EDM Searches in storage rings

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EDM Searches in storage rings

June 26, 2012 Frank Rathmann

on behalf of the BNL-EDM and JEDI collaborations

Workshop on existing and future Projects PNPI-Jülich 24-28 June 2012. Gatchina

Topics

Why EDMs? Search for EDMs using storage rings Two projects, at BNL and Jülich Spin coherence time First direct measurement

Resonance Method with RF E(B) -fields

Summary

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What caused the Baryon asymmetry?

f.rathmann@fz-juelich.de EDM Searches in storage rings 3

Sakharov (1967): Three conditions for baryogenesis

1.B number conservation violated sufficiently strongly2.C and CP violated, B and anti-Bs with different rates3.Evolution of universe outside thermal equilibrium

Carina Nebula: Largest-seen star-birth regions in the galaxy

Observed 610-10WMAP+COBE (2003)

SM expectation ~10-18

nnn BB /)(

Permanent EDMs violate parity P and time reversal symmetry T

Assuming CPT to hold, combined symmetry CP violated as well.

Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs)

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EDMs are candidates to solve mystery of matter-antimatter asymmetry may explain why we are here!

History of neutron EDM limits

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Adopted from K. Kirch

• Smith, Purcell, Ramsey PR 108, 120 (1957)

• RAL-Sussex-ILL(dn 2.9 10-26 ecm) PRL 97,131801 (2006)

Sensitivity to NEW PHYSICS beyond the Standard Model

EDM searches - only upper limits up to now (in ecm):

Huge efforts underway to improve limits / find EDMs

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Limits for Electric Dipole Moments

485. WE-Heraeus-Seminar (July 0406, 2011) Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) at Storage Rings

http://www2.fz-juelich.de/ikp/edm/en/

Particle/Atom Current EDM Limit Future Goal dn equivalent

Neutron 3 10-26 10-28 10-28

199Hg 3.1 10-29 10-29 10-26

129Xe 6 10-27 10-30 – 10-33 10-26 – 10-29

Proton 7.9 10-25 10-29 10-29

Deuteron ? 10-29 3 10-29 – 5 10-31

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Why also EDMs of protons and deuterons?

Proton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity.

In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons.

Consensus in the theoretical community:Essential to perform EDM measurements on different targets (p, d, 3He) with similar sensitivity:•unfold the underlying physics,•explain the baryogenesis.

NEW: EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring:

“Freeze“ horizontal spin precession; watchfor development of a vertical component !

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Search for Electric Dipole Moments

0G

Edt

s

d

d

The frozen spin Method

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For transverse electric and magnetic fields in a ring ( ),anomalous spin precession is described by

0 EB

c

E

p

mGBG

m

qG

2

Magic condition: Spin along momentum vector

1. For any sign of G, in a combined electric and magnetic machine

2. For G>0 (protons) in an all electric ring

2

2gG

222

2

1

GBcG

GBcE

x

G

mp

p

mG

0

2

c

MeV74.700 (magic)

Magic condition: Protons

E-field only

10EDM Searches in storage rings f.rathmann@fz-juelich.de

5 10 15 20 25 30 350

20

40

60

80

100

Proton EDM

E-field (MV/m)

radi

us (

m)

r1 E( )

E

r2 250 md 0.48 Gd Zd 8.44

r2 280 m3He 0.0575 G3He Z3He 21.959

Magic condition: Deuterons

E and B fields

11EDM Searches in storage rings f.rathmann@fz-juelich.de

100 200 300 400 5000

10

20

B=0.1 TB=0.2 TB=0.3 T

Deuteron EDM

kinetic energy (MeV)

radi

us (

m)

100 200 300 400 50015

10

5

0

B=0.1 TB=0.2 TB=0.3 T

Deuteron EDM

kinetic energy (MeV)

radi

al E

-fie

ld (

MV

/m)

Magic condition: Helions

E and B fields

12EDM Searches in storage rings f.rathmann@fz-juelich.de

100 200 300 400 5000

10

20

B=0.05 TB=0.1 TB=0.15 T

Helion EDM

kinetic energy (MeV)

radi

us (

m)

100 200 300 400 5000

10

20

30

B=0.05 TB=0.1 TB=0.15 T

Helion EDM

kinetic energy (MeV)

radi

al E

-fie

ld (

MV

/m)

NEW: EDM search in time development of spin in a storage ring:

A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic), deuterons, …

“Freeze“ horizontal spin precession; watchfor development of a vertical component !

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Search for Electric Dipole Moments

particle p (GeV/c) E (MV/m) B (T)

proton 0.701 16.789 0.000

deuteron 1.000 -3.983 0.160

3He 1.285 17.158 -0.051

One machine with r ~ 30 m

0G

Edt

s

d

d

Two storage ring projects being pursued

(from R. Talman) (from A. Lehrach)

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BNL for protons all electric machine Jülich, focus on deuterons, or a combined machine

CW and CCW propagating beams

2 beams simultaneously rotating in a ring (CW, CCW)

Approved BNL-ProposalSubmitted to DOEGoal for protons

Technological challenges !

