E-'shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7601/5/05_chapter 1.pdf · sePm~wTru 0PwuPwpw Pwma~wmcu9awW~ .puuPwF~wana~ru wcs~wS oew ... Pcllscmrnr~uwu~mr~ &elwruaPwcoTwtar, 'Lwpw
Post on 05-Apr-2018
221 Views
Preview:
Transcript
01 --
~omwcmruw ~Pwraa~wTmpcmcm
Puu~wp~mwPoucw : cuscm~wPruru~ uuPwcm8PrsupZ gncwwcs~wuu& E-' mruw uPwp~wra~w Pwu& ,orwLwpw, Pwpruw yuuPw~cncmaruZ
ovru &S _~cm~wmp~cmcscmwwo~w eLvcrurwLwTWpw 'ZOrwLw-ww
pcmvru Pars uofw~wcmoruZ pwPm oracwz~om@D scsPmwprww
'ruw PuuPm~mcmru~uu& mcm (ys!aqle) cw~wUI,wcw F~mw (a~yes lned - -way) PwIpcw pncruawLte 'mcm (z~!gsou6e) vcn)mwaw ppw (Ja66ap!a~
u!ue~) pcnmcrucso ~~Spcm 'wcm (3!1s!aq1) w~w_nuh F~mw (p~ee6ay~a~
ua~o~) Prrupccnwp~w g~~ocwo ~FLUWLU Puop31~ OvcrurwLwpcm
cuscmscstra~3w~~ruwcscs -uutm .pm~wsPw ~CRIP~L~PP? mcww?mwcwrww ,. Pmrs p~mrua U@ (ws!le!luals!x3) ovcrurwLwUL)wm ~~~cmscscoaFq.am wccuc~Pru
~aw pwrstw pcmqUWCOUw(9~ plowm@D LO)~~~ZUSC~~~OC~~P~S oPm1w@
.aucmmnvoan? wPoowru uu@ PuPwpcsust'mw~~~rw~w~wcm oPm~ww~wwpcv
mcs~3wSrauracw cl%@ pwPm oracw wp~e ordcrucayls cauprww . ovcru 1"
rwLw+wwu Icuscmpwcsew~~te mcmPwuuP~cwcs~@ pcmcri)mw mcswru
w@D sePm~wTru 0PwuPwpw Pwma~wmcu9awW~ .puuPwF~wana~ru
wcs~wS oew pruufsF;csm10w P~Q)~WCP(PU~(OL~N,~ &S~C~L~OUPCWLP
'~cusc5pcmrucacwom .ovcrurwLwnwcm &mmcantuanpv wcmcswsmruta
'mnu'mlm~o mrmai im j n~cmwl@m36m' '(existence precedes essence)
am m m j m l m ~ r u ~ ~ l & ~ ~ o s ~nlrn~mcu3&j0 29 nlm3mnnamla36m' rulerwlml
c m m d mmnnoam3d mrr~mlm~mIm3sm' ~nl~cu3rnjo ny)mm36m' 29 Lnlrn3
m r u ~ ~ j m n l o q w d r m o ~ . dmrmlaocnm nnmnnxmm"~mm1d mm"mlm~omm3d
mmnn&m36m' L ~ J ~ W ~ ~ ? J O rneja,W?qm&. 2ruoca mrmmmmhd (essentialists)
cwmome+ld wI@lm32. mmjmlm~w3M&~ios Amxwld mmjmlm~
m36mi rnrnlajmi nlmrnLnlwomo. mm'dmo oy)m a m , n j m m ~ m l d rnlmlrn3m~
m3&1owg30 ~dwnnlm~rrncoi.
rn3g~oeJm0 (Naturalism!), oawlweflouo (Idealism), o ~ & m e l l m ~ (Ra-
tionalism) m~smlw dlnm3dmm1&@3m" w ~ o w w ~ ~ ~ ~ mduornhd &g3
d&wrn3mlwlm~mmi. r n r n ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 9 d m ~ d c m ' r n m ~ I c ~ c m 3 mmjmlm~mloq
rru~~"rn~~uom@Icercao~ mlm'm~crn~m3am ooru~m~rnI&d~&m3~mlCaa
dm)~o&3rni mmnnwios cannmjmd ems~ru3rn3a-6 29 dm3rnrm3m&cla
(mrnlgmi. cnncnwjo m~d&m~rn3wlca~q mm1 innm3cw3&0mm, rnwlglca~m
Ldrnjad. a ~ m w m g o d C a a ~ailca3~1~m~m) cnncndoq fl~m~~mm&oolmmrn~
a30 (Dialectical Spiritualism) rntn~rruml=.J ~m"mimmi&calq~o&3rnl ~ J W O mol
avpw36m' oodmrn~cmalomj ~ ~ J @ ~ ( u o . 2'3 ~~3d(s109&ca~mmm,ler~os 06)dm)OJ
mmlrnj mrn~m3~3mo mo@Ms~&wio r n r n ~ & ~ r u ~ m l m ~ m l o ~ memo m&s
rncq&w~o odqpnl . oo~m~cuj3cam& d~c1drmnnr3flo (dialectical materialism)
r m a m m m l ~ g a,~odrn3d&d t)olrmrn~mloq m 3 r n m i d ~ 1 3 d m o m w ~ 0
dfl3d@3lO9&06lT)~16)q (I-IM3mmi 26d3flm~C7lD~~O Ldd&olaJ~. QlmirslJNJ
mlow a@lmrurm'&mlg~ m~m~c:rnowo ailmldaamlw rnod&mlmm~o mmjmil
m~odrmrnmlrn~ mrnl&lerrnow mrrtnm"l0 m&&slqj.
~cuscmrU90~w~Pmnu ~cstw
cusmwpruTww ,oucaPru -nursu~nu~rco, bcs~wcrubaw .(snwe3 paqlv) Pmcw
P5pmpb PuuPmpcrucwru mcwww oPrue@~ bcs~wmanb u(4u oua
wpruTww .PuuPmoru pcnrmcrucso PuumcsTcrucno~lo, oceyyu~a3 wcs~&~wpru
Tww gq,-crao SK(9spw oPm-W oPruTm :m .-wPwvYN) ocuswpru
Tww ,ucru~oFta~w ~PmPwmcscB~wPuucms~wcv suswaicrubp~w tmcmw
Twaru7 Pw~ww oPuomcscBmwsmPanruw Paw {wcw pmwsm &cs~wwcraa
&S plwmcrul~z~w bcs~w~pcnu ~ouawpruTuw u~scmFpww c6 BPra
~nmw oPwcw Ftcr~cn7cwca~wp6~0 ~Pwcw mbpccnm .puuPowaaw oP&cFa
wtm owpb~ -cuscraDLwp mcmwbcuruv Pwp:-mcrucnlb ,;PuuPwtam tmc0 z 1
wfiYvcm :PuuP.~~crua P5cnuaPm ppww~cruraw~ !PuuPw~wta wcscslw owsacw
oc~wcsESPw~wpwole, :mwmmaPnl ocusmsrotw uuPwsw p&rwcocs gum
cbam mcwwmcw racsprucwa uub (easne~l) ,m~wcwa, bcslw7pcnu
.PuuYh~cs ~PmwPwcwrxcorrww wcsruw Pru~oPt~a~w b oPmw
?wcra~%bwm pTwPwm qnwtw~m~aru ~csLwrw(w~wew bcsw ptpwrnan? SSPw
cruPstacua 3cswmurus~wru7 .PuuPw&wta ptwTuPwm caup ESPmPuuucscaw
ptorvw PWLUJW oc~acsru~PmP8P~ oPuucusc9c:wTww gucw orwcmTww ~6
uuPwtsfp.Pw (ssaussalawoq) mruw mcmw\pawrus, .B~uuPrucwcwpraPru
Pwrum cmarwwt~supaPno cmaFpbw Pae pPwmcs~rucs, ~~7suPwmwtcu
Pm- a,cuscmym-aw Sbsa~5~ru Pwraa~~~mq~~b~ .ouwepruTww -ucm
msPo scs?mwceuc.~~Vb uuPwpaPww twTru p~mSTwpb e,-ucuucracstS
~lasmanW wcmmrul scsP3w~vcrurw~w~nuw (uo!gr?ua!lv) ocusawpruTww
.pmtocm LmcmLwourucuwprww Paw oocru
rw~w-pm _wcmscstra~zJ~wyu~ oPmscsPacwPwPbr(4u oPmscsPawwp owwaw
~rawcruaPwuuPw~,mw? gucwcwmLm wcs~m~mcru
Pmbs :puuPwcmPmwcw?onu Puc~crwoPwsu omw? ~PwcruPw~~ecmaocu,
pcmPmrmuruw ~ci%~w~ww ,PuPwPwmq&n) Pwlwnocwlonu ~Prurqucrue,
wS ofiPscauusomwcs .puuPqspTno orwcwNnu nwcmmcrwaruem GB?&oPw
wcsTuu?wcrw .orwcw?onu Pucmrarsumwww &cs~wrwwPwm@m GS .ow
~rup Pucmw~cm ~P~scstrn~~w~rtpLFPocm .onocw>onu PucmrmurucTwruw
a~9wop~Pww oPmTwPwm c&@ p~wwp~x puuPwPsi%~Sru(s PwTwPwm
(6u!aq 40 JnoAe4 aql) oocnuru1 scsPmrmsZ -ucmw iwtw plwmcru?~sw below
nuwee .tayyiw ~cmwbm mempZ mowlcm scs~wPm~bm wcsno
co?ono .onssPorw~w~nuw ~ucmmruw uuPuwracs~wrucaru1~w oPruwcano
oPrunoc~onu .&,mL6w gucwcra~~wm 7uuceu~9mcscllsmcwwcwo oPwTwPwm
WWC9CQna '~PRDL~W ?W~W~(PKPTTU ~~wc~~~)~(s~~EIP~~cw~~~~ OPWCTUPW
wew ompw ~elwr~~onu~ ptmwnumwusupcmm oPrn~w(4u .oPwPsFGe+
LW weTwPwm wTwlw gz1wmeopcmm 0N)mUU .ocwm cSoEmscmpcmmw
c3a~pcmm ruS ~~ucSEmsosamcwslmru be~~~wcw ru~uu(4u (~!edsaa)
~moacrucmo '(Aloq3uelaw) wururu~cwa '(tuopaloq) wwmLru 'pcllscmrmuruw
wc8ru cwacruPw~mw~oanw Puuwemewmcu~ cwacruPwcrnl%ww pcww
~nv~rw .(qs!n6uv) onucw7onu Pcllscmrnr~uwu~mr~ &elwruaPwcoTwtar,
'Lwpw owcm nocmw~wanpco PwlwmwLru
GG pmnucrucscs Ps~uup ~pS~e6~csFpr= pcmT06m p~mralw uumcswprul
Pmw wCw7an nucra~~ww~noP~ U@ (pea~a 40 ida3uo3 aql) ,orvpwh~ u@
toha, mlwPs~cscrqh~ru? Pnupccnwp~w gz-pp~~ .wTwcutan PcuscmrusPww bcs~b tsmPm uuPw~spPno owpp (p~nsqe) mcwwcnoraw ~c~lscmm~nW o,Ps~ewa
~WP? wC~~Q)CP~ QDLSWWW s(~P~~~~LGCTUT~W~WQE) (us!~!~!N) OVC~UCWTW~~C
mlg16. oomwml&m m3imm3tm~ crumjo. rru3m3mj~vowo ny)0m3mi#. cdc93
mld dlmwloer mqodcrommpdjomw#, m m w i o m30rrum~mig+ d g w a w mm1
&jamw36m' mad c m m ~ v o ~ r n ~ ~ m ~ o r n m 1 m ~ dcwwm3mjmcm'. " m j m l e 2 9 d
m m l d m m j ~ r j . i I q f l m ~ o o u m m l o q m n n p ~ j m d d dcamdmk~mm36m'
m d m l d n m i w ~ m h ~ m 8 ' ~ . m m p j d ny)m od3m~rru~E;jdo mmnnmdim,
d d e d m l m3imcm i d c w m ~ p ~ & w ~ ~ . [nncw3(r]1& szlcu-Ima i&q&
mjm1.m~ m3imm3m" rmn3m0. dh"ld~c~dnulonjI 'aq mm~&jd(that man) ny)m
LdCW3Cno 2d0~ 633dm21hXU;~mO3sm'.
