d, d
m s blls,
mls. t
d duls s
l u b ssll
s.
oll, , m
s d kds mls,
sml dul l
sdds s, bu lw
wll-b ld. Mdld lss suls
ld sw bs
ds w ld
u swmm d u
bdms ld.
See taBLe 4.2
4.2.3 employmenTo m dms
m s mlm sus. as w
ud w lss McS,ms s ws lss lkl
wk ms. Lk
dd ld ll s, 26
ms w wk
ull-m, md w 22
ms w mull b
(tbl 4.3). t l u w
ls m lkl b mll
, b mbl m
u s. t
ds m s smll us ull
d busss
suls.
See taBLe 4.3
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4.2.4 mariTalsTaTusW ws d ls w
b, s w m
lkl b
md d l
(s 3). am llmls w dd
ld, mls w ws
ls m sll
m lkl b md,
bu ls m lkl
bm sd dd.
Ms sl bs m
lkl md sl, b 21
md w 15
s w d mull b.
t s sdbl sd ss ml
bkud. Wls s s
s bm m mm,
l dsss ds b m
ms mml d ss.
See taBLe 4.4
4.3 amilies wiThTwins which areThe mosT appropriaTe
comparisons? ml w wld m sm s
l ws m b
sm kd blss. h w
ld m mk s
dul m, bu uld
s ml bs w sm
bs md w
w sl bs? ts s
m w sd,
bu w xss d ssm bu s usulss.
t s m s s
, s sd b, s l
s ds ss
ws s ld
ml, d m b
md s
sl b d .
i s m u.
am s bbs ludd
Mllum c Sud, sm 55 ws w b
mls ld d ld,
d 24 ss
d w m ld b
ws. ms mull
bs, ws ks ml
sz m 1 ld ( m) 3
ld ( m), m z
w ld. W kw m
ls dl ml sz s w, s ws m s m
bd umb, s
ds s umb.
g bk 1958 s, w
l mls d b md
sssd du ls
sd w,
ud -qus ws w
b ld ls
ld b ss.
ts s m , ,s s wll-udsd l
mls d lls
dsd, d mull
bs bu
l ml ( Lu d
Bud 2006).
t sd s w s
w s lmd s s
usd s, d ll ld. cmd
w ld, s sw b
s 3.4, d s w sw
s 5, dsds
u s m mull
b. i s mu sl
s dduls d
m b sm m m
bs s
w ld sm m.
Dsd s mullbs m sll m d su
s m b bs ms
ddss s ds.
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5.1 daTa and meThods
t nl cld DlmSud (ncDS) mss u
l ll b sm wk
1958. ts u b
d d -wd
sl ms ls . ts
ss uqu d m
su m ml
. i ws ll usd
lk uss ml
l l. isl s b
usd lk s ldd xs dul
ums. i s, s, b
usd k ds sl
mbl m (Bld l
2005).
i l j lk
ml, d s
m b, w 18,000
ld ludd sud,
lud 430 ws d ss
ls. B m d b-sd s subsqu
s 46, ws
w d w 200 ws
( ll m m s)
d w ls, d ll
w 9500 l u.
o us, sm d md
bd, dd, uld
b d ss.
ts uqu su l-
sl d ms quklms ums
ws (lus w ls)
mddl- md
sl bs. W us s
ds k w l m
b lk ws s w
u ldd. W lk
m s m w
s u w d 23, u
ms ws w
w d 46. uuws w s u
ls k l.
5.2 maTerial well-
beingi ms ml umss, ms msus, s
ssul ll d
mull bs m s b
46. W lkd ds
l, l sus, us
u, d w l w
.
ts ds m
xs ( tbl 5.1)
smll b ssll s.S, sml s
m mddl-d l m
mull d sl bs
ms : w-u;
; s m u
m; sl-ssssd l
su d sl-ssssd s
l. ts dub bu
wds s s
l m duld
ul ll l ld. tssuls d l
ds w kw xs
ws m lkl b
b ld ms, s
bu su ls wuld bbl l l u
sml ums ms l,
us d l mm.
