Ecosystems & Communities: Organisms and their Environments Units 12&14 1.

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Ecosystems & Communities:

Organisms and their Environments

Units 12&14

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Ecosystems have living and non-living components

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Ecosystem

Living organisms.

Non-Living Environment

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Communities

The biotic environment of all the living organisms in an area.

can be any size and diversity – bacteria

- single celled organisms

- insects

- other larger sized creatures

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Habitat

The abiotic (aka non-living or physical) environment

, the chemical resources 

the physical conditions, 

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Examples of ecosystems

Different species interacting together at the same place and time

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Ecosystem

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Ecosystem

An ecosystem is made of two components:

the biotic environment,

the habitat

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Ecosystems have living and non-living components

14.2 Biomes

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Biomes occur around the world, determined by temperature and rainfall.

Average

seasonal

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Tropical Rain Forest

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Tropical Rain Forest

Equatorial:

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Tropical Rain Forest

Rainfall:

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Indicator Species

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Tropical Rain Forest – Indicator Plant Species

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Tropical Rain Forest – Indicator Animal Species

Gorilla Gorilla gorilla

Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)

Spider MonkeyAteles geoffreyi

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Tropical Rain Forest – Indicator Animal Species

2-toed sloth Cholepus hoffmanni

Three-toed Sloth (Bradypus variegatus) with baby - Costa Rica

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Tropical Rain Forest – Indicator Animal Species

Collared AracariPteroglossus torquatus

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Grasslands (Prairie)

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Grasslands (Prairie)

Temperate

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Grasslands (Prairie)

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Grasslands (Prairie)

Dry:

Wet:

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Grasslands (Prairie)

Species:

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Grasslands– Indicator Plant SpeciesOld Field Habitat, Ohio

Grassland, North Dakota

Ironweed (Vernonia sp.) with Hedge Bindweed

Vine  (Calystegia sepium)

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Grasslands– Indicator Plant Species

Ironweed (Vernonia sp.)

Joe Pye WeedEupatorium purpureum

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Grasslands – Indicator Plant Species

Common TeaselDipsacus fullonum Queen Anne's Lace (Daucus carota)

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Grasslands – Indicator Animal Species

Bison (Bison bison) on the range, Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota

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Grasslands – Indicator Animal SpeciesPrzewalski's horse (Equus caballus

przewalskii), The Wilds, Ohio

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Grasslands – Indicator Animal Species

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Taiga

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Taiga

Cold Temperate

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Taiga

Seasons

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Taiga – Indicator Plant Species

Balsam FirAbies balsamea

Black SprucePicea  mariana

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Taiga – Indicator Plant Species

Jack PinePinus banksiana

Paper BirchBetula papyrifera

White PoplarPopulus alba

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Taiga – Indicator Animal Species

American Black BearUrsus americanus

Bald EagleHaliaeetus leucocephalus

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Taiga – Indicator Animal Species

Long-eared OwlAiso otus

Snowshoe RabbitLepus americanus

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Desert

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Desert – Evaporation Exceeds Precipitation

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Desert – Indicator Plant Species

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Desert – Indicator Plant Species

Saguaro Cactus Carnegiea gigantea

Fishhook Cactus Mammillaria microcarpa

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Desert – Indicator Plant Species

Trichomes

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Desert – Indicator Animal SpeciesZebratail Lizard - Callisaurus draconides

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Desert – Indicator Animal Species

Rock hyrax (Procavia capensis)

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Desert – Indicator Animal SpeciesBactrian Camel, Camelus bactrianus

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Temperate Deciduous Forest

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Temperate Deciduous Forest

Biome of this region

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Temperate Deciduous ForestIndicator Plant Species

Oaks (Quercus sp.)

Dutchman's-BreechesDicentra cucullaria

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Temperate Deciduous ForestIndicator Plant Species

SassafrasSassafras albidum

RedbudCercis canadensis

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Temperate Deciduous Forest – Succession

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Temperate Deciduous ForestIndicator Animal Species

American ToadBufo americanus

Box Turtle

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Temperate Deciduous ForestIndicator Animal Species

Eastern Chipmunk Tamias striatus

Eastern Gray SquirrelSciurus carolinensis

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Temperate Deciduous ForestIndicator Animal Species

Yellow-breasted chatIcteria virens

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Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska

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Tundra

Ground is permanently frozen

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Tundra – Indicator Plant SpeciesArctic Tundra Wildflowers - Alaska

60Tundra – Indicator Plant SpeciesLichen

Polytrichum Moss(photographed in Ohio, not on the

Tundra)

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Tundra – Indicator Animal Species