mm-mlm~dlnmwlos t d w m cmsjo m j m l o w aqwlcalmjm m c u m
w l d m m ~ l e r 3 m l n6)mm36ni m m o m mru~r$ mmjmlm~mnnlo~ did%
m3w ~mnncacuonlmnn~ m m o q mom c m 3 @ ~ & ~ l d my~o&3s1mnnj. m d m l m ~
o3dmml&caps dlnmw'ld ~ j d d m l & o m w ~ m ~ m m p j sz729nnmmlonfl m m l .
mqmcal&m (inwardness) 0ww3sm~ m j m l m l & o m o ~ ~ m mdrmnrno.aop-n
6. m ~ m l n n l d n m mol~jm~m3&~cmcmIm~ mjmpoca onom3dsjloq "m3d
d l n m l m ~ m ~ mmlm3d nd)rr;lml mdmlm~mlm- (I think, therefore I am)
ny)mm3dca~m~ cmm~dlnma)~os mslm3mldm3m0. mmjmilnn~m3oo 29
i d m 3 m 0 m ~ ~ l w l ~ ~ d&cao "m ,c~d 2@mjo&sm1 m3d dnmlmlcm~" (l am,
therefore I exist) ny)m djmlca, i d m 3 m o iddcal~&~~j. cmmnn~dlnmw~os m ~ s m o
ny)oq d m w # , m014 ny)onjl mmjmlm~mom". "rru29nnccm&m~o nlcal$mm~
m3w m j m l m ~ o man$ mom a q m m rmmnndd m ~ ~ o ~ s ~ m n n l o w s j m ~ m 3 d
~jmlmj rruruou'bojm~ ny)rmm~m? mrru'mlm~dlnmw~os mdccm&m"18. mm2
&jd oodmmjo rruomnnlmltmmm#; m m & m o m ~odmmjmom". mm~&j&
rruJ3minmjmj~mm#; m m d moon rru~3mimjm3m". d~cajmcmmld, oodm
ml&idrmo3mm@~os m ~ ~ w l ~ & m a m ~ l d &lscmj clnddj m~~lmlcalcm m m p j
m j m l o w sll29nnmmlo~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ 0 d p l m j @ m m ~ e c u m a m l c a m j 2 w d m l
w d mdd~nlc~3131&@36m".
.PUUPWL~W wcsPwPwm PwraaLmwenc@~w 0PuuuW p-JWLWLWLcurv uuPw
taw gnqwwan ~Pmracscrua oPruwmm oPrumcncla8Pw oPruocrunu ~puuPw~m,w
Pwrao~mowcms wcsTwPwm oP6c~aw~m PUL~C~WL~~WL~TV UOPWCIUSP~CW~
Pm wcscm~6w gucruPwPswcsawcs pwYa~uucnu PF~anuPwp-~wm?b
JuuParu tuusw p-JEmswsrau scsPmwTcruccu, scpw oPracF%~vucnkcau(4u p-~cow 1 z ~ancm~w cw~3w~wlm~aru uuPwcwPmuucsw PwtPmw oPramJo~3wwc mcm
Truaonu oPrawo~3~msuucnJ~ scsPww,, .ocnoacruc~oa Pu~~cmancalcu GZ .PuuPa3ru
pcmanca~w twm pcrwa?wcsusfmmoacF~ pl'hwm .~uscmmw(yu uu?w~anpm
caru scscwoTwcmcru1 pwLocrurwlwnow ()u~~uuo!snll!s!a) omoacrucmo
.PuuPwpJccrunu glxxlol
mow Scswwana~nu &Iw~wrqwYru OUL~QYTI 'LQ)TUPWP~&R@ .puuPq3wcs
oFl3rucs puutstw Pwpmo~Swmw wpm ~m~3wP3cw uuPap~rubts -wcm
wanowam 'RmPmuucsce, .puuParuwcscs oTw1(ncrnu ,wc~c~oPw~wcrwruw
OOIJ-UIJS "owacw EP~w~mwcum PwuuPw~p~aw ompw Pw~wo~rubts wLm(ooLpro
~upm .owscum Putscqw~ncwaru1o mcmwmcbp~w (~PwfixwaS wcsTw
Pwm ~cwmcsLmLscwaap &wLwrwlw-ow ~~~cmwsra~Ttsc~pm tiocs~ww
owam .puuPwcw pwq~~upyew i%SlmcmruaonuTcrucrw Pcuw mew
cum . puuPw~am Pwpcaw PKoS S&'PF~oPwwcsrw~w~nuw mcm~aan &csw OS
npcuu~wppwTwlan cloPw~sp?nu omcmaP"wTm p~wmcru?lsm bcs~nunm
ruampcx . -ws?uuPmoru pmmcrucscs PuurucsPu~?wcF:~wts onocw?ow omcruss 61
PTwTm ~cwct3w~~muruw,ruTV~ru ~Pruwam ~~Prunocw~onu w~wutsm~ru scsP3
wLocrurwLwca,nom .puuPwcw prum 013~19a11 _wcS~mcmnuca~w~? uutb~cs
.f%lrnPw?wcrrw 03cwauoru)u oPral~f%cslSwuw7m~w
Bwcm Pwollwv '~mcmuwwcoZ .ouru oPcmwPrucrnm~mmoo Pwn,cmw
oPcmlwPnawwpru~? oPSwlmcruZ EZYwcuvmcslwP~~~ra h e,.f%lcm~Pn,
cmwlmco oTmra scsPmlwBn, Paw ow?crnPsuscwePce,~~Pw~wcw~s~wYo
o8bsw pru~P8rn .nmPrnPruYoc~aPorn uu@ ,,jo~.13~1mrua~ wecmewcs~w@,,
p~wPvci-a U@ ,,~ocuswPswcse,wcs ?W@>,, .nu~m(~~ - 6u!q)n3) W?WLV
Fa~ru oPmcm&pfru 3ewwBovcnu P80 (uo!s!3-ap) owcmPmp Paw .SZp7a
worn oPruBacw uwsu9eZ orawwmcmwalu~ Paw PwfiPsmcswwcs
.u*scrnTw?wcro uvew omcmaruw aG p8Lwmpmw .-ucw'imcw mcrn
wruwcrxwlsm Pwuvrneuwlw1cmcmZ PwlcexpPru ~Pwsw PFPswcsmwe
omcwaruw ~PFL~PwS~WC~,P(T~C~ ~(s~~Fs~wcsww~~ .puuP~c~~ruEBPrn
m ~ w i m l & w j m m l d ou~3nn~nmjdcnnw~os cmmmow ~ m o a 1 3 w l
mommj arm o m o d m j (Descartes) mmi&jmrnqJ mmlonjl m m
wlmdmrmam milnnLnmm~a6mr-n~ r u 3 d g ~ . mcgnnmlonjl m r i l ~ d 3 w m l d
mrn~&~rnmcpJIm~ mjwo onncaocmnnsi~~ rnsm3rnjs m ~ ~ m y q m j m " . oylm3d
~ " n l l c m ~ m ~ (Spinoza) oam'ia~.ilmm- (Leibnitz) cm~ssmlwcud 25 cu3flom
a m l d m i . o p q 3 (Rousseau: d5carru~3cmlcml\mlm~m~ 1d3w3mjo m i & l
W&. d5mm3&3ocm n ~ j m l o @ ~ ) m m l ~ ? l w l a ~ ~ rru~~cminmjo m m ~ ~ c u l m o
m ~ d o g j m i megnno dam;. ~ m 3 m i c c u d (Kant) m3nnjmlwinm
m m @ i o s mrru3mlnu~o ~ ~ : ~ ~ q m m i ) o ~ m c u m j w s & m 3 o m m ~
gi. mmqloa$ mlwo m l d q a u m m ~ m ~ wm3dmrru~3nn~nmjo. cnnmeiloq
d m w l d oodcmmj(Spirit)mI~~~a$ oumw36m' fIUl3arRnJO. o o d n n m j d ~ q
( n ~ m d c m & m ~ ~ m ~ ou~~cmitm~o cmlml~olw~cu3fd mom rrunn3wl.m~mmi
rru~~cminmjmlogj~lh'lma m m q l d tolmjm, mlowpmmio mmq loq me3nrcmmld
rru~3cminm~o mdmconolmm3o1mm~0 cnncnd m r i l ~ d 3 w o ~ s i . wc~madrmo~
m l o q wsmmllh'lmamom mnmdnnlcmmom" r ru~om~mn~~ q m a m - mddrrum8
(Bergson) dlnmlgmT mcuesn13wc~lio rru~~cm~nm~cu~o am~cmomw3mmmi
mcgnno d0W~cmJ.
cmm~dnm&d ma~cmmgj mmsm30Cicmmco~~ mgi dlnm&rniomgpo rru~3m
inmjomm cuI&wo ~ o m M e u ~ w m ~ m l w l ~ ~ m " . 93 m~g3mlma dInm3ea3
d h o m &"lsmlw mmsm~nu'1.cmmm3w c~no3wlnulor?j (Freud) me l id3
w d d w p m l w i o s (reason) rru~cminmm3w i d ~ d m m o cuvl mm3icmm36m'
CIVJ3~LI - IT I jO a~h~mrcn'. mnnc c m m o m (ego) mmlo~qm~mcmla16 )scw
ems~m~cu1. molcuia~os 26&sm'o~1@ rmacm1~7Mm~crm3~3m" mnno
emswo m m l o ~ s ~ c m m i . mdis3m" oqedloq (Bertrand Russel) d m w l d
m3nnjmsqm@jos mr i~cuwn ld 2&&o@ mlwinm?m3d & v l w ~ c m ~ v ~ m ~
rru~3mimj0 a~lm~mcm'. s3cinl&nJi0 nu3m1nnl&cu~m3w cmsqmcd mxxn
~ q m l o m d o c o 2m3&30. n1jmldcom3w w3d~mI&mmlwler1os m m o w
mcml~9c1llm~crm~ rru~ocmltm~o mwjcoomjgcumo&io.
~PuuPwPsFdcsm~~m~ mcswcPuprwLwoow nstmru~ fo@m
l,cwcruPwcra~&wm ocuanpvTwlwcro racsLmwprwlwpw .p~Pwplw
rap Uew owcrao ~cuscwcwcsPwZ65 pruuutw~~~srPw~~o, oTwlwcru .Pu
?w1wru p~scwa oceurnu otrumca ~urubPw !$)csLwwcras QuTwPom nncw
uwrw ._pPuuPmoru Pwlpco oPuucuscscmco1cm pwrycwp5 53PP;~o
Pwwcsw~~~w~cncnnocru~ oPuui%csmwmcn~~cw~wcw ocuswroaw &ew
~PF~oPwwwTw~wcro '~~scw53Pcm~wruaP~~)~wuPw~a,w~van~ omanW
U& pcowlwrw guTwPwm oP3wmcmcw~~rw~w~w~1o, c%@ 53Pmse
bp5 oTwcrucuscmru1 U@ ,, -cuscw33PmxruaPm twpwu orwLwnww,,
&9dmcn3dcwlo$ ~ O W O . m r n ~ & j m l d ~ p l s ~ c n m ~ ~ 99 m e r m l d & ~ l w l
mam3sm'. 29 m a m l d &qlw1mad q)CA3910 c m 3 n n ~ o c n ~ r n ~ I m ~ ~ ~
wlmlm1o. amlmd mm1 mmrp$w3mlw3d m d m l m ~ d o q &~oomls l 33 2mdm me10 m a d ap,~cnnn'm~o .
