Earth Sciences – Jack Pierce – MS 2
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Earth Sciences – Earth Sciences – Jack Pierce – MS 2Jack Pierce – MS 2Earth Sciences – Earth Sciences – Jack Pierce – MS 2Jack Pierce – MS 2
GeologyGeologyGeologyGeology
AstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomy
MeteorologyMeteorologyMeteorologyMeteorology
OceanographyOceanographyOceanographyOceanography
What is Earth Science?Consider these questions?
Why do volcanoes erupt?Why do volcanoes erupt? What forces produce mountains?What forces produce mountains? Why is climate so variable? Why is climate so variable? How old is the earth?How old is the earth? Why do we have ocean tides?Why do we have ocean tides? Is there really global warming?Is there really global warming? Is there really ice ages?Is there really ice ages? How do we get water out of the ground?How do we get water out of the ground? How does earth “fit” in our universe?How does earth “fit” in our universe?
Earth Science:Earth Science:Studding the earth and surrounding Studding the earth and surrounding
universe – usinguniverse – using geologygeology,, meteorologymeteorology,, oceanographyoceanography and and astronomyastronomy
Earth Science:Earth Science:Studding the earth and surrounding Studding the earth and surrounding
universe – usinguniverse – using geologygeology,, meteorologymeteorology,, oceanographyoceanography and and astronomyastronomy
Geology – the study of the earthGeology – the study of the earth
Physical Geology:Physical Geology:•Materials that comprise the earthMaterials that comprise the earth
• rocks, minerals, earths interior, rocks, minerals, earths interior, • processes acting processes acting belowbelow and and aboveabove the the surfacesurface
Historical GeologyHistorical Geology•Understand the origin and developmentUnderstand the origin and development
• Understand the chronological order of Understand the chronological order of geologic events over 4.6 by old earthgeologic events over 4.6 by old earth
The geologic time scaleThe geologic time scale
Dating various geologic eventsDating various geologic events
The significance of fossilsThe significance of fossils
Physical Oceanography:• The study of the ocean floor including
• Ocean chemistryOcean chemistry• PhysicsPhysics• Sea floor geologySea floor geology• Coastal processesCoastal processes• Sea floor topographySea floor topography
Meteorology:Meteorology:• Study of the atmosphere and Study of the atmosphere and processes that produce climate andprocesses that produce climate and weather. weather.
Astronomy:
• The study of the universe• the earth’s place in our universethe earth’s place in our universe
• the origin of our earththe origin of our earth
• earth is related to all other earth is related to all other objects in the universeobjects in the universe
What questions do you have about your earth?What questions do you have about your earth?
How do you think these questions are answeredHow do you think these questions are answeredwith accuracy?with accuracy?
How do we find “accuracy” in our answers? How do we find “accuracy” in our answers? How do we find “accuracy” in our answers? How do we find “accuracy” in our answers?
The Scientific Method-Science InquiryThe Scientific Method-Science InquiryThe Scientific Method-Science InquiryThe Scientific Method-Science InquiryA set of A set of logicallogical steps scientists use to steps scientists use to “get to the “get to the truth”truth” of processes acting in the universe of processes acting in the universeA set of A set of logicallogical steps scientists use to steps scientists use to “get to the “get to the truth”truth” of processes acting in the universe of processes acting in the universe
Making Observations and Measurements Making Observations and Measurements • Collecting facts, asking why questionsCollecting facts, asking why questions
Formulating a HypothesisFormulating a Hypothesis (predictions as to why)(predictions as to why)• Explaining how and why it works (after Explaining how and why it works (after fact-fact- finding), “educated guessing”finding), “educated guessing”
Formulating a HypothesisFormulating a Hypothesis (predictions as to why)(predictions as to why)• Explaining how and why it works (after Explaining how and why it works (after fact-fact- finding), “educated guessing”finding), “educated guessing”
Testing the Hypothesis (experimenting)Testing the Hypothesis (experimenting)• performing experimentations that test performing experimentations that test the the accuracy of the hypothesisaccuracy of the hypothesis
Testing the Hypothesis (experimenting)Testing the Hypothesis (experimenting)• performing experimentations that test performing experimentations that test the the accuracy of the hypothesisaccuracy of the hypothesis
How do we find “accuracy” in our answersHow do we find “accuracy” in our answers? How do we find “accuracy” in our answersHow do we find “accuracy” in our answers?