Reindeer Rangifer tarandus

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Tundra – Indicator Animal Species Caribou On Autumn Tundra Denali National Park Alaska

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Savanna

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Savanna

◦between a tropical rainforest and desert biome

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Savanna – Indicator Plant Species

BaobabAdansonia digitata

Umbrella Thorn AcaciaAcacia tortillis

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Savanna – Indicator Animal Species

Savanna ElephantLoxodonta africana

Black MambaDendroaspis polylepis

LionPanthera leo

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Chaparral

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Chaparral

California coastal regions

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Chaparral – Indicator Plant Species

Blue OakQuercus douglasii

Common SagebrushArtemisia tridentata

Olive TreeOlea europaea

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Black-tailed JackrabbitLepus californicus

Golden JackalCanis aureus

 Spotted SkunkSpilogale gracilis

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The Freshwater Biome

Inland lakes, rivers and wetlandslow salt concentration — usually less than

1%

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The Freshwater Biome – Ponds and Lakes

From left: a view across Manzanita Lake toward Mt. Lassen, California; a forest pond near Donnelly, Idaho; a Great Blue Heron; Paranagat Lake, southeastern Nevada.

• Formed by runoff from snowmelt and rainfall

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Lakes

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The Freshwater Biome – Streams and Rivers

From left: McArthur-Burney Falls State Park, California; trout; Green River, Utah; Brooks River, Alaska.

• Flowing water moving in one direction

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Streams and Rivers

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The Freshwater Biome - Wetlands

From left: Pescadero Marsh, California; coastal marsh at Umpqua Dunes, Oregon; trees and bogs on Esther Island, Alaska.

• Standing water with abundant plant life• can include salt marshes on the edge of oceans

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Wetlands

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The Marine Biome - Oceans

From left: mussels, worms, and a spider crab at a hydrocarbon seep community in the Gulf of Mexico; a sea fan and brain coral in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary; a school of Atlantic amberjack off North Carolina.

• Deep oceans and continental shelf areas just off the coast

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The Marine Biome

Salt water

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The Marine Biome – Coral Reefs

From left: reef life in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea; a reef at Fanning Island atoll in the central Pacific; a reef in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

• Warm shallow salt water near islands and continents

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Coral Reefs

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The Marine Biome – Estuaries and Wetlands

From left: Mangrove roots, south Florida; wetlands and tidal streams in the Ashe Island area, ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve, South Carolina; a salt marsh in Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, South Carolina.

• Freshwater streams merge with oceans in shallow areas

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Estuaries

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Ecological Notes

These are the biomes, in order of their productivity (highest first)

1. estuaries and tropical rain forest  (highest)2. temperate forest3. agricultural land4. temperate grassland5. lakes and streams6. coastal zone7. tundra8. open ocean9. desert   (lowest)

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Biomes

Terrestrial Aquatic

Tropical Rain ForestSavannahDesertChaparralTemperate ForestPrairieTaigaTundra

Freshwater Lakes and Ponds

Rivers and StreamsWetlandsOpen OceansCoral ReefsEstuaries

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Ecological Notes

1. Sunlight

2. Nutrients

3. Warm temperatures

4. Water

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Biomes Video

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Biomes Summary

Biomes are the major ecological communities of earth, characterized by the vegetation present.

Different biomes result from differences in temperature and precipitation,

season to season variation.

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Challenge

How are aquatic biomes determined?

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Physical forces interacting create weather

14.3 Global air circulation patterns create deserts and rain forests.

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Water also cycles through ecosystems. It continually moves from the ocean to the air and land, then returns to the ocean in a cyclic pattern.

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Weather Patterns

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Sunshine and Weather

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Physical forces interacting create weather

14.4 Local topography influences the weather.

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Local topography influences the weather

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Cities

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Which place would you expect to have the highest temperature during the summer?

1. Denver, Colorado (the mile high city)2. Dallas, Texas (large city)3. Farmer’s Branch, Texas (small town

outside of Dallas)4. Freeport, Maine (small town)

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Rain Shadow103

Topography Summary

With higher altitude, the temperature drops.

On the windward side of mountains, rainfall is high;

On the leeward side, descending air reduces rainfall, causing rain shadow deserts.

Urban development increases the absorption of solar energy, leading to higher temperatures,

Creates wind near the bottom of tall buildings.

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Physical forces interacting create weather

14.5 Ocean currents affect the weather.

Ocean currents affect the weather

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Beaches108

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El Niño

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The Gulf Stream

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Water can affect the climate

1. Ecosystems located near large bodies of water

2. El Niño

3. Temperatures in Europe compared to North America

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