.-ucww os~ruos mcm~alan bw~w7~wcrnu bw7w
Pcum .ormLw-num 9~9cmraw cmcmtruw~m~urueuu 0Prunnumaaem swPmcrucuw
bcs7wPwm ~t53PcmwPw~mcnu PwS woolcm fcu7wPcum . wuuTw~~~rup L E*
nupruapcra Pwscwcsovru uu(4u orw~w-nuem pccmmcsonuruw U@ (4las
-auo - 6u!ag) ,wPw~a~mh wcw, ~wwana~uw &wTwPwm Pcuscwuu(4u
(1 aq 01) wtw~a~cmcwcw f&~uu@ wPw~a~m:ruPw~nuru .-ucmopLw~wBru
Pwm '8cmwwww wnuTwPwm .trucwcwc~i~~&cum WWLOG mawlcm swtm
LwwruLmnu cmcmo~w~wPw~nuru .,cusccmwnurntrmu Tw~w~wwcraa .PuuPw
~~wrcuaw uucswmwwnu _nupruannucaa ~cF~oELwrruaem ompw swPm
wno pcnmcruww .c~lscmru~uo(4u wo~ru "Pmpcu'wp~v 'pcnwa ~Pcmcmwcrnru?
pruEtw~mcrw wcs~nogi~a~wcra uuPm~mccuv~,rncwmnu scsPocnmcrucscs
(696~ - ~88~ 's~adser i~e)O ~~roo~wcm wcw ,Z
~~c3w~mc~~ - uuPw~mcwu ~cwcm~%u,w
OW& '%~vLwL~~@P ~.CJE~~~TUFWCCW G3 ~~~Elas~'h~~~~oIrn '-WCC~'~PLWLW
cmcmLuLmpwem oPm~m~wPruTwPwrn ctsoce runo~~lnsstw QPCP 'ow
wnu 'oucum ~~ucmw~m~curu ofpiw~w oucuwpcwcu scsPmrum otra~w
ucscmmmoLwruPla, o,uaswcraLaw &cs~wrw~uu~wem scsPwu, ~cllscuurucsPuu
tw~wpru~u ~nocwmccn o7cmcmcswca otmwrtrw~(pwpTru scstwu, ot3wPFi;ts
wcsmwcs oPruTwlwcrnu scsPww omppcm@Lcs~ww .puotw7swecuwcs
ocw pcmuewwcsLu pcrwoPwtsw~~ce~ omwp tau ',uCmWLrnLcuru
(parqo) ocmcsuuu bqww o~~wwcs~P~wPce~)ca,cr(~ pcmTmra P~D mcmw
~m~curuem .Ip%m~~rn~cu~w oTuwcru p~wmpcmc3 ~wcwuoPw7scmcs
~swo gucm Pww ~i%LmTwlwcru Pw~w@ eP)umau(r" ~um~ufiruapcts
p23cru"cd&~uloq w"l6mmld m'3d&cmwp-g crudry3cmlmlmm~mm,
(being-in-itself) mama3 g ' 3 o o ~ m d 2@cm~o&3m36m' mmnios mmm"m1cmj
d m l o ou~3cminm~mlm~0 ~ ~ c u m l a q m 3 ~ ~ m d . mom rrumwo cru~3nninmjo
2@(mio&3m36m' qmlmi trudryomlmlmm rmam~rnil~olw3d & ~ l w i m
6 . W J ~ ~ ~ ~ J ~ ~ & Q ~ O ~ ~ J J ~ C ~ ~ ~ ~ C ~ N ~ W C T V J ) ~ ~ & Y I W J ~ T L I ~ & ~ ~ ~ m3d
a~wlmlmjm nuonndm~cm)3s~ m3Lcmmgj, q a i o s m p l ~ o c r n 3 mlejmi
c m 6 mcm7nnmmcw3s~o mnnod crllccowrnosm'. "mda(~mIm1mcmw~ -42
ng)6lq m)J3(mLmJo; dQ-, @DmJ n g ) ~ q ~ ~ 3 ~ l ~ ~ m m i l ~ ~ 6 I l 3 .
3. U l l d ~ m d ~rdlWmd (Gabriel Marcel, 1889-1973)
mmom&m3w &3'9Yq3sl~los cmamid~~mmilo~ m d m o ccmslw
~n0mj dm&m36m' cnisnflwcd mdmd. cmacgnnmlo~ &3lo'dn~3sld rru~acm
i m j m l a i o s ~cm'l~mlwcme mlcmmi 2wmjarm3~3m" m m d ~ l c m ~ m l m ~
mmdmmmjm~db~cmcm'. mmdaflooj cWl&wmowl mcrnj
cmmlerlos mmm~~aflgolcwm mnmrnj r r u ~ m ~ n m j o
mdme~loq m7&mmnrild rru~3nnimjo am1 mnnouj(mystety)rn36mY.
m3mjinnmmiloojlw~o w ~ m l w ~ o s w ~ o o m @ l q m l d rru~3nn~m~ommi mmw1
enm3m3clngj. ~jmldmm3w q 3 m m ~ 0 ew~cn~mm&dmwjo m~imem cru13nn
~mjmrmloq (n~w3drmomd 6 s m ~ l o g s ~ m ~ & w l @ i . o u ~ 3 c m ~ m j ~ o q mm1
w3w m d m o m m ~ l a 3 m l ( u 3 d mnnrrujo (mystery), idcro'mo (problem)
4nnlruow rndoud culmn?&dht~lmim~. wmjm~ml&"omow m"l1wld moLcmo
mm~Ia3mlm3d &vlwlma1w~6m' ~dcro'mo. mnnm)jrn3&02 cujmlmldo
m3wl mm~l??l~?~m~mcuw36m". x4ailnnw3~cmwld m3d ~ I W O &mlrnlslm
idcm'momm, o y ) m l m ~ m l m l y o l w ~ ~ &vlwio. 4 m 3 d s 7 n i l n n w ~ ~ ~ w l d
ny)orn memo o d q ~ m mnnclu~mmilonjl m m s o u m 4 m l m ~ rnlvlmm3wio
2dom3~3m3cuI5g. nn~awcmmld mlow~m ou'cmnnrn36mj mnnoujo mm
fp#??lE?3&33d cujmlow mnn1wlm~m6.
~~cru~racs~SwycwpS m~wPru .
pwpm ~~Pwwcswcraa Pmw scsPmmpcSts~ uuPm3ru PFLwPmw wcscw
ppcuva mcsru~P80 .PGbw?mw pwpm 593 ~WVSTUS U@J W~WCW~CUW
P;p~cwa mcsru~Pl)m ~cFouuPqmcm~SPw ~_~~cw~mrawcmru be~wF1ceu
ccrolnu pwpw uumcstwpmS Pwraa~wrawcm~~~?~wm Scsw~wBru owwa-W
PF~~i+le~ww Scswvaoracw .~wp~usPm~m@s) p~?&wm @csLrawpm ww Pmurus ~Pw~m~mwcscm~diw gucwLnor9nLru autupcru ,~mcruoPF~am,
.pcmo bcs~ww6am PuoPm~mcmwPw~m~~w ScswPmurus scsPmruw ww
wpcru Si3PF~oPwmcscwSc5~ racs~mm~wguPw .emupm PcuscScmuoPcu~wp~re
pcea lmcww~wwcscs p~?&cw~o~mocs Pwra~~~~Pm~wmw~raa ocuuw
wuuPw~wwo~w mLuscn~3cscmm %wPm3csmcusPm 9P - OP~~CSWP~UL~~W SCSP~LWTW scsww .~LCUSC~~DF~S~U ~WBOLC~O&~~P
0PuuLwpLmwPwran .SP,PuuPw~ara PWVWLW rru oruaPww scsPmw&ptru
bcsLwww@p pl3wmoruswwop .PuuPcuSru racscru3Pmw oP3cmuuPsFcsw
~wwo~w oP@cmuuPw~wwo-w .~uuPwlmcrruw wcmbFcsrutm ~csw~wb~
owwop wpcmcm 'm oPm3cscmw gucurum ~PuoPw~mw~mw ~cmh ~wTru
Pmw uuw@ pcw ~mc~m(~upca, ~PuuP6r=cs 0tmwPw~w Pwcuruw ~mcm
1wTru ?cut9 uucs(4u pew .(p)uuPw~ara PwtuUk oPoh IUcuscSlm@m ~wPru
Pmw wcsmruw %~~Pw~Elcuwrum ocru6sm sctra~Sm5ra raru meFp3ru
bcs~wwap ~PuuPqmov~nu pwpw Pcwcuscrcw~m~w? ocruwop
'PuuPwptw@ pwpm olmwcsmvlw ~Pmmcswo~cr,
.oPwpotw ancTw~? ptwmvYw scsPmtwTr> PwS puuPwcm&%pt~ oPmv
cwocru, nuc6crruoPwcoct6jw wcruPwpw Lmccssprui253Pgm scstratwmm@m
.puuPwtmw 3cswtwTru Pwraatwwcump)@m nucmTwlwcrw fuuPucw
pup0 tmcE'Ernswsra~ ocrxwlsw &w~wB~u?wcrw oPmwcsfmvccruacw
~PmwcsTmrup~,~~ uuPw~vTuo~wp~wcruwa~w .EtuuPml~w Pwpcmw
gucwsw PwwaoPlu 0Puu~wppuw 'OUQ):~ .fiww?wrw wruBYmw
mpcru q!.)w)(P,rw owtmmPruti@ 4uucwru~~~r~mvc~3~w owtmmPru8&h~
Pucw pwpm lmc3~laswsmTanrum ~cs~wrusPwcPw?wcrw oPmwcsPmv
ccruocu o?mwcsuuwanw .gecmw?wa scsP3mwanpv gumlmw3pm wr
U@ (ls!xa-o:, 01 S! pxa 01) Lp,pcmrwtw_nucCuhU orot(p)w, ~PBPmwPw
tzlra Pwtw& w&%pf~ &cs1wTw1wcrw &@(RV mawlcm swtratwe)ruw
.Pwp~-cs oPmwPocm Paw lmcmwpwcrxu,
tsem SPFtoPwcauucsTw1wcrw .pFfitmwiuw oTv@m wt~ &S "ucra
wpm oPratwucs(~aqng uye~) corustrus wt!lpcm TwuuPs'&nntow imcru
cwru mcwwan (d!qsuo!lela~ noyl - 1) &cs,wrtwiw ,LW - gucw, .pu
Th~(s ~~cmwPwcrowlcaurw oPmwem~w p,~cw o?m(~csh pmruw Tuu
Pocm ~mcmwlmtw ~cslwPw?wcmo pcrwaPocm tm@m ,.LW,, prum .-ucm
wPwlcncma~Z twecw omw ~mcruPw-wru cucsruw pcmaPucw lm@m
pruew,, wemruw .ptucmFpsPw scsPmwp i53PFtoPwmcsmpcStw .p
ucmman? Pms uPwsw pcosllsew &eLwTw1wcrw scstralw
wcrantru 'puuPwtS~ru uucsw ocrubaw nw.:~14u (uo!)ed!3!yed 40 hoayl)
owcovlnurwtcncacncs mcsmpcStw &csLwcruwap Ffitowruw pwpm
mm"mlmlm@Iu~o cud c~uo&iom3w mm"cm1cmro mm~&joq
036m'. O U m W J O S m m 416? Cd3RJO cd30'ld36)j~3mlo lTLXD7DQW
49 m m o w m m l a w l d mrn9~ f lm~m~rn i0 mmj&Jml mo~mcm dh91w~ . m
m ja jm l m3lmcm wm3drmommld mcru'dmlmjsl. rru~nmo 2mwjas 2 m
cacuoolmlo nglogsjcmmi eordom o u ~ & s l m w m " mmj&jcudmno. m m 3
mocmmmi, wmjmimmw3sml (Brute matter). m o p ~ m ~ p m rnoggl3 m m
& ~ J O p ~ ~ w l l m a ~ ~ s j m ~ . wuodcmorn3w mm"mIm~o c u m i m j m m d m l ~ .
m~m3rnamcm3m- wlo~drmo m m (True being). m m i m l m l m ~ ~ q)g381
mjo mdrmoo mei&immi w m ~ d ~ m m w ~ m " . mmic41Jmmmom.
wlo3d-ww~o mrn~@~mmavcrudo & ~ o h i r n egm36mU mm"m'kin~0
(existence).
m m m o mrnp1js24&mlo~ cmaslrmoomrru~so~m~m". mrn~nnl\oq n u ~ m
mom, nu3mjmw~o dmmm3w ouomjmwam3mj m m m o . mmlmJruod nllw?
m o ~ s j am2 m m (being towards death)woml mmi&)d. m m m o szlnllm
omm-~cpoa m o m rnladrmo&mosm'. m m m o a m 1 m3imm3mi o d a ~ l m 6 ;
m c r u ' d m ~ m l o q m n u 3 m ~ m wios ou3mjmow m m 1 (Possibility of the
impossibility of existence) m r a c ~ ~ dlmlmomlm~m~. m m m o m n u ~ m i m
m301 moo ~ o m " l a l m m o . ammo ru!~lwo6m' r u ~ m l m o m didQm9Wio
m r n ~ l a o m i m 6 . m m o m rnrjnmo m m " m 1 m ~ o m m ~ o l g ~ ~ mramcm3wo
50 mrawo&m~ a e l m j m J . e a o < & m l o q & d s m & ~ l d m l m cmodrnmom~
m m m o . oonnnumoloq dmtwlm3 mmmmlrnl nl lwlmo?js o u m w o m ~
moomm mrucmowmla3sn i mrni&joq ou~omlmjo mwl&~olmmowlml
mpn6.