See taBLe 5.1
5.3 amily ormaTionand mariTal sTaTusUlk w ml umss,
d b sm
ds s mlm m ws/
ls w sl bs.
i tbl 5.2 w lk suls
23, d sd m d
wm sl. am m,
s b md,
dd, w jus bu dl.
hw, m wm, s
w w ws w sl
m lkl md d
dd s u, b 23. t
m ls b m lkl
m sl, u d
5: all grown up, Twins rom 23 To 46years old
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15
s s ml. oll w lss lkl md, d
sll b md, 23 (..
suls u 1981).
See taBLe 5.2
B 33 ( ncDS 5, 1991),
wm ud d
ml sus d b
mull b. B s , sm
15 ml ws ll ml sus s
dd, md w
sl bs.
ad l u w
sd ( l)
m, md w
s. t
ud b ds
ml sus ml ws,
md w ll m
sm . B 2004, wd 46, wm ud
b lss lkl b md (-
md), d m lkl
b dd, bu ds
w qu smll, d
smll ssl
d (=103).
ps lkd s
d s, wm w
w ws w lss lkl
dd ld lw m ( 41)
wm (s sw
tbl 5.3). t smd b
sml sl d
m, bu s d ws smllu b sul.
See taBLe 5.3
5.3.1 being in care,as a childa -23 w, ll
sds w skd: W
u , u kwld,
s ld? oll
sdd db sm s
ldd. t s s
w mu
ml ws, wm sm
lld
b ssm
sm m. t w
ds sss u wm bu b
, bw sl d
mull bs. i wuld b
s sd m
us, bu
b ld.
i s kw lkl
b squs
w u , lud
lw quls d
sks msm. ts 10 s szbl u, u
s ulkl ll
suls s u bu s lkl
b sl s d.
See taBLe 5.4
5.4 sources oemoTional supporTt ws l s w
sss dd b ws w d sws s
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16
m sl bs, d s
ld sus sl
su. rsds w
skd: i u dd sm
su u sl l,
w s s u wuld b
ms lkl u su l? rsuls
sw blw, sus
b 41 d 46 -
tbl 5.5 d tbl 5.6. t
ws s (d ssll
s) d
sss . i ul,
lms w s m
ws sd wuld l
sbl su, md
w s (19 md w 10 ,
46). W l s
ssbl lk sl
m d wm, d sms
ds w m
ud ml
ws m. Ml ws
w, w, m lkl
s uld lk bu
w su
su, wls sws b wm w uml
w.
tws w sll lss lkl
m
s m su sl
su u sll w
ws d s l
s. ts sul sus
du bd bw ws
us qu l.
See taBLeS 5.5 & 5.6
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17
Twins nd multiple bits e moe ommon mongolde motes, nd mong mied ouples. Tese
tos ougt to povide some degee o potetion
ginst disdvntge o low inome.
Despite tis, on vege milies wit multiple bit
d lowe vege inomes tn ote milies. Tey
lso epoted ige levels o mteil depivtion.
In bot ses te esults e om te suvey te
Govenment uses to tk ild povety.
Te te t wi motes etun to pid wok islowe (o, slowe) o mote o twins o tiplets,
omped to otes. howeve, te te o employment
o tes did not ppe to be eted.
Fmilies wit twins o tiplets wee moe likely
tn ote milies to epot tt tei inomes d
deesed ollowing te bit, nd tey epoted using
up moe o tei svings duing tis time.
Tese esults tend to undestte te disdvntgeed by su milies, nd moe ontolled
ompison (ginst milies wit motes o te sme
ge) sow gete disdvntge omped to singleton
milies.
Fmilies wit twins o tiplets wee lso moe likely
to epot eelings o tiedness, nd lowe levels o
onfdene nd ompetene in looking te tei
ilden.
