Effects of Biomass Fuels on Engine & System Out Emissions for … · Effects of Biomass Fuels on Engine & System Out Emissions for Short Term Endurance . DEER 2011 Conference . Volvo
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Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 1 6 October 2011
Kevin Barnum Effects of Biomass Fuels on Engine & System Out
Emissions for Short Term Endurance
DEER 2011 Conference
Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 2 6 October 2011
Collaborators
Kevin Barnum & Samuel McLaughlin & Chun Tai Volvo Powertrain
Marcus Johansson & Magnus Christensen Volvo Technology
Andre Boehman & Steve Kirby Pennsylvania State University
Earth & Mineral Sciences & Energy Institute
Suresh Iyer & David Klinkowski Pennsylvania State University
Larson Transportation Institute
October 6, 2011
Volvo Powertrain
Motivation & Objectives
Motivation:
• To investigate effects of biomass fuels on fuel injection, combustion, emission and the aftertreatment system
• To validate Volvo 2010 Exhaust Aftertreatment System being tolerant of biomass fuels for the Bilateral Project
– Diesel Particulate Filter model for passive soot regeneration sufficient for biomass soot
– Selective Catalyst Reduction system avoids degradation throughout testing
• Gain insight into potential obstacles that biomass fuels present
Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 3 6 October 2011
Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 4 6 October 2011
Test Set Up Single Cylinder
Representative of 13L 475HP US07 Engine
Data Gathered - 8 fuels tested - EGR requirements at constant Nox - NOx emissions at constant EGR - Soot Analysis
- Particle Size
- Particle Number
- Particle Mass
- Oxidation Rate
Data Gathered - 65,000 miles on B20 - B20 - soy methyl ester (SME) - 3 emissions tests - Soot Accumulation - Urea consumption - EGR Valve Position
Chassis Testing
Emissions Year 2007Displacement (L) - 1 cyl 2.13HP Max (6 cyl) 475
Engine SpecificationsEmissions Year 2010Displacement (L) 11HP Max 355
Engine Specifications
Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 5 6 October 2011
Fuel Characteristics Single Cylinder Engine Study Reference Fuels
• Volvo Standard Diesel (VSD10 <10ppm S)
(EC1 or MK1)
• US-Diesel (ULSD <20ppm S)
Biofuels
• NExBTL (a hydro treated biofuel)
• RME (Rapeseed Methyl Ester RME, B100)
• Agro-diesel 15 (10% heavy bio alcohols 5% RME in 85% EC1)
• B30 (30% RME in 70% EC1)
• B15 (15% RME in 85% EC1) VS
D10
EC1
USD
NEx
BTL
RM
E Ag
ro15
B30
B
15
0 5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Hea
ting
Valu
e [M
J/kg
]
Heating Value - Heat of Combustion
Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 6 6 October 2011
Fuel Energy Kept Constant Single Cylinder Engine Study Fuel injection setting was re calibrated for each fuel
Injection duration was compensated for the difference in fuel heating value
Torque & Fueling Torque & Fuel Energy
Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 7 6 October 2011
Soot and Fuel Consumption Trends Single Cylinder Engine Study RME
Soot emission 60-80% compared to baseline
BSFC 13% than baseline
NExBTL
Soot 20-50% compared to baseline
BSFC 2-3 % due to higher heating value
B15 & B30
Increasing the amount of RME lowers soot
BSFC increases as blend increased compared to baseline
VSD
10
US-
Die
sel
NEx
BTL
R
ME
Agro
15
EC1
B15
B
30
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Nor
mal
ized
Soo
t
Soot at constant NOx B50 2400bar 1.5gNOx/kWh
Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 8 6 October 2011
Single Cylinder Engine Study Results 1500rpm/1200Nm (6cyl)
Higher blend biomass fuels have higher EGR requirements to maintain constant NOx emissions
Higher blend biomass fuels have higher NOx emissions at constant EGR
VSD
10
US-
Die
sel
NEx
BTL
RM
E Ag
ro15
EC
1 B
15
B30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
EGR
[%]
EGR requirement at constant NOx B50 2400bar 1.5gNOx/kWh
VSD
10
US-
Die
sel
NEx
BTL
RM
E Ag
ro15
EC1
B15
B
30
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
NO
x [g
/kW
h]
NOx at constant EGR B50 2400bar SOI=3°BTDC
Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 9 6 October 2011
Biomass Soot Particle Size Nucleation mode: Primarily volatile hydrocarbon and hydrated sulphuric acid condensates. small amount of solid material, such as carbon or metallic ash from lube oil additives.