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific MethodThe Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method
Scientific TheoryScientific Theory• well-tested hypothesis – widely accepted well-tested hypothesis – widely accepted view view that explains observable facts that explains observable facts
Scientific Law or PrincipleScientific Law or Principle• natural phenomena are observed to happen innatural phenomena are observed to happen in the same way – no deviations have ever beenthe same way – no deviations have ever been observedobserved
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method
If you fail, try try try again. If you fail, try try try again.
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The Scientific Method in Action-- AstronomyThe Scientific Method in Action-- Astronomy
C. PtolemyC. PtolemyAlmagest – Almagest – accepted accepted thethegeocentricgeocentric model overmodel overthe the heliocentric heliocentric modelmodel
A.D. 90 – 168A.D. 90 – 168 1571-16301571-16301473-15431473-1543
N. N. CopernicusCopernicusContinued Continued with thewith theheliocentricheliocentrictheory– --theory– --
and was and was widely widely acceptedaccepted
J. KeplerJ. KeplerDeveloped Developed thethethree three planetaryplanetarylaws of laws of motionmotion
RevolutionizRevolutionizededastronomyastronomy
1643-17271643-1727
Isaac NewtonIsaac NewtonDescribed the 3 lawsDescribed the 3 lawsof motion, Universalof motion, UniversalGravitation, showedGravitation, showedearth and planetaryearth and planetarybodies are governedbodies are governedby universal laws ofby universal laws ofphysics – physics – thus endingthus endinggeocentric theorygeocentric theory
Observation/ Experimentation/ TheoryObservation/ Experimentation/ Theory1,650 years of scientific method1,650 years of scientific method
AstronomyAstronomyTimelineTimeline
10
I I I I Earth Science. Earth Science. Earth Science. Earth Science.
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
Discuss with a friend:Discuss with a friend:
1.1.Explain why the scientific method is Explain why the scientific method is a useful tool for learning about the a useful tool for learning about the processes that occur in our universe.processes that occur in our universe.
22 Define the steps within the scientificDefine the steps within the scientific method. method.
IC
I>Clicker question:
1. Which of the following statements regarding the scientific method is false?
A. A tentative explanation of a body of data is called a hypothesis.
B. Theories are less likely to be correct than hypotheses.
C. A hypothesis is strengthened if it successfully predicts the outcomes of new experiments.
D. If new evidence indicates that a theory is wrong, the theory may be modified or discarded.
1. Which of the following statements regarding the scientific method is false?
A. A tentative explanation of a body of data is called a hypothesis.
B. Theories are less likely to be correct than hypotheses.
C. A hypothesis is strengthened if it successfully predicts the outcomes of new experiments.
D. If new evidence indicates that a theory is wrong, the theory may be modified or discarded.
Earth Science studies the relationship between peopleEarth Science studies the relationship between peopleand the natural environment.and the natural environment.
Natural HazardsNatural Hazards::• volcanoes, floods, tsunami, EQ’svolcanoes, floods, tsunami, EQ’s• landslides, hurricaneslandslides, hurricanes
When does a natural hazard become a hazard?When does a natural hazard become a hazard?
ResourcesResources• water, soilwater, soil• metallic and non-metallic mineralsmetallic and non-metallic minerals
Human Influences:Human Influences:• Increased demand for resources and higher occurrencesIncreased demand for resources and higher occurrences of natural hazards is due to rapid growth in populations.of natural hazards is due to rapid growth in populations.
Earth Science deals with the formation and occurrence as wellEarth Science deals with the formation and occurrence as wellas maintaining the supply and impact to the environment.as maintaining the supply and impact to the environment.
How does the Earth’s population grow??
7 billion
Production of food
Enough food producedEnough food produced
faminefamine
Paul Ehrlich-Stanford UniversityPaul Ehrlich-Stanford University• Food supplies will fall short,Food supplies will fall short, and famine will follow.and famine will follow.
Paul Waggoner – an agronomistPaul Waggoner – an agronomist• Using current technology, Using current technology, productivity increases far productivity increases far beyond population growth.beyond population growth.
How does population growth affect the demand for Earth’s resources ? How does population growth affect the demand for Earth’s resources ?
How is the Earth studied? (Earth System Science)
Various “systems” within the earth that Various “systems” within the earth that interactinteractwith one another -– called with one another -– called Earth System Earth System ScienceScience
• Systems are NOT individually Systems are NOT individually studiedstudied
• How one system impacts How one system impacts another another system system
Various “systems” within the earth that Various “systems” within the earth that interactinteractwith one another -– called with one another -– called Earth System Earth System ScienceScience
• Systems are NOT individually Systems are NOT individually studiedstudied
• How one system impacts How one system impacts another another system system
SystemSystem::An integrated set of “parts” that work together An integrated set of “parts” that work together to to accomplish a goal or task (objective) accomplish a goal or task (objective)
SystemSystem::An integrated set of “parts” that work together An integrated set of “parts” that work together to to accomplish a goal or task (objective) accomplish a goal or task (objective)
Give an example of various systems.Give an example of various systems.