&3admm (ternporality)auom~ az7dmmlonj) mo93m~ ~ J G D N O . mm&
&jrd &oamla10 &3amlm;l moimruio rmolml o d q i m a a i oumwom".
,a3admmwlo &3e1~10 amgl. &3acmm?oq Ldm340 @ q m 3 w cma cd3
oawc~sm'; G ~ O , cudmrmmorno, ~3-dl- moo cd3&jrnl mmi. &3a0 @g13
glalmlm". boadmm mrn ld jsqmi m3~mmow ~ m w ~ o s mp-nrn36m'. &3a
dmmmild ejmo m d m m ~ r n o a m w ~ ~ eoclnowwlo, cudmm3rno e~monmnwlo
e o ~ w w ~ o , e3dl ~ ~ m o m w i , m d m m o r n a m w ~ ~ ~dorno@p-n1. oonnrw
molonj) dmwl& m r n p j o c j o u ~ ~ m i m j o &3mdmmwld mwldolmm3
66. mrnifsljn8 c e 1 3 & m l c a a i @ o l w o ~ ~ w r n ~ 6 m ' 4 c ~ A m m ~ 0
(thrownness) am1 rn l~nn3wn~~cm3coo r n m l a ~ @ r u o m ~ ~ . mom3col mcru'm~
rmo~ml (Fact i~i ty)wom"~I. g,mldrn~mlo am1 *3mjo ~)(ms~w~mi: q o q
ca3&oum mjmlnlmmgl, m'9m~nn~m36mY. oonnnumolog e~&mild, og)anjl
9 m '&l~jm' (being - with)au3&.
ou~omim~m3mi ~ld!atnmlocr3f.m1m3mom ou~mrru&=. m o m
~ m j o m m l m i M w m m $ g l a l o s oannnumd c r n ~ m l m 3 m ~ c m ~ . m ~ e j
ommlorn mmpuj p s l M m m i l o ~ mmjnn~rmolml (facticity of Dasein) qml
nll@Im30. micnmly3aio ~ h > g p " e ~ ~ o mrnidtl~n8 ceI3&mmjmlceIm~ 401
38
mmlru3mjm3w a d o m qcc6portnm~mmId m3cmm~ nu~~~m~nmjo m s
mlwlmlm~mcm'. dlermlom nsmlmsw~ruomio mgj dle~mlom o m m o m
s i m ~ c u 3 m ~ 0 mrnimi &YICL~~G. mmios rnjderj@ cru3wjm&@Id dler
mlom m30 o m m o m s j m j m l i . 29 o m m o m s i g l a l o s mmnjos mmiml
m ~ o m m o m w 3 6 m ' m30 o m ' o o m s i m j m 6 . m m p s ~ " l l m o g m o m
q w l m l m m o r n m i ommorn~s~mj ru3mi@ ~9 &i~Icu1 nu~3m~nmjmo~m.
sruowm3osg30 ~ d w ~ m o ~ . . ~ ~ amj cru~3m~nm~rn~rn". crud(ll3dmwm~o (Tran-
scendence) nb)mom" oonnrucnd smlom nilslm~mcm'. 29 riuJ3mLnmjaj
dcww?2]36mY m30 mimjmcnflm3 mlmj d~onmnj cumbwio cerc~&ocmm mmjos
m j d d ~ d d & " o l m j & w ~ o s,dqimmi. rmdcy~mlm~m)lw3w 99 m ~ o m
~ n m j m l m ~ ~ o m r m j av~om3m~mlg. mmlonjl m p ~ j o m ~ m ~ m j m a u 3 a m m ~
dOW30 .
5. mladw3~3afmrdand (Nicholas Berdyaev, 1874-1948)
o & j d cmcmm~dlnm&rn~c~, mlomogomi mdoorG 'ou~~m~nmjcmmlo~
o3dmml&d' ng)m36m' molauo~s~mcm' . moqnnmloni) ma,mm&talowloer
dle~ ~dm)um3mm&d g186)30Ja mm1 cumimjrmj: 'mom o d o p . ~ d d m o m
C T U J ~ ~ L ~ ~ J Q - d a ~ n o o ~ a ~ m i d ~ ~ m j ' ~ ~ . ' a ~ q d ~ n m & s l ~ s
rul43alo ~13a&vbrn lw lo r n ~ 3 n n ~ n m j ~ d o P m m 3 ~ m ~ m j ~ ~ ~ . m s l m m o m
mmi laq ag3 m~nle3rumsler)o n g ) ~ l d C m I m ~ m d c o d 'ou~~cmlnm~mloq
mslm' (captive of freedom)wonilmlmb.
m d c n d o q meI~nl3wcmmld rru13nnlnmjrulo ' r r u~nn lnmmm~~~ ' (Free
will) amg. mcmwlo mlrmwjo m,9mlrn3mlm~m~@ rru~~nnlnai\mg wmodrmo
c1U3RnlnmJo. ~ 3 m 6 m 0 , m d a s u j m l w l d m l r m ~ o elmmomfl mmwjo drmwjo
c a d d m l q l m l d m l m mml tmru3nnjoucmjm~m". gnnj m3nnjm3w mlmjm3
m M m l mlajm3m". mdm3m2 'nn9m~m~mmlm~p-g rru~onnlnmjo' (freedom
of choice) w t a ~ d r m o n u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ j m g .
rIJJ3~OmJsNmm w~m'wrm?~,~wrn (individualism)cm3sl nnlamo
cmnnjo cromlwoglcm~ mdeod ~ 3 d m l c m i . mminnmloq m s l m m m l d
mlmj m ~ o n l s ~ m m l m ~ e w m ~ w ~ 6 m ~ mmj&jrd w~mlmonnom~w~nmmil
c u m j ~ l co lw~monnm~m" coacqnnmlog mradinl3a~o. cmacmjwyl m3m1
nnl& s"lmml& m&mlwmrwm& 9m3&3rd 2swmlm~. mdcodo$j
dnmwlulma crum~dm36m' w ~ m l m j frUJ3nnLnmJo mplidainnn'. crumjnnom m30
wr6nn~wcm'mcalm~&cm,3 m3~n~~~cm'&colmj&cw3 od~qj~cm3936mU crumlnno
momn r m a s ~ ~ ~ j d . G ~ O J C cruo"e~m q r m nne~mmld mlm~o criicmnnwlo
~ 3 6 d 3 R m J c L l J O m l o m &1~3mimaDjos mmmjewmlcaml ru!gmbcmr3cd
crumlnoo mmjmj cru~3cm~m~nrmlo~ mmiswo nnm~cmj. rruminnmgl mmlnn
doc$ j oodcmm~m3sm' (spirit) c 7 m i m j m~3m~nm~0 mmjcmcm'. ~ d w mmlnno
59 m3~nncm mmj&Jom w l c m 3 4 ~ $ m j & w ~ ~ ~ . m3mlnnl&cu~o mtyw~omml
&CllJm3W W J 3 ~ C O J o n l ~ " d F J > &WLd c&CIdm~ ~ n l 3 ~ m W W 3 d . m d c ~
d o 4 w ' l ~ m m l d cru~3nn~nm~o mw&ocromgl, &smw36m'. ou~ocm~m~wo
oI&d (Liberals) cru~~nn~~~ornrm ~ m m w m l c m ~ m ~ w ~ mraw&3oomowo6m' dam
m o m ~ c m d . rmawdmj m13~o~nm~omrmnn~ mmndgm@lglom oulrmamow
mwmwo6m'.
~Tcnulwcrcu, _wscmww~ta S3Pji~m~wiu1~cscs~ 'tESPmwPw~ara PwPw Z9"
Pwm oTw~wcr~ mcwwrwcan wowlcm gncrru:~Twfsm(9~ru ~wYwru1 WLW
cfnu@m n,PuTw~s~wYnu owm~sw Pw~wrw.w-nuw &wTwPwm orrmsruru?
w~wcts (;S p~wrrrcupowwS .mwruPw?lan &cs7wPwm owcrao p~~~~~
gnwruscsw ~lwscmwmlsw ESPmlmw~~w~wPa,~nuru cS Pwumcswmlsew
BPra~m~wYwru~ .owcrao oPmbw~wrwLwPup~w oTmbcs~wrusa,wpru
Pww :Awscmwcmo swTmwomw~wPwmwru iwYwru1 p~~wrrrcupm~S '-wscm -
uuww omwo~w oTm&cs~tcum oPm&w~wrou~wfru Pww pcwwsa,cw
www w~~amwmwo~w bcs~wPwlwcrnu ~w"wru? .19.p~u~w pp.wmw~
&w~wP(pu?wcrno PwmwoPsFw~a,1wpruo oaw? scsPm~wYwru? .-wscm(uo!t
-3!pe~)uo3) mwqw &cs~wTw?wcrrw ~a,ruPrlPw~i)ct%(4o ~wYwru1 ~Scwa
sp~mumonu uucs(4o, .mmPw~wm ~uastawmpew m~omo&m %mw?cm
orrmsrurq w~wcta GG PwuumwlwYwru? w~crururusw~ru &wpvopm
,PuuPocm ymcmm~sem swP3uasuPsp
Pm9 uww &WW guTwPwm uuPswo OrwwLmew ~woswPm~aYwru? 'pwom
cracu, _pcmb uPwcsusPraZ3lru uuwwp~mmw?mruru1 'PuuPswo ~PWP
L~@JD o,ma~wPwPwm oP3w~upw~w~ocnu ~Pruw?~wcw gncrwoPwcmSrav
ocuulm puuPucw gm~w5rauocw~1 nwscmww\'wPwm aswo owrvcmo pcmw
~cncs, oPuu~wp~Sw~www~rucru~ .nwscmS~a~~~w PF~manlCm 0Pnncm
%ptp c~w~wYwru? guTwPwm O~E~,OCW€~ .tuPwlw~w puapm inncSw
Sra Pracw uwmum &wTwPwm S3PmPscm:1-a9wrul ~Pscwarrmsrurul
.Puufocm ~mcmmPmb wcmru? fwruw ~ww &wL%wm
pLwwprauonua,(pua,Lw BPmcmt3uasfwruCm (;S .PuuPwpaPww gub~
Pwm gnuasfpnruhI mcmPruwl.a,uwhI oPruP~u(:m .PwsoPm~wYw~~ PULSC~W
mmlw uuTsFwPwru@m orwmmow 'TuPw!a~wPE~mw?@m pruw Pscma
rum~~~~9sPw owcwru? 'Pmcru 'ome '-&m pcwp~wraiw OrwLw-ww uscm cm
omcrwo pBwPwm 'ocuscucw .pcmoCwBwBru oPmw(wYwPwm oPm0~
Pwmnuru .cwcmuucsuu pPwPwm wnoouupvca, ~~twouupcsCwPwCw~w .pw
Psw Pcuscm, (~lasl!-~o~-6u!ag) c~uunuuwpuw 'cuscmrutcuru mcwS wcscuu
scsPcrowhu .&wFlspPhu otcu- PWZ .om~m,suucu, oPwpwPwCnoru CB&
uuPwcm~Pwru~ .omcru7ta~la, bcs~w~pcnu Purs~:uucuscscSwcwca~wru~ oPSw
~wcOru c%@ 4U~ra~wrGil9~IUI .OCWLSW oPtw& 00 ~csI.~~cI)~orul
crumw wnowLwc;a wcstwS ~Pca,wemcuus mpc~ (4las~!-u!-6u!ag) wnu
mrnu 'PuuPet-~~~~~wru'I oPmcmwmru1 Pw>pc(u~ f6toPwmcswnu EBPqwcuw
PuIm 'ecuscmwLo-wLmw ptwTwcrupcwoc(n U& _wPrwPw Pwpww
orwtwapw. owPcuP~ ~cs~wmLwcwra.rucww &cstuu~pcnu
.PuuP6~cs
~PmwPwPcu~mra~ g~twFtSrucs scsP~uptccuP~~~uu~~~uc~~) ~OLW~~CCW wcsw
wpofwIwcru GB .,.$wPuuPw~anpmccuru oPi3wonsrao oPSwnwcn7cuwS
USW &cstw~pc~ pcru?wciaL~wm oPru8cn rncst8wwp otruTm~urucsw
mcsLSwwanpu 'puuPwcmmmo~ruu)oyu oPfi~cmwcmru7 PcuscmwanpoTw7
uucro bcstw~pcno uuPsKcsL~rucs p~wnwcn7 GS '(ss~u~u!~~oN pue 6u!ag)
,,o?mwTwtan o?nownu,, bcs~uu~pcno c~lscmm~wor~o~~nucancwnu nocmw
wcr, oPru8f& wwPwc81w ~~oPwo?(m(l~e)ewcraa oPmweBwPwm
(consciousness) cu~ml(33m". m3dlmlaq m r i l ~ d o w m l d mlmn
m m w l a j m 3 & j m a m j aI l :~cumlaq (upsurge) noarn3w3mj m o d m
mm mlocu3 mmj&Jll8 9ml&jmcm'. mlm3rnemmilam m m j o d m m m
(Being-for-others) arm' m3dionj oil@hjmj. mm~mjrn3wl 6ntmoad~ m m
ny)m3mW gmlmdmo. ' m o d ' ny)mmj m i a d m m m a w m l d l n J m j a m 63 m,ld 'ny)anjl' ~ m m j m m j ~ d ~ m m m a w m ~ d n J m p ~ j . mmjrn3mml
&l105 &0fTlSm3c.UjCmC3gl c~~<LIc~Q$ Crnadd~mlo ; ~lo3drm0l3R3ld d j O m j
r u g a,mjrnj~j&w36m' mdo~am.