Tee is some evidene tt milies wit multiplebit e moe likely to septe o divoe tn otes
milies.
One in middle ge, tee ppeed to be no
lingeing mteil disdvntges eting tose
om multiple bit, toug suppot menisms, in
ptiul, nd peps mily omtion pttens do
ontinue to die
6: conclusions
european soluTionsi UK, s ws mull bbs
ddl lm l l bs.
hw, m us ms
k u d umss s
s mull b ld, b ms
ss d - ss, d f bs s wll s
l l.
M us l lm ml w mull bs, lud ,
Blum, S, cz rubl d Swd.
xml, djusms md d
m l w mull
bs l sd m 11 ds 18 ds;
m l bs d w s l ws
s sl bs. p-ml l ss w
wks l Blum s mull bs,
d il d l l s l. i
cz rubl m bs ls wks
l s mull bs (37 wks). S
ds ddl w wks m l
mull b ld , Swd, sx ms.
Sd, bs lss d m
mull bs. hw, ild sl s
md m b d l w ld 4 d 12 s ld. M, ld b
ms sd b 50 s
ws, d dubld w ls
d bs . i Bul l
mls (3+ ld) s d w,
ml s l sz. t b s
mull bs cz rubl.
some o The main indings rom The daTa analysis were as ollows:
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18
Euope nd Not amei Sutton Tust
Botolus, r., Pzzini, F., ctenoud, L., Benzi, G., Bini, M.
nd Mini, a. (1999) Te epidemiology o multiple bits, inhumn repodution Updte vol. 5 no. 2, pp 179-187
Botting, , B., Mlne, a. nd Pie, V. (1990) Tee, ou ndmoe: a study o tiplet nd ige ode bits, London: hMSO
Bken, B. (2002) Bken sool ediness ssessment:dministtion mnul, Psyology copotion
Bewe, M. nd Pull, G. (2006) Newbons nd new sools:itil times in womens employment, Leeds: cDS (DWPrese repot No. 308)
Bulme, M. (1970) Te biology o twinning in mn Oxod:
clendon Pess
cmpbell, D., Teijlingen, E. nd Yip, L. (2004) Eonomi ndsoil implitions o multiple bit in Best ptie & eselinil obstetis nd gyneology vol. 18 no. 4 pp 657-668
cistensen, K. nd MGue, M. (2008) Editoil: ademiievement in twins, in BMJ; 337; 651
Fellmn, J. nd Eiksson, a. (2009) On te istoy o hellins lwin Twin ese nd umn genetis, vol. 12, no. 2, pp 183-90
Golding, J. (1990) Ftos ssoited wit twinning nd otemultiple bit in Godlding, J. (edito) Soil nd biologil eetson peintl motlity, vol III Bistol: Univesity o Bistol, pp 21-66
Iovou, M. nd Betoud, r. (2006) Te eonomi positiono lge milies, Leeds: copote Doument Sevies (DWPrese repot No. 358)
Lytton, h. nd Gllge, L. (2002) Penting twins nd tegenetis o penting pp 227-253 in Bonstein, M. (edito)hndbook o penting New Jesey: Lwene Elbumassoites
Pison, G. nd Daddto, a. (2006) Fequeny o twin bits indeveloped ounties, in Twin rese nd humn Genetis, vol.9 no. 2, pp 250-259
ronlds, G., Stvol, B. nd Leon, D. (2005) Te omptiveost o being twin: evidene om ompisons witin miliesin te abedeen ilden o te 1950s oot study BMJ2005;331;1306
Wd Pltt, M., Glinini, S., rnkin. J., Wigt, c. nd renwik,M. (2006) Te Not o Englnd Multiple Pegnny registe:fve-ye esults o dt olletion in Twin rese nd humnGenetis, vol. 9 no. 6, pp 913-8.
reerences
t d usd s ubl w md lbl u eSrc D a. n l lls
d b ssbl lss s sd .
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