Earth as a System:• How systems exchange matter and energy
Earth as a System:• How systems exchange matter and energy
SUN
IsolatedSystemIsolatedSystem
No exchange ofmatter or energyNo exchange ofmatter or energy
SUN
ClosedSystemClosedSystem
Exchange of energybut not matterExchange of energybut not matter
SUN
OpenSystemOpen
System
Exchange of bothmatter and energyExchange of bothmatter and energy
Which system is the Earth?Which system is the Earth?
?
I I I I Earth Science.Earth Science.Earth Science.Earth Science.
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
Discuss with a friend:Discuss with a friend:
1.1.Define a system as discussed in Define a system as discussed in earth science.earth science.
2. Differentiate between an open, closed,2. Differentiate between an open, closed, and isolated system.and isolated system.
3. Explain why earth is considered a closed3. Explain why earth is considered a closed system. system.
IC
I>clicker I>clicker
1.The earth is considered a (an) _______ system.
a. “open”, only matter is exchanged.
b. “closed”, there is an exchange of matter but not energy.
c. “isolated”, there no exchange of matter or energy.
d. “closed”, there is an exchange of energy but not an exchange of sun light.
e. “open or closed”, there is an occasional exchange of matter with energy.
1.The earth is considered a (an) _______ system.
a. “open”, only matter is exchanged.
b. “closed”, there is an exchange of matter but not energy.
c. “isolated”, there no exchange of matter or energy.
d. “closed”, there is an exchange of energy but not an exchange of sun light.
e. “open or closed”, there is an occasional exchange of matter with energy.
The fragile earth as a closed system is supported by fourinterrelated open systems.The fragile earth as a closed system is supported by fourinterrelated open systems.
Lithosphere (geosphere)Represents the solid earth:minerals, rocks, and interior
Lithosphere (geosphere)Represents the solid earth:minerals, rocks, and interior
Atmosphere:Thin blanket of gas keepinglife alive, warm, and protected
Atmosphere:Thin blanket of gas keepinglife alive, warm, and protected
Hydrosphere:Interaction of all water processes,only planet with water,71% ocean 12,500 feet deep,streams, lakes, groundwater
Hydrosphere:Interaction of all water processes,only planet with water,71% ocean 12,500 feet deep,streams, lakes, groundwater
Biosphere:Includes all living organisms on land, in water, and in air
Biosphere:Includes all living organisms on land, in water, and in air
I I I I Earth Science. Earth Science. Earth Science. Earth Science. Discuss with a friend:Discuss with a friend:
1.1.Define the following:Define the following:lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere,lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere,
atmosphereatmosphere
2.2.Provide an earth process that takesProvide an earth process that takes place between two open systems.place between two open systems.
3. What is the meaning of geosphere? 3. What is the meaning of geosphere?
An Important Aspect of Earth System ScienceAn Important Aspect of Earth System Science
• The earth maintains The earth maintains balancebalance between the between the open systems through open systems through positivepositive and and negativenegative feedback mechanisms.feedback mechanisms.
An Important Aspect of Earth System ScienceAn Important Aspect of Earth System Science
• The earth maintains The earth maintains balancebalance between the between the open systems through open systems through positivepositive and and negativenegative feedback mechanisms.feedback mechanisms.
Positive feedbackPositive feedback works to change the systemworks to change the systemPositive feedbackPositive feedback works to change the systemworks to change the system
Negative feedbackNegative feedback works to resist the change works to resist the change Negative feedbackNegative feedback works to resist the change works to resist the change
Working to change the systemchange the system and working toresist the changeresist the change maintains balancebalance within thesystem.
Working to change the systemchange the system and working toresist the changeresist the change maintains balancebalance within thesystem.
weight gain exampleweight gain example
“Tug of War”“Tug of War”
Positive/Negative Feedback Example:Positive/Negative Feedback Example:
Earth’s climatic system – positive/negativenegative feedbackEarth’s climatic system – positive/negativenegative feedback
Positive feedbackPositive feedbackPositive feedbackPositive feedback
SUN
OceanOcean
water vapor –increasesair temperature
water vapor –increasesair temperature
Evaporatessea water
Evaporatessea water
Negative feedbackNegative feedbackNegative feedbackNegative feedback
Increasing evaporationIncreasing evaporation(working to change the system)(working to change the system)
Increasing evaporationIncreasing evaporation(working to change the system)(working to change the system)
Water vapor condenses,forming clouds
Water vapor condenses,forming clouds
Reflecting sunlightReflecting sunlight
Decreasing evaporationDecreasing evaporation(working to resist change)(working to resist change)Decreasing evaporationDecreasing evaporation
(working to resist change)(working to resist change)
OceanOcean
Atmosphere maintains balance.Atmosphere maintains balance.