mod[mlwd m ~ 3 m ~ m j c ~ d m r n r n l a a mm~m3ou'~mdmm3w (onto-
logical) marn36m' m,njo md~mlolmjmcm'. m ~ d i d a q m r i l ~ d o w m l d
mlwmle jm~& (to exist) ny)m3d ~doidmlm~& ngmomdmo. mmjd j
m r n w l d m d & a d ~ m o w l m m j o mamwlgl. mmjos mdcajdl, admjrn:,
90, CIUJg3CLl0, (~ l i3Rdmo m ) ~ 5 6 3 3 1 ~ ~ 6 ) ~ # 3 0 mid&^$ l7&&6)$5jm~w#,
m , d ~ l a ~ s j m j m c u w 3 s m ' @'. mmowcm', mmjas mmwjo manjos
m l w j o emj m. rn3mjo4na,w~loAmj0 ~ d c u d m m m o a m ~ l d ~ n ~ u d a m l
m 3 m j s cm4mjrn3mrujo ~dcudmnnmo m a m w 3 d m a g m l d ~nlcupml a d q j
o i 3 d d w l m a d ~ c u m 3 m j r n t n ~ d j d ny)mj N ~ J O .
9P ---
'puuPwccpls)rucne,pw wp ZS3PPE1oPw
ws7(pomrrw ee,~wrow-rwcm ?cuscscrw~Pw~u1~)p~~1 acs~wwcs~uaswsmu
ratw~w~l cC3 .~~uasmm~w~l 0fuoccmcsruE; fF~momono wcsfiPswcs
awcs pcu~mcmcru~aw &csLOlpcrU .OVCru scsPcun1w ~cuscuocuscsccro~swPuasra(lu
fw~m7w?wcrcu, sc9Pww (/(l!s~anpe jo ~ua!3ua-o3) twan scsP3uaswsmratw
~wru) .pPmParuuuPw~ocru Pwu~scscmP3uas&e,t~vw ~ra~ce~l~er~~ gnwPF
Psc~lruswcuwcs uuPwsw ocw 'pcuo@ ~opcmu~cmPcu~w cmcmwpc7curuomrnu
oPw~cu) o7uu)Wcrcw scs?ww pcw@ %LU~P~EIRI wcsluocBom owcm
Pa~w ~acuscmmr-uvwcm ZS3Pwcm~ow wow vm~wcmb~w uoPwPsmcscw
.onrrupcusc~@ oruaPww &wtwrwcw?orw pc~@ omcrusa &wtwPwl
wcrcw .mpcm~stw ptw(qs!n6ue) nuco?o~~ PwuuParu Puusw Pwraatw
rus~ww scsPm~wPru ofw1wcrcw y.9cru~~uucs mwru oYrot)~% &cstwTw~
Ucrcu, &e& ocma uoPwcsusPwlw@ ppPm swPmwPwtan GS .oPwcw3PP
~oPw U@@ wPwlan ~P~twptww ~crroo7wc:wo gucm Pwraqmjmcs ~-wm
wLoc~cww oP6cFi;a(4u ~ca swPww ~mwcmucwcw swPmwPwtan guPwPwm
plpump pxqw?pccw .-wcwS owcm~sw bcs~wwmm~w uu3wuascucmrw
oPmwTwtan otrufwlwcrcw ~t%~mwPwtmccw ~Pw~~~t'wpru Paw cmolw
wcraa cm3~wTu'twm cwocru~wqw~mcrrw cw3,:ruPuruuPsFi;w~ta wwTw)ce,crrw
&wBwPwm .t%w cwa5~ww~wcmPa~w 15twgutm cwo5kwwFw oTw?wcrhu
.cuscmuuww - Puuw oPruTw?wcrcw oPmwPwtcn plmwp &wt~~pc~
a o m mlw~mlm~cmlm1~~3m3wl mltxml&m~on qg j r~3s j&osowgm
c , . ~ d m i rmolm,Wcra&o (Situation) 4m36m' rrus&cmj d~lmjm". mmj m l m l
decn,&mlcer ouJ~minmjmjm:)q; m ~ 3 m t m j m 1 erios m3lmcm ftunlml
dcm&m~m3czri. rmold d c ~ m & d o n j l m i6u jws&md a o r $ rmoao,
e~m&oao, a o r $ d j g ~ d : ~ s j & d , 4614 mds7d, 4orr$ m m m o 4ml
aw36m".
a~&l&3dmmgl, cma~rnilcm~dcom3w cmadmm3m" 2 d e s m e r m l m j
m&. a o q a . t w j o m m j d ~ l d m l m3m3 ommoms~&jrmm3m"
rmoao. mmila* n lcb Imlm,bd mra0cn?&mlm~cr~~3~3m~ O U J ~ ~ L T ~ ) J O O U J ~ ~ L C ~ ? J
rn~&~rmmi. c & m ~ m l d cepoen o ~ ~ q j o n ry)mlmj memmlmmimj cd3&3d
( T V J ~ C ~ ~ C R ~ I ~ ~ I ~ oy)mj n l O W j & CJCJ. cd3&3d ml~d?E6j(Tl7
mjo&3m3m" e&msmloa m:~mrruo ny)mlmi ~ d ~ s r u m u m ~ m i l e m ~ m ~ m ~ .
mold, m c m m l ~ d rruomj&3momrmm~ol3j doImjcu~13d cmacrn32j C ~ ~ C N ~ T R
am3cumj0 ny)mlmi ~ o m o n l m l ~ o ~ . cmac~od ry)oq rmowom e m i (..rmi)m
mum3wg m3m3 ~3sm~onccn'. q j l oq m m 0 m o d IBQ~I~ mlcrm3 n u f l & m l m j
&W%, o m m o s m n n s ~ m j & ~ 3 ~ ~ . m 3 n n i m j m l o q mrru3mlnujmmild
w m o d m o a m o w &omm3mjo cmadmdmo mg&3mj0 rru3nujmg. m 3 m
m 3 d m3n8 o m m o m s ~ m r m n a m j m3d 1d~dmmi14~o&3mlml~~0.2~1
ldcu~m1w36r6 a o q o~~~mi rn ) j o .
qnn&3ero am1 w3m3dnnnjm~d. m m j ez-dlm3wI m30 ~ d c w ~ u 1 1 ~ ~
o&3mlmlmim~. 2 m o m e1mtb3aom t d c w 3 ~ ~ m o ~ s ~ m ~ r m n n ~ m m ~ d ~ o q
a m j rru~mimm?m~m3m~n]~3mm~1~rn". g c ~ 3 9 j @ n ~ ) o q rrumldmom I B Q L ~ ~ ~
U~wJmj -4 B p & 3 B O U O ! ~ ( U ~ ~ ~ $ B ~ Q S mK?d(rnDo. 0JClllj &9lg dN3dcmm?~a
~srms lcw3s~ m3d m l d n]ia'8mjrmmi cmadomm mlerdmjo edmoocum
mlawlerjo mom~=7dm0 m d d w 3 m j s ~ ~ ~ t c n n n o o&3m3&. m c ~ 3 d e 3 d
W I ~ ml rmod einn&oao m c i m n c x ~ o cruoocncmJ~~o ou~~m1m~onmi~2 . acai
NO* qnn&3er0 ry)CA3910 a m j cd3e jdomrmId mrmacucruoml~jm~. &ommo
cmamlocrjj cmamludImou1e3cuo moon.
50 --
- IS --
pcuuw .oucum PucmoPrutom &w~wTw~crca &@W Si3PwcruPww~za ~u
am se~ww ~UL~CWW CPI~PSF~ULSC~ oompP~~@ ~ecw p~&w &wTwem ww
pcwccw SWPWW .ocuc"~p Puu~uPwcqp~w ~(;u~q,curu PuywTwka,crcw swPww
ouam pccm~wc~&wm Pw~war, .~uceqocrucu~mS pc- otw~wwmm be&
raecruauuww~ww~~ta !&W& pcw~ww ~p~loPm~w((mcmucum &W& PSFw
w~cuwi.wTn, Pweo .f3mcwcaL0ru7 taw mcw9'pPwcm oraruwo oucum .pu
cmlccvcru uuPwoPw Pwraa~mwTwtan :nucmru:~Pwcuw bwTwPwm oucum
~PuuPrn~~em uuw@ pcw LstwpLw
rum ~crwdooru ~cw8wm tuu~~~wcdwPwm f3cu Paw pccao .wccao Pucwem
cruoPuuPqoem wwwW uuw& pTtuem ~tiZGPucuupwpem uo& tuuuP(sezman1
pruw wcwcm~&wm UCI& .~SwPwmw pwPwrap @m n,cwaPwcwo
wwuoseo .c8acuscmwouw1wro Paw racscF~uueW ~Pwcuruem .ocw~ac~-w
Pw~w@ ~PuuucscmPw~wcrou &wrueo p-mlwralru uuPwwPru pma bw(4u
prow ~pcFPsc~lrusecuww &W& crumem ,ucwccao Pwuutwpw oopw~w
wrnccua~w ~P~~LoLA~, be@ cp~a~ePPw~~l ?8~ .~UP&F(S PWC(ZDWPW
SALV Lmccu([W1orcw ocw ~cwaPuoss~~w ~f3~u)Pwtucuru ~wPow~w7(PU1ocr(w
scsPww oPracruaowGpm .i%wuuPmru Puu~w p~uwwwpruru? swtaru~~t8m LWL~
LOP SFwwiyupFa~sw pcuob cBauc(~~~w~u bwpplwra~w Paw SFw
wp~Fo~sem p~ww uuwwwcscwcmcucrn~~ wwTwwcro sePww ~w~~(9tp
LQ)WL~OW P~~CU~WC~LUL~LO)~~ uwpcmm PQW \~w~wTwocrcw PwS .PuuPm~w
~mcmcf3wwra~ pccao uuww w~~wPscr~plswc~ww pc- omtmocmu3 bw'?ww
.'?LLU?~LS~~.! LWLWL~P Pw~wTw?wcrcw @13& orw~w-wem &wmruem .ELP~
PWL~LOCV fpw@ ~aww oo~rap~ru cmocw scsPm~~ruccupbx &W@
.cuscwYwpm mcwcaflwrw P~~cwecm FW~P #wcaol
wru pcwqwm gucw .&uuPwm~w~~ Pcw~nqscryw~nopw be@ ouwm
morno cmlsdw m ~ & g l a ~ t ~ s w o r n " . mdcamlo momjo nnmmla~m m r w o
dcgov lo cw0mdr41qdqmoafl101mlo. nB)mlml m o w h o d &vboomcnlow
ony)&JLcmmo nu'emnoo ny)m m~el~mmilcamj mwlmlnol. 4no3m-8 mdmonj
nIl317DLOJQmmi mdnncalmomorn~ m o d m"cmnnmmi1qos immlmlon6.
m m j o n j nu~ominm~om nd)oc$ m~ocminm~mmilml cLnewwrnom~mcmoml
mjcmnno. q,mmnPlmmmmilaios mmuo mlermldmorrii ~ c m m l g o d mm1 mm1
mmow &~gcmwmmi lcam~ mdlmlo. aqcnnnculo mnxaom 2d&mrnmom3d
m s m l m ~cmmmo6m'. acal 6)dnd&l~Iow maodmomo 6)dq~d qlcnnnly i
m m l o d q l m c u d mcuglos mjtnfld nlmopowogslcm& mczlglos cmcalcao mo~cm
m o r n j m w o d m ~ d ~ l r m d . d~onPlmmmmId m o e d m p x m j o ~ c m j mocm
worn". nAnulcmd nPlnu&om cn~omlmrcd nAnu&d nlcaoszwo~slm~. ocuoj
gorn" m30 mm~mjmowl a n r m l m j m mogornl moo m r w o . mm10 dca3szw
o ~ s l o . m303 o ruo jm~mcud m ~ a l m ~ c m o d nl~ccaocndw~o nnsqpgsj
ml. &ommo, mcuoq &qld qnoojl mlcmodmmmilonj mocmod &lslwlm".