Carry out proof of principle experiments (demonstrators) at COSY

• Spin coherence time (1000 s)• Beam positioning (10 nm)• Continuous polarimetry (< 1ppm)• E - field gradients (~ 17MV/m at 2 cm)

Circumference~ 200 m

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BNL Proposal

year)(onecme105.2 29 pd

EDM at COSY – COoler SYnchrotron

Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons

p = 0.3 – 3.7 GeV/c

Phase space cooled internal & extracted beams

Injector cyclotron

COSY

… the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics

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EDM at COSY – COoler SYnchrotron

Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons

p = 0.3 – 3.7 GeV/c

Phase space cooled internal & extracted beams

Injector cyclotron

COSY

… an ideal starting pointfor a srEDM search

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A

AS

one particle with magnetic moment

“spin tune”

“spin closed orbit vector”COn̂

s2AS

ring

makes one turn

stable polarizationS

if ║ COn̂

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Spin closed orbit

Spin coherence

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We usually don‘t worry about coherence of spins along COn̂

At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)

After some time, spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone

Polarization not affected!

Situation very different, when you deal with S

COn̂

At injection all spin vectors aligned After some time, the spin vectors are all out of phase and in the horizontal plane

Longitudinal polarization vanishes!

COn̂

In an EDM machine with frozen spin, observation time is limited.

Estimate of spin coherence times (N.N. Nikolaev)

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One source of spin coherence are random variations of the spin tune due to the momentum spread in the beam

G and is randomized by e.g., electron cooling

)cos()cos( tt12

42222

11

p

p

vGfGf revrev

sc

MHz5.0revfMeV100kinT

s105)( 5dscs103)( 3psc

Estimate:

Spin coherence time for deuterons may be ~100 larger than for protons

14.0dG79.1pG

First measurement of spin coherence time

Polarimetry:

Spin coherence time:

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from Ed Stephensonand Greta Guidoboni

decoherencetime

oscillationcapture

5 s 25 s 5 s

2011 Test measurements at COSY

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Resonance Method with RF E-fields

Polarimeter (dp elastic)

stored d

RF E-fieldvertical

polarization

spin precession governed by: (* rest frame)

Two situations:

1. B*=0 By = ER (= 70 G for ER=30 kV/cm) EDM effect2. E*=0 ER = - By no EDM effect

5101/1000 ss

growsPP

dropsP

zx

y

22

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Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields for deuterons at COSY

Parameters: beam energy Td=50 MeV LRF=1 massumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kV/cm

Constant E-field

Number of turns

E-field reversed every -/(G) 21 turns

Number of turns

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Simulation of resonance Method with RF E-fields for deuterons at COSY

Parameters: beam energy Td=50 MeVassumed EDM dd=10-20 ecmE-field 10 kV/cm

Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=3.7108 turns)

Number of turns

EDM effect accumulates

Polarimeter determines Px, Py and Pz

22zx PPP

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Resonance Method with „magic“ Wien filter

Approach pursued for a first direct measurement at COSY.Avoids transverse motion of beam in RF device! Radial RF-E and vertical RF-B fields to observe spin rotation due to EDM

E*=0 ER = - By „Magic RF Wien Filter“ no Lorentz force

Statistical sensitivity for dd in the range 10-23 to 10-24 ecm range possibleAlignment and field stability of ring magnetsImperfection of RF-E(B) flipper

„Indirect“ EDM effect

Tilt of precession plane due to EDM

Observable:Accumulation of vertical polarization during spin coherence timePolarimeter (dp elastic)

stored d

RF E(B)-fieldTransverse polarization

Operation of „magic“ Wien filter

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Spin coherence time may depend on excitation and on chosen harmonics

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Simulation of resonance Method with Magic Wien filter for deuterons at COSY

Parameters: beam energy Td=50 MeV LRF=1 massumed EDM dd=10-24 ecmE-field 30 kV/cm

Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=3.7108 turns)

EDM effect accumulates in Py

yP

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Simulation of resonance Method with Magic Wien filter for deuterons at COSY

Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=1000 s (=3.7108 turns)yP

EDM effect accumulates in Py

Parameters: beam energy Td=50 MeV LRF=1 massumed EDM dd=10-24 ecmE-field 30 kV/cm

Simulation of resonance Method with Magic Wien filter for deuterons at COSY

Linear extrapolation of for a time period of sc=100000 s (=3.71010 turns)yP

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EDM effect accumulates in Py

Parameters: beam energy Td=50 MeV LRF=1 massumed EDM dd=10-24 ecmE-field 30 kV/cm

Two years R&D/preparation

One year final ring design

Two years ring/beam-line construction

Two years installation

One year “string test”

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Technically driven timeline for pEDM at BNL

f.rathmann@fz-juelich.de EDM Searches in storage rings 30

Stepwise approach in the JEDI project

Step Aim / Scientific goal Device / Tool Storage ring

1Spin coherence time studies Horizontal RF-B spin flipper COSY

Systematic error studies Vertical RF-B spin flipper COSY

2

COSY upgrade Orbit control, magnets, … COSY

First direct EDM measurement at 10-24 ecm

RF-E(B) spin flipperModified COSY

3Built dedicated all-in-one ring for p, d, 3He

Common magnetic-electrostatic deflectors

Dedicated ring

4EDM measurement of p, d, 3He at at 10-29 ecm

Dedicated ring

f.rathmann@fz-juelich.de EDM Searches in storage rings 31

Time scale: Steps 1 and 2: < 5 yearsSteps 3 and 4: > 5 years

srEDM cooperations

Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons …) Cooperation, Coordination

International srEDM Network

srEDM Collaboration (BNL)(spokesperson Yannis Semertzidis)

JEDI Collaboration (FZJ)(spokespersons: A. Lehrach, J. Pretz, F.R.)