I I I I Earth Science. Earth Science. Earth Science. Earth Science.
I will get an A on my exams and quizzesI will get an A on my exams and quizzesDiscuss with a friend:Discuss with a friend:
1.1.Describe the meaning of positive andDescribe the meaning of positive and negative feedback mechanisms.negative feedback mechanisms.2. Explain how positive and negative2. Explain how positive and negative feedback mechanisms keep the earthfeedback mechanisms keep the earth balanced.balanced.3.3.Think of at least 2 positive/negativeThink of at least 2 positive/negative feedbacks that balance the earth.feedbacks that balance the earth.
IC
I>clicker questionI>clicker question
1. Which of the following describes a positive feedback change?
a. a mechanism that resists change
b. lifting weights to gain muscle mass
c. Your body becomes sore from lifting weights
d. practicing the same old habits
1. Which of the following describes a positive feedback change?
a. a mechanism that resists change
b. lifting weights to gain muscle mass
c. Your body becomes sore from lifting weights
d. practicing the same old habits
8.8.
SUNSUN
MercuryMercury
VenusVenus
EarthEarthMarsMars
JupiterJupiter SaturnSaturn
UranusUranusNeptuneNeptune
Asteroid BeltAsteroid Belt
Outer planetsJovian planetsGas planets
Inner planetsTerrestrial planets
The earth’s place in the solar systemThe earth’s place in the solar system
Low densitiesLow densities
High densities
The earth’s interior
InnerInner Core CoreSolid- Ni, FeSolid- Ni, Fe12.5 g/cm12.5 g/cm33
Outer Outer CoreCoreMolten – Ni, Molten – Ni,
FeFe11.5 g/cm11.5 g/cm33
Mantle Mantle --Solid Solid
Si,O,Fe,Mg,CSi,O,Fe,Mg,Caa
5.5 g/cm5.5 g/cm33
Temp:5000 C
Source ofmagnetic
field
Asthenosphereductile rock
Mantle
Core
Lithospherecont/ocean
crustUpper mantle
2.8 g/cm3
Crust
Why are densitiesWhy are densitiesarranged fromarranged from
heavy (core) to heavy (core) to lightest (crust)?lightest (crust)?
Chemical Differentiation
What makesearth unique?? Oxygen, water, life
• oxygen atmosphere• no O2 on other planets• the hydrologic cycle
Soil accumulation• weathering of rocks• various soil types
Plate Tectonics• moving continents• formation of landforms from interacting plates
Oxygen, water, life• oxygen atmosphere• no O2 on other planets• the hydrologic cycle
Soil accumulation• weathering of rocks• various soil types
Plate Tectonics• moving continents• formation of landforms from interacting plates
I I I I Earth Science. Earth Science. Earth Science. Earth Science.
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
Discuss with a friend:Discuss with a friend:1.1.Name the planets in their proper order.Name the planets in their proper order.
2. Describe the layering of the earth2. Describe the layering of the earth using using lithospherelithosphere, , asthenosphereasthenosphere, , mantlemantle, and , and corecore; explain properties.; explain properties.
3. Describe chemical differentiation.3. Describe chemical differentiation.
4. Present at least 3 reasons why the4. Present at least 3 reasons why the earth is unique. earth is unique.
So, why study Earth ScienceSo, why study Earth Science??•We depend on earth’s resources.We depend on earth’s resources.
• where to find resources and how towhere to find resources and how to manage the resourcesmanage the resources
• Understand earth (geologic) hazardsUnderstand earth (geologic) hazards• how earthquakes, land sliding, volcanic how earthquakes, land sliding, volcanic eruptions, floods, hurricanes, tornados,eruptions, floods, hurricanes, tornados, “ “just to name a few” processes, work!just to name a few” processes, work!
• Understand the complexity of the Understand the complexity of the interactions between the earth’s spheresinteractions between the earth’s spheres
• open system relationships between the open system relationships between the lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrospherehydrosphere
Oh yeah! – So you get your science requirementOh yeah! – So you get your science requirement
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