PS-
otm~hw twT~6UPww ~ruP&w:~oru~ wwrqcmpem !&(so twra3(lm(r~ca scstra
~wwrvfip~w mcww~3ra uu(9u 8L.wQwPww tulscwruuotw~ap&,, 'tuotwf~raw
'tw~pcnu p~wwwpd~ m~wtru owcTnscTru (stworuf~raem p~wTwcruucwru',
uu@ , pdmrwotw Ywpwnu OrwLwpem, ptuutwfi~aoruem ~o(num
p mLocm bcsw ?w?pchu p~wwo~nuPru uuEu (lus!uelun~ pue lus!le!1ua1s!x3)
,otmwwpwcm ~Pruvcrurw~cpmow~ F~aw~oujuru7 p~w5rauracw m
.puuPwcwWwrnu (wQru mwcmscstrapruG 'owpw
mptw Pscworqw-3 $F?SUUPL~WI)(PN~ cmcmiQtromcmo 'pwsuscsw mcw
WUaGW ~LUW~W~F '-WC~U~W 'py~Pwt9 WC3 &C~~J?WW '~wPwLR~~IU
oTwcmcru? otw~wrw~vcruaw3 otwpi% scstmw gncmotwcwcBS ruem
~~~PwL~c~~Du~~Q~P~D ~UL~P~~~WCFCVW SOPUWUI QX3R)ctucsS ~u~Q~JDcw?~U~~FCP
o?runucranpruowcs wuwaru ~mcwruPdw PwpmaplancwQwtwm _upw
o?muucswuucs(4u orw~ocrumw3 bcs@ .-ueSuasw~wru? bcs~wmc~arw~vcru
aw3 GS uucsw~ci%Scsww?cyucrnwB~t9tm fi3cs~3umswscw bcs~w?pcnu .ouw
coc6w wcw ~cw~wpruru? scstra~wcucarPaw mcmw?wrnu wcscscP;o~Sw
oPuo~wp~wem 'oPwcwra?.wco~u19wpZ uocstu omcrworw~ocruaw3 CS .OM
ucw 0awPw~wTvc~a GS wcw ~stwp(3wapww C~DCES racs~ww~~tz
~ocwpwo~uashb oPhcFa(9u p~uu(4U ~Pvcr~a uu(4U ww
'-ucw7raPw ?w~wrwwrcu)py,w Pww 'ocmoru Yuwcsk
(ws!ueunq pasol3) ~vcrurw~mYwPww m~5wcsPFsem ovcrurwuumYwPww
&cs~wlpcw .E8pm~wcwmpw ouubow pcuut%cs~u?wPmru o?ru8cw
Paw P;~murwow wcsw~~~a3YwPu,w scsPwu, Pcaw Pwpcuuasuscsz oruucscs .p
'Ql$DPC9 ~U~~C~~DW~~CUW ~~UISWWWCW~P~EI OUIpPl U@ WQJLW~CWCWP~G~
@ochP;~mwo~u, rocsarancuG Pwlpcw ~mwcwn~maan7 puurucsPmoPw ~mcm
Twcn fip~w@ &csLwlpcm 53Psc3~rcp~wcr~~mran~G oPmLuet%cspLocm pcm
~wcranpmran~G 'puPwPaimrnp Pwlpcm @~wurucmcwop~~ -ucm~s
!wPscnoaw~wm~ 3cswPScu.1 usw PF~caup Puwcscm~swPonsrap oYw~w
Tcaulwcrw oPw~mrw~w~ww &(9w orwpo~rnrancuZ .LwP~@ gw~wom, Pwlpcw
~PuuwcscwTanru~ orucacwom PmcmcswcsonsZ ~~cruPwPs~csrutm owtmw Paw
wcl%~wPruwGpm ~Pruww!~ oPuuweuuPwp~(-, Pwc~manl@m wcsYwlwcrw
bcsmruom, oTwlwcrcw scsP~cmw ~nwcwuPrucucw owcww~~twccw &I(SLW
Tcpolwcru oPra~m~wPw uu@ (a~nle~al!~ S! leq~) .oTw~wcw ~usccau@,,
"232j&d" (The Flies) 4)m On~cmim rn~s&mloer rn3w&rnow
(Orestes) m3d~mloq rrUl3m~fm~f3d~m60~~i6)~ ~dmlm~nlm3omm rnlmld&
mod dow jm j . m 3 d ~ d w d d l n m w I d mrnj&jm~~mLnmjommm~ mrnjdj
mmmomw3m". m~3m~nmjrn36m' c u ~ m l w p s mcru'mlmlwsrnow m l d o ~ s i
m j m m i mlwo m ~ ~ n - $ ~ m k ~ ~ ~ j r n ~ m x o , ~ 3 o m mo93m10 mrnpdjrnPn% am
mom" mcru3d~mlw"a mm"m1m~dlnmwjos mqojmmlo. cmlrnjm3w m m m l d
rnlejmjm mrni&jd momw:mj m l m o s l7dmrn3s&mlo mdwlm3rujo
morulco3w&rnio mdcrnm3ru~om%30. aow0-6 202 o r u @ l o ~ s j m ~ m i .
wrucrndnn3mm3w 'mco~ lwdow mqw3mm3mlw~6m' '292jdhNmi
cru3d~mj mld&ejdrn md&Iwc~i. rn3w&rn3w ao9n-C moojl m m j m l m ~ m l o ~
crumj&d n l s d m b h j m enm13s3w ~dccncmkermi mlmlg c~3ru j~w36n i
29 m ~ ~ l d r u g 3 m " a o o r u d s * m d m ~ mim" moq mm ~l~omm' is3w~o
m m w p s &thom1&mjo moq clnmodocri) mcnn~omrnjmow ogailnu'cmrulmj~
&lsI m 3 e n j ~ m m o crnskwsjm:)rn3d moq hnmoclli mcnomm'rnomdom cola93
cerodrn rnsmi&wAo mcqdomm, ( U W ~ J & W ~ O oddm6. mdccnomld m3m
ml+Jmjm a o ~ m l o 4 mcnn:1aml2er&~so m m w i o s w j ~ m m ~ r n ~ o ~ w j o
&791d m r n ~ ~ d g Awrnmcdmi ~dml&3mo o1~93(Ta mrummo & o m l m l
rnw3dmjmi. mcumorn~ acqymi monjl m m n ~Igornm"~s3ow a&3%1m~.
m3d m s m l w o&c~e~d~m&ocmmrnjol~ m w o d a q msjcm dm3m3dml%.
o&3erd~m&mlerlos m~3minm~mmloq mmhmi rni&dm aoam" W m ~ 3 m
~ q c ~ r n ~ e c u ~ ~ ~ - L S W J ~ ~ W J O ~dccnodoe r aimm@jmowjo d m ~ r u d m i m ~ .
.Puut6~cs otcmwtwpcru7 omaw wcscauruoo 0Pow
Pra@3mlscrs otuu1wgru13ccmw pnruw pnc~:~uurusoru _nox%of3 g!JcsTU(Sma
o~cscscuuow pccmm~sw pnruw Pwp(4l!e~ peq) ,wrrmsruw6w, !&csiw~pcw
.imc3cwu p~wcwPrwccnopW wc8S oTcaulwcrw oPgruw .PuuPwccman
ruyurucwcmru pmw ~c~~~cwTmpcu~ccm owcw~wrul weru .PFlww
~cno~la, wcsTw)cn,cru bcsw pnruw cmcmpTwYru ~Pu~wgru~wwPucnopk
wcmlow oTw7wcrw ~wruuccm~rn~w~oru7 ~ucsLw(uo!)en~!s U! wopaa~4)Jwl
wcro racsiwY~~wcw, ~PwPm~cmccmw~m~mcw pnruw i~usruo Pwwwru
&cslo&ors .cs?yraZ -uc3ruwPscmcslwp31v ~wcmwcwuu O~CWLOP?
"ga&e;cs3: crnlwlnu', ny)om m m l m l . pz w a r n 1
mlmlo m m o d s j m l ny)r? lm~wo mml. m3d m m w p s mlw
m m & mmlmml+ j~o&3;~30 . 23 s ~ ~ ~ ~ l d m l m ~ o ng)o4
mcno3~mmlm6mlrm~0 ngmlm6mlmj0 ng)om m . f m l m ~ ... m a d
89 d U Z l I 3 ~ h n m l ~ ~ " .
19 -
cwwpcmo p-Jcmw otuu1w p~sw~w~0l.a~ uutwpw PwPF6Utwm OruVcscs
IuscwcsRmc6voLw wcsruwscs ."mtouuoPm yu!&rs pcmscscm~ccw ,. acssru ~uscwcs&a'~g,cnow otrurucfiarn otn)ms3caw mc~~l~t~ww .PuuPw
cmwfru Pw~pcw ocmwh 8,s scstraLnu810w ~~ucmwtw~mw~ pcwcm
ruvcscs omrw otmsstra~~~~wPruru~ caocw pfwfcum @cs~w>pcnu .&m
fovccw wtwlmlwa~w be o?wTw?wm oPru~vocse ~puu~wcw(puJwrw p~w
~cmm prubw pc~rwoP.t~c~~~~XP,r~ oPw>~wp~wwcs p~-ruXaw
&cs~w~pccw .nucmwcm~sw scsPcmcaup pnrl~w~pcrw omwo~waran~S
oTcau)ocrcw bcs& nucmaca h 16
oumcw epotw~m~mcws~wP~~ru~ww (ucw p1wmcsPmaca pca,
Pstw pcrutwmt~ ~oci33cw~P~~wru p~3cwo &em PWUCUUS
racscF;owcsacwP~mP~ Paw ,PuuPQ!pw%o, Pww .Pwp~cc L~Yruru7
be& cm 'cs7yraS .puuPw~wlrv ~w ccusocuususwPuu
PwLWm7h pew pcruPwcocf%Z 0)csWw :"cwUors
. ~mcwcBwswYcmm~~m pcw 26 pwf0 OFWLWLW F~S"FWPN, uuw@ Yuasw .pvocw
h@ "wcmc9w pcw coomsz cooqsm :nu&ow c
,puuPs
Fwwcwrum LW ~ouuowwLsm &w~crurr Yw?wcrnu :-nutonuo
.Pcco?Wlo,
LwLaLw awLwww~cWc0 Paw pncFG:,a meru :h~uow
~puuw cYw?wcrnu
Pww~w pcw ~uscw~wuuPwpt.ua uuw(4u :cl~towo
~PuuPo,lmcwPwtw~s~wPn.v
~mcww~~rnu uow@ Puasw meru .UUSW Pwm :-nu&os
~~ucacccopt~s~w~nu WwLw :ptonuo
.Bruca3ca $uwYwPww
m(9r- ~~~ocw~o,~~c~~c~ca swP3wmv 9w P~CO :nnuKbow
:PuuPW~3pPBruw weLOm p~ors pcE356wwcwrum pruoo"w
tmwo Puuwwcwcw PwF~s~wPnu oPowwmsruru7 oPcmwwYwPwm '~uscowPn,
o o m ~ q l d mnnayc~oomlw n o w o l m i o l ~ ~ a , g p s ca~dcami1~13m" c m ~ a d
ny)q~milwlmlm~mcm'. dcri lw m~sj&s?erlos msmlau w3~nnaiim7swIoer
cmlm3miscumd m w q l d a,spm-~ mrarnjtn3nnlo 9 m o m l . 1932 a m ~ a m l
29-30 nn7wml odsm" cmaw3.gId dla r n ~ g m . g i m 3 q m ~ . nnmlm~o mad
2clrcw3oilmim czrminnjmd&oio m e & e q rnm3j)o. mrmjcuom same
&qlm~czr3d mm308 cnoodmi &nnayleas~mmilm~mq. s r m i mnni nnom
o m 3 m i mcalom ny)sp.Jmimi ny)mau3dmi cnn3ml. mmm~nn&mlor$,
rnisuo &iao cmmomau'm~ m r a l ~ 3 d m i d m l q o l w o d &qIwimlgl.
odo5jom3m~ elcuouo c m a a ~ ~ ~ 8 m i mou"dnnlcami1o~ m m ~ s c u m ~ m 3
wl. mocmoai oulocmlnm~mmlon~ mm~eczrrn3wlmimi; 'm313 2m" ' am mcm3nnmm3w mmikao. czrdw 4em3 m m 0 ar916xmn~cd~aunn~cd3oerw~~
m m ~ s ~ m l . rn~dml2d doddwncs8 cugi s.f&mo &q lq~o&3mlmimcg3d
eaa lwd 4. qm m m i d j d oo3&~qlom oum94gi mm~djm'cmnnom
m1014 cuacnn3m3om idm~oilgi. ' m o d o o e c u m l d c r i l ~ ~ w l m ~ m l ~ .