Accumulation Mode: Mainly solid carbon
mixed with condensed heavy hydrocarbons but may also include
sulphur compounds, metallic ash, cylinder
wear metals Particle Number (Y-axis) vs Particle Diameter (x-axis)
Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 10 6 October 2011
Biomass Soot Oxidation Rates
O2-stepO2/NO2 - step
350 O2/NO2
400 O2/NO2
RME 1 1 1 2
B30 3 1 3 3
VSD 2 1 2 1
Conversion Percent
Synthetic gas bench testing of diesel soot loaded onto Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs)
Oxidation Rate Trends
B30>B15>VSD10>Printex
Temperature (460-600oC) PM
Res
idua
l (%
)
Thermogravimetric Analysis
Soot ranked 1 to 3 based on fastest conversion from solid to gas
Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 11 6 October 2011
System Out Emissions Chassis Testing
Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 12 6 October 2011
Soot Loading Soot loading cycle was run for 4 weeks to see if the soot loading calibration holds up while on biodiesel.
This demonstrates the calibration for the soot model holds up for biodiesel at early phases.
Soot loading on biodiesel showed no variation to the soot loading trends demonstrated on diesel.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Wei
ght
Hours
Soot Loading
Biodiesel Diesel
Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 13 6 October 2011
Emissions Test An academic preferred partnership between Volvo Group and The Pennsylvania State University allowed for emissions test to be conducted at The Larson Transportation Institute (LTI)
Baseline Diesel
Baseline Biodiesel
Final Biodiesel
Three Emissions Test Conducted at LTI
Data Recorded by Penn State
Fuel consumption
Gaseous Emissions & Particulate emissions measured using full scale heavy duty dilution tunnel and analyzers
Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 14 6 October 2011
Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Cycle
Parameter HHDDT Creep
HHDDT Transient
HHDDT Cruise
UDDS
Duration, s 253 668 2083 1063 Distance, mi 0.124 2.85 23.1 5.55
Average Speed, mph
1.77 15.4 39.9 18.8
Stops/Mile 24.17 1.8 0.26 2.52 Max. Speed, mph
8.24 47.5 59.3 58
Max. Acceleration, mph/s
2.3 3 2.3 4.4
Max. Deceleration, mph/s
-2.53 -2.8 -2.5 -4.6
Total KE, mph2
3.66 207.6 1036 373.4
Percent Idle 42.29 16.3 8 33.4
Creep – low speed low load
Transient – high speed high load
Cruise – high speed high load
Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 15 6 October 2011
System Out - Emissions Results Summarized
Phase Diesel to BiodieselBiodiesel Baseline to Biodiesel Final
Fuel (mpg)
CO2 (g/mi)
CO (g/mi)
THC(g/mi)
NOX (g/mi)
PM (g/mi)
Cruise slight reduction no change
Cruise slight increase no change
Cruise no change no change
Cruise no change no change
Cruise Reduced Reduced
Cruise no change no change
Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 16 6 October 2011
System Out Closed Loops for NOx Emissions
Two closed loops used to control system out NOx emissions
- EGR demand
- Urea Consumption
Biodiesel to Diesel
34.6 35.9
Engine Out NOx Increase (%)
Urea Consumptin Increase (%)
Diesel 98 84.3Biodiesel 99 84.9
NOx Reduction (%)
EGR Valve Position (%)
An increase in engine out NOx is compensated by the system by an increase in urea consumption
EGR remains constant, the higher level of urea consumption keeps NOx reduction consistent
*tables based on mean values of the cruise phase
Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 17 6 October 2011
Conclusions US 2010 EATS that will be equipped on bilateral demonstration truck displayed biomass fuel tolerance
• Soot loading strategy for diesel successfully manages soot generated from biodiesel
• SCR showed no signs of degradation throughout testing from biomass fuels
• System out NOx does not increase operating on biomass fuel despite higher engine out NOx Urea consumption
As biofuel blend increases
• Fuel economy is reduced by operation on lower calorific value fuels
• Soot accumulation decreases
• Soot oxidation rates increase
Volvo Powertrain
Acknowledgments
This material is based upon work supported by
– Department of Energy National Energy Technology Lab under Award Number DE-FC26-07NT43222
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 18 6 October 2011
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