Common R&DRHIC EDM-at-COSY

Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (…) Spin Coherence Time

Cooling Spin Tracking (…)

DOE-Proposal (submitted)

Study Group

First direct measurement Ring Design

JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL

HGF Application(s) CD0, 1, …

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EDM Workshop at ECT* (Trento)

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October 1-5, 2012

Organizing committee

Jülich Hans Ströher h.stroeher@fz-juelich.deFrank Rathmann f.rathmann@fz-juelich.deAndreas Wirzba a.wirzba@fz-juelich.de

BrookhavenMei Bai mbai@bnl.govWilliam Marciano marciano@bnl.govYannis Semertzidis yannis@bnl.gov

http://www.ectstar.eu/

• Measurement of EDMs extremely difficult, but the physics is fantastic!

• Two storage ring projects, at BNL and Jülich

• Pursue spin coherence time measurements at COSY

• First direct measurement at COSYResonance Method with RF E(B) -fields

• New JEDI collaboration established

f.rathmann@fz-juelich.de EDM Searches in storage rings 34

Summary

Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)

“Man muß etwas Neues machen, um etwas Neues zu sehen.”

“You have to make (create) something new, if you want to see something new”

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Spare transparencies

f.rathmann@fz-juelich.de EDM Searches in storage rings 37

The ScientificFrontiers

to address well-defined questions

about the physicsof our World

EnergyIntensity

Precision

Cos

mic

Complexity

Mass (Higgs)Supersymmetry

Extra Dimensions

Symmetries(TRV, EDM)

Cosmic ParticlesDark MatterDark Energy

Stability (p-decay)Neutrino physics

CKM

LHCSuper-beam

Factories

DedicatedSmall-scale

Facilities

Mass

Matter Materials RHIC

QGP

QCD phase diagram

UndergroundLabs,Non-

accelerator

Mega-tonDetectors

Radiation Facilities

f.rathmann@fz-juelich.de EDM Searches in storage rings 38

COSY: Concept for Snake

• Should allow for flexible use at two locations

• Fast ramping (< 30s), with injection of Py

• Cryogen-free system

• Should be available in 2012

Bdl (Tm)

pn→{pp}sπ- at 353 MeV 3.329

PAX at COSY 140 MeV 1.994

PAX at AD 500 MeV 4.090

Tmax at COSY 2.88 GeV 13.887

ANKE

PAXPAX

ANKE

f.rathmann@fz-juelich.de EDM Searches in storage rings 39

One backup slide for olrov

spin manipulation

there is an for every point of the orbitSnakes (non-vertical B field) affect

snakesCOn̂

COn̂

flippersramping through a resonance reverses COn̂

spin closed orbit

180o

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Machine acceptance

f.rathmann@fz-juelich.de EDM Searches in storage rings 41

lost

cooled

targetring acceptance

beam

In an ideal machine (like TSR-HD)→ Single-Coulomb scattering at

the target dominates beam loss

K. Grigoriev et al., NIMA 599,130 (2009)

f.rathmann@fz-juelich.de EDM Searches in storage rings 42

Future: Time Reversal Invariance Test

COSY-TRIC: P-even, T-odd

Total polarization correlation coefficient Ay,xz leads to relative difference of current slopes

Milestone: Operation of Precision BCT with I/I<10-4

IBeam

time

COSY used as accelerator and detector:

PAX

Need for a high precision BCT

f.rathmann@fz-juelich.de EDM Searches in storage rings 43

Status TRI Test at COSY

• Slow fluctuations in the measured BCT signal exceed the noise band at higher frequencies

Possible solution:Cryogenic Current Comparator, read out by low-temperature super-conducting quantum interference device

Highest resolution achieved: 250 pA/Hz

A. Steppke, IEEE Trans. Appl. Superc. (2009)

D. Eversheim Hyperfine Interact 193 (2009)

Freezing Spin Precession with E-Fields

11

01

12

G

G

G > 0 for γ > 1, if only electric fields are applied

Magic momentum for protons: p = 700.74 MeV/c

G

mp

G 1

1

μp / μN = 2.792 847 356 (23) Gp = 1.7928473565μd / μN = 0.857 438 2308 (72) Gd = -0.14298727202μHe-3 / μN = -2.127 497 718 (25) G3He= -4.1839627399

Nuclear magneton: μN = eħ / (2mpc) = 5.050 783 24 (13) · 10-27 J T-1

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