&3mmo, ooeamlgl3owm~ cm3tdia-10 o(m@l(ni1&jm". dew, m3d q s i ancm~mlmp-mi 93. Q O O & J I ~ M mraw3cs3q d o m i : e m 3 0 m ~ 3 ~ nnlmi
&WJO .s, isIm~&w~~ o d g j m m i mmios allercwolw mrru'nnlnn~o mrom
& m ~ m n n l m ~ d . qm3d mmnps mou'dcm~dm3dhos w3ocm3mi mlm1
94 &mmcu~mlgl' .
&vlw~mlg. e~7dlm0 ammnum3c3mrm~ m w o d m ~ cmorml. azldlmo m d m
mim~m3omrm dlnm m m i m l a ~ ~ m l o ~ m3cm3a3omm~ m w o d mlml
g o l m ~ .
mmimlm~e~smcu~~ cdol mam l msom&Ialo oo3a,jqI& mlm3
m w l d mldmildg ng)mml ~mc:~owm~m-. m w 3 d m0cn7mmIa~0 m o d 1
m ~ m l e r ~ o mc~nml .am-mmnnjrn?. a q m m m o w & o m m l cru13nnlmjorn~
e m m l c a m l mml&itl~d &sm~tummomm3ml oo3&lql& m&&lrm mcm
mo. mcmJ&imo mm~&~r~~m~nm~m3sm' . 9mlrn~ rnmJ&jml 9mmm3
f lbJ0ld. d j m l m a m l d m m ~ & j c ~ j m W m w l o m~c~crmnm~omw~~ 2 a d m l
+i1m3m3mw c m ~ m 1 w w I e ~ ~ o ~ m3d im~ mmlm~mcm'.
' n u ~ 3 m t o m ~ m I c a r n ~ ~ nvIa,d (The Roads to freedom) ng)m idco3m
m"l&&mld m3dimj i ~ m ~ t w ~ a , c a l g coomd tmw~ m ~ ~ m ~ m j o m c 8 6 ) ~
o l q i m ~ j m I m m 7 d m m l o ~ grnrnmledcmrnm~36mV. " w ~ m l w ~ e s a,3&
(The age of Reason)mld m~:nnlmjo m1l&ml~~a~m3&jm mo~erd&
m o @ A ~ m " l & o h i m j . !g- cm~cumi&@lom m3w&&lo3d3~mrn3w mcmcul
rrulm~ (Mathieus) m~~cm~nmjo 6310~ mmnn9mnnw3m". mn3 m13nnlnmjmmld
&vlw3rI8 mw3d o & 3 d m j ( ~ 0 j . d o m mmi lm~@ 2 o j r n m d ml&"noa
m 2 ~ o m m i r n m ~ l e n m l w c p d m w 3 d ~nlwdmmmnnInnm3&31-13 nn7ca~
m3mlm~mj. "mlm3cm3dm" (The Reprieve)mld ny)mTiSQCmI3cYd36)10 m c m
w~milc3 rnagm@jm~cugmj. m~~~nn~nmjomm mom"lmIm~cm13d ~ n l w & m I
nlmo nlmlmlnno~sjomrm~ mwoui Amlg mcumomo, m~~nn~nm jo i n l w d m
m m l m ~ a s w ~ o m d mwod r~ma&jlaoml. m m o m r n g ~ ~ c u m ~ m 3 w l &a
nnlm~m, rnemwjmlam m30 ~3mimj. qndcmm@jos edmla3sm' 29
m d o . " m n n x U @ j o s cmam ormwxd mrmadbmmmf! c&w%Q. mmcmlnmjo
e9dw3 d.... ca3&0 dj&dsmnmlm~6X. momjo m d m ~ ~ l a 3 m " .... m c m
cujmi" mlmmcao ce3dqja&omdmjmj. m w 3 d drnePl&@lmo~si. m w 3 d
nu1nn~nmm3wl"~~. m13nnLmjo c.lnnlw3omm & ~ G ~ D S I ~ nu3d lq wo rn
mml. m~~nnlmdm1Caa mlm~rn3m j ~ 9 m i l s m l m ~ m m i .
cuscSunsTcuwc;nu wcrmu~sem %mT~lwcruac~~~~ .P%~noranp ?FOG ,. Polpcnu p(4u tcm~6w pcwpSru PScuuoPm u~mcsTcau7ocroTwPwm mowlcm
PwLw8pru~Scra~6coe ~-cuscmcmcrvoanl Pwuo~~ePS~~w~mcrno ocsW wcsw
anpvTwlwcrnu bcs~uolpcw gpc~ wcrmu~sw~ EZKscwonu~nuypcm
~IL~SP~WPW~O~LWP? ,. pcwwTru
acsSru oP3wSmv Puutm &G otra~Sww~e, oPm(wow~zs &e~wlpcnu .ofwnu
Pruscwuo%cs~uuPwcyoo PScrwoPm oPuu~w p~uuraw wcsmcuow o?rucncapla
p~aTwPwm mew ~PuuPwpc~~cw cmcs~wfn. ~cwmcsw oTw>wcr~~)wmP)
cruca oTwlwcro wmcrnwoLw GG .puuP~qpaPwem pTwPwm gncEaw
-cuscmwlcm PSpcmwmrucmwo~w wcsTwlwcrnu ~B~uutqwmcsPw(4u wcsruw
Pwem .pcwPcuscw pTwPwm wcswcrao PwcS~mcmwmcwanpcm~ p~w5ra~
c5 .tuoP6~cs o~cmw?wlwruorul ~wraa~wlat~ruaPww bwruw otcmwTwtan
oPrucwc070nu oPcmwPmzusPmm~~9am0~a) Pwrum ~~oPemm~~wTr0 bow
wmawl mcs~ .,wPwgwra~w Pruscwai)cm ~cruPwwranun, Pae pTwPwm sewem
.&mw?ucw omcmaruw cmccm~aw PwTwPwcg oPF~oPwwcsraw Pae &@LW
Pwlwcrw oPm~SwP3cwTvCm ~cs~wmccus~ar~w~~~Pw?wm ~Pra~wTmcrus
scs?~~~wTru '07m~bw ~cruPwPa~mmw pcrntpon p~wiawcmru ~PcmscsPS
WmCUl9lWPWCWfPLn, SC~P~WLWWW~P)~.Q)CP~ ~J~~Tw?wD ~~~&~(,~ww~ p7Cm
mruracw bcs~wem ww8cmcwp &cs~w>pcnu iWPF~oPwwcsTw~wcrw
Lcwran PwPmw bcsLwTceu7wcrw ~o~usocm i(mc3u~15cqd,ru P~wwwqpmcruta
~elwuutmwm1wTyu pw?vcwpZ racsLmwprwLoowem 3'SPmPFLoPwwcs
crutmw o?F~o?wmelwBru ._ucouu& wPuaaPsEcs~tm wcsuutmcw Pmcmcs
I.W~'P p~~3rucs scsP3aswanpo ~~hu,uppc~~ pm6o~cs oToW Tcu~wuuTw
~mwpc~cw oTwlwcrw mccmlman pccuLwes, ~P15'3tmwfw~ara oTwlwcru
mcmlo)an moolcm p~wuutmcw uuPwcwcf%S o?mcmtlC%ptru oTruTvl~mcv oPSv
mpcmcruo CB@ .caup m~ocm bcsiwlpcw Pu~tmi(mcw& -~cuscmwlcm pcnuo
'29 cm3&0, mmba3aj a1mpja8' am cm3melld m3d@aq mm"m1
OJEIdCAm0 &j6)0d36)1~1 ~ " d d S ~ 3 d ldmi?riOdm~mJ6& ~CI73ClJdbq mlS&-Jo
& 3 m p "~mnm3m"humld, & 4 w m d d , m ~ c a w ~ m ~ d , qrnldd, e3a
m m l d , na8nnlwld mm% am' gj ............ "108. " mmamjmlm~o mmcoim1 rnpxru
wj@mom-" (existence precedes essence) 4m cru3&mbd d m w j o s cmoczrd
a~nlm36mlomm~ dow30. ado; 0.~mla8 crumdcmom3da~m sml polM
m o m omojmj&womn'. e z m l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r n ~ c m ~ a ~ ~ ~ f h l d m3am~m) ~3rnj~u~m3&lrn3
dap-m~ ng)mwocd A n m l ~ ~ mqmva~o~s~om mam3dm3mcd mam cru&&sl
gmlom mw3d cnlmjo op~coifinj. rnoolrn~ol mj~rs;l&o@ L~~C.JL$~~O mw3cdm~
rmanu'm?m,y3~arrnm~0 cruo~mmcujo m&93m3&~ml%. m 4 1 rnmacmmw36mIm,~
~P~~PwcwwBru PuoW Pdwp~w PWLQIUU uocswPuo~w~~uow pcmw
omcrwo &csanmam ~Punscmm pLmwcno%~w (plpltsv (paucraw~tw Pwlmp
EBPmuucsw Puu~w ppuuw oumwce,ruTwem Scsw~ra~wwwporw~w~cwm
,-ucrasKcstiw BPuu~w plwwtmnu oumv~(c~turuTww patscF~gcv mcmmru
wl1cwcanwtmno .azwPuoPwpw~m~ ~cmuob I y~u~wsaPSmuxmm wcm
~cwcm~wpTw owtru~ta bcsb,, .R3~uoP~tppo ~wcw Pwpcmew 0P~uas
rarxwPuPw oPmbw?p oP%m~ oPcnoa Locm ~mcwwp~mrum uocswPwpcmm
~cmw .PuoPmru Lsusvacrua ?uusv scsfra~wnssvrul~w &cspux~usmwce,
ruBww oPwanmam racsLrarucwo uoW ,!uoPmrPm pvtum pa~~cro~uw,
Pwtmw~~nu orwrnuw~wvarucscl pcuub oPm.ePrucmw~&p~w ~DCWPWIJFFP
pas orwrnu mpaca uuteymsusPwtmw 'o~eqp$~~wruqstw ~SCPD~W~X
aw o?mtwPru cmaccs Elam owcPacBvlru pootuciaacwcs ~~uscmBuwpcmcm
Pm8 PwuurucsSuuaoru, ohwrwrnu ptmm~wmc:g ~~C~~WQJ(~O(DQIIU ~WLWWSQ)
wpr~lw~cwa .~~SPBL~W~PP~~UCW scs~~r~zi ~CSWO~OBW ~WG~U~DPUUS
mcwZ okwrorw 'Fwaono OULS~~(~UWC~P>~ .oPml6w vcruPwcral%wm
p~wuwrwacmytno PuucuscscSwrC%ptrup~~u ~~ID.~F~cP~W GS .owPmP~
scsPSwurucma& ~zi PuuPm~cmPuu&cs~tcluf~nuru1 Pw~wwanpvrwlwIP)now
p~-Swc~rxwrucwatmr~ oPm&cslwSmwa ~Pmbc.~wwmca ~Puuucscmwmcwm
omcrwacwmpBru scsPmcauwmco scsPmruw o'IuuucscmwP6~ 1mcwwFmca
Pmcs onssPorwj,woww pt3wPrarucwa oPmbesc:wwcw oPmbcswPwPm ~pcmm
moan7 ~Pwuumcs~cmmrna Pwp~wanpw~~wm~uru mcmwqww oPww
PwPm ~PWSCWC~ .pm~-soa op1wplrn-mra p~rucwaScmram oPwwW oPwm
istp -ucmwkm owwa?roj,we~~~ .cwcmscstra~Sw?raru~wa oPm&cswPwPm oPmbcs
SCWWC~ PwS~csm~~wro PwPsm pcwwcrrcru3cmram oc&mcsPrucwcw?onu
~PrumcrwacwBcutan oPruumwpruBwem uuPw~s_wYno ~mcw~nuonu~m
ml&m3w 2 e 3 m s 3 a (sub1imity)apo oow&ml&croml (intellectual force) m10 ~ O J
63. al. d ~ w r n l o mqImm10. ctnaum~os e r n 3 a a 1 & ~ l o a mmm'cmlcm~ n u ~ 3 c m l m j
1. Car1 Michalson, Christianity and the Exisfentialists, p. 3
2 2 0 ~ l & I o a Existence q t m d o m l m l mpjrn3wl aoglmlm3 Existentia a m 1 0 ~dammlad Existenz arm20 ~amlm8 Existence am20 pdcwocn lmpn~. rruom"&g m m l o a 'md w 3 m p I l ~ ) mlm~mom" m ' d m j m ~ o gm nloo rnaw3gmlm8 & s m i rumimmi . psn8m (t~eing) gm361-13 4 % ~ ao&&glalo @.rr ru3mlml hd3mpru m d m o &ejdlojlmlm~mmi. rnlwsowwow aoglmloa existentia gm do0 ex, stare d t f f l d f l m ~ o r m 3 d ' p w d q m l e j m p ' (to stand out) gm3
m d m o &lgmmi. m m ~ d l m w l a d 29 m d m c L n m f l l & m m m l m ~ rusom ~d3u13
mjrnbm". m m 3 0 ce13&rnnn3~w~mmmlh~ mrum3mom3os cnlsnilwd rndrrua3mU ' 4 & m 1 9 d & ~ m l m ~ ' g t m nlno mnilom&m3w mdrmom~dm&og3os m o j 0owI ~ d c w ~ c o l m m o d o m ~ o r u w j ~ rnlmlnl&mmo. e z l d c d o d m o d l m l o ~ a ~ m w s u n d m r u m m l ~ m ~ ~ u 3 n a d mdmm8 & o m & w o a m a a a 5 l m ~ m ~ 9.rr doo.
3. M.N. Sinha. A Primerof Exist~ntialism. p. 1
4. David E. Cwper. Existentia1i::m: A Reconstruction, p. 3
m m ~ ~ ~ m " m l m ~ m n n 1 0 ~ c ~ m r 4 i o m o w m ~ o l ~ O@QN~O nflmmomfi tdmlda o l g m d m l m ~ d l m & & m:~dsld oonnnorno36nS. p m w p s m m ~ o m o m m ~ o l g j C ~ D R J O od91ru3n8 t b v I r u 1 ~ p m rnmlwJm1 m3~mamwis i . m91 mlnn &dmq 2 m w j o m ~ a 7 a ~ o p ~ a w p s m3mom (ontology) mmo&la3m~ru3mis &vlcLng(. Exist am, dflo 'ex-ist' grmlsuoom d o w s m d l d n ( h y p h e n ) m l o ~ OUnn3
wom3osw1u3d oonnnofnd dacc,~ov~o p d c w ~ c n l q l l m l m p n ~ . rn rn~&~odmlm~ m104 m n n m o m c ~ ~ P n ~ j l m ~ r m m m " 99 ~dcworno. &306tno, mpeo&wow eI3glmIad ex, stare a rm7 ~ ~ f l w o d cdmprm3v3d existentia gm df lo pm3w
ommio g w d m i m l d m i & q m 3 6 m l mdmdrm0omm~o m p u b o u l d l ~ g p c#;13. num3mnlflmcd n lomn l1cwwm~mlw~d oonnnucoolo* 93 & o m m d mdrmomrnu~&sm3omm~ & : )mod &vlwio. Ecstacy ogm s o ~ l ~ q m ~ m l m i d d o m wompllm3mlml0 gmnldm366. m l ~ l m l m ~ m r ~ d ~ l w o r n m ~ (ewtacy) w e l g qmh d o m o d c m m l m m o & ~ m d s m i ' e z m m l d mlrmp mrgmm3allm~ m~om~nm~o aeInJ1 @m10 g w d m ~ C U l U O w l d ldcmcmly~ ogmJ036mCg3 mm6imno Em1 m1mmi.
Soren Kierkegaard, Concludin<j Unscientific Postscript, p. 268 (Hereafter referred to as S. Kierkegaard)
Jean Paul Sartre. Existentialis~n and Humanism, p. 28 (Hereafter referred to as J. P. Sartre)
John Macquarrie. Existentialisr~, p.14
rnmi&sr~oOa m~dmsrlmlmomrm a~lruom61lw~@ nncmm~dnm m n l l d ~ m o o m r m i mmamimlm~m3fll&d g o g a I k u ~ u 7 m p n ~ .
Carl Michalson. Christianity an)j the Existentialists, p. 3
Fernando Molina, Existentialis~n as Philosophy, p.2
Roger Troisfontaines. What is Existentialism, p. 5
William Barrett, Irrational Man, p. 34
mdrmonlidqm3w 8z1~lm.mmlor1$ m r n n m m r 3 ~ u ~ m & ~ l c w m ~ ~ ~ ~ m l w ~ o s (mnuew . a a m l m p 3 m ~ @ ~mrnm3wlm~rm~ mmjmlnn~m3~0. eoomjcnl9rdo~ ' m m p j d a@,w~ml&w~mmmild' (Man in the modem age) a r m & ~ m l w l d mm"m1 m~dlnmwps dml~mnlmmow m 6 r m o m w m ~ ~ o wadrmonlldqgm3w e n l m l m d e q m n o m ~ ~ j o nIlmml&lsni.
J. P. Sartre. Nausea, p. 180
Martin Heidegger. Being and 1;ime. p. 182 (Hereafter referred to as M. Heidegger)
Albert Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus. p. 22
mdrmom]m~nnow m m l ~ l n f l m ~ m 3 a r n ~ p#b13m)3m~m3arn3 mrnJ&Jmi ou3au~m g . &306ma, mm1 m m l w j ~ d & a d w p s mrumjexnm3m". m m j m p m n l m l d l mm10 cdm3milw~mowl am1 m3@~0 cm3dmml~3m c1?~3&mld &vlawmlmm~ mad& mlmiumowl m a n m : ~ & l m ~ m ~ ~ r n ~ w 3 m ~ # ~ mlmldmr lom &oml &m? & m l ~ m l m ~ m & .
J . P Sartre. Being and Nothin!lness, p615
David E. Cooper. Existentialis~n: A Reconstmction, P. 145
Francis J. Leswe. Existentia1i::m with or without God, P . l l
Max Bense. What is Existence - Philosophy, p. 4
19. M . Heidegger, Being and Tim?, p. 266
20. Karl Jaspers. Philosophy Vol. 2, p. 198
(Hereafter referred to as K. J,aspers)
21. J . P. Sartre, Being and Nothingness, p. 39
22. Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Bmther?Karamazov. p. 349
25. Robert E. Wood. Philosophy Ibday, p. l 06
mlc&womm& m ~ o m ~ n m j m ~ l m ~ ~ d o ~ o m j o m&&lm 4 9 l m l & o r n ~ o s me1:lldo
wmllma m ~ o m ~ n m ~ m l r n l m l a j m l m o & p m i Ldcuommowio mm2 mod~omrm m l a wlaom-, aajomm mlaw 'a# . mnom~nmjo a & j o c m s o d m d o w l a e l & moLm
m o m j o d a ~ ~ m 6 . monn~nago & l ~ I w m ~ o & o m ~ m o ~ m o a a j a m l a ? qmmri&wl mlg. mgi ~ N ( I O J ~ ~ &is1 IW~WIO~&ICE!I a a j o m o a o 6 & r n I a e o ~ s ~ & w ~ ~ ~ .
a a j o c m s l o w q m p 3 m ~ ~ @ modqo g m m l a w l a o d mJomLnmjo c u ~ m l w ~ o s
~ ~ l a l m m l l m a m d m d ~ d s f i ( ; m o & ~ m 6 .
26. Andrew W . Mellon. Philosoph),East and West, p. 305
27. Robert E. Wood, Philosophy T3day, pp. 110- 11 1
28. Fuad Nucho. Berdyaev's Philc~sophy: The Existential Paradox of
Freedom and Necessity, p. 1
29. David E. Cooper, Exi~tentialis~n: A Reconstruction, p. 147
30. S. Kierkegaard. Concluding Uiscientific Postscript, p. 317
31. Ibid pp. 119- 121
32. Williarn Hubben, Dostoyevsky, Kierkegaem: Nietzsche and Kafka, p. 31
33. S. Kierkegaard, Eitheror Vol. ' I . , p. 197
34. Francis J. Lescoe. Existentiali.;m With or Without God, p. 37
35. S. kierkegaard. Fearand Jrenibling, p. 59
oombnIl@low mcmd30 .gm & m o d o ~ m m o d r n m o r n ~ e ~ m l w ~ ~ s m a m l m 8 &v1
36 lbid p. 129
37. K. Jaspers. Philosophy Vol. 2, p.4
lbid p. 156
lbid p. 156
H . J. Blackham. Six Existentialist Thinkers, p. 50
K. Jaspers. Philosophy Vol. 2. 1. 162
lbid p. 174 ('Transcendence in not my freedom but it is in my freedom".)
Gabriel Marcel. The Existential background of human dignity, p. 52
(Hereafter referred to as G. Ma-cel)
G. Marcel. Metaphysical Joumifl. pp. 146 - 147
G. Marcel. The Mystery of Bein7 Vol. ii, p. 49
G. Marcel. Metaphysical Joumid, p. 222 ( ' l donot love him because of what he is. I love
what he is. I love what he is because he is he. I thus boldly anticipate all experience".)
Quoted by V.E. Smith. Idearner, of Today, p. 337
G. Marcel. Homo Viator, p. 28
Kaufman, Existentialism from 1)ostoyevsky to Sartre. pp. 213 -214
Existence qm n l o d r n l 'gtudmi mlejmi&' qm m d m o &ejdlqmi honnw cno3mc~3. c m m l m ~ i o m ~ 0)le~6)&3@1& qmm3mU mrni&p4 g m w p s mm1 cm&m. nnagiomra~ a r m ~ ,dcmocndoq mm~rn~mrawdmo 2mlh4 m$jo mnnim moos @ m o d . mrn,,&p7nilm0 aordlaulcaml nniomi 661sae~m m m 3 m". mJi7lJo gmWiGlS g ~ ~ 0 ~ 3 I 3 ? ~ ~ 0 nyl6)gSJWJ e 3 d 6 ) ~ U V J & S ~ ~ % ~ J & W ~ ~ ~ J
mrn~&hoo$ codmno. m w~bmno rnlocc~lg~mmm36m- ~ w l & 3 m l & a ~ w g m (authentic being)wi@mi. mJtnno m3rwjcm&~s momi m r n ~ ~ l r n ~ ~ r n ~ s o o ~ l ~ a3~cmo ni~~cnm3wlmlm~rmru6r~ 2mn onl3@w3m".
John Macquarrie, Marlin Heidc,gger. p. 30
M. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 174
Nicolas Berdyaev. Dream and Reality, p. 46 (Hereafter referred to as N. Berdyaev)
lbid p. 24
lbid p. 46
N . Berdyaev, The Destiny ofman, p. 11
N . Berdyaev, Slavery and Freedom, p. 82
N. Berdyaev. Dream and Reality, p.48
N. Berdyaev. SlaveryandFre@dom, p. 108
N. Berdyaev. Freedom and tho Spirit, p. 27
N. Berdyaev. Slavery and Freedcm P. 94
N. Berdyaev, Dream and Reality, p. 53
J. P. Sartre. Being and Nothingness, p. 27
lbid pp. 612 - 613
cln~owlnolo4 rnmsm3m7~mmilno~mmo~ m e 4 ~no3mwmima~mmlrn3wl W3dlRDi 2 n l ~ ? ~ ~ J ~ ~ Q ~ € b ~ @ l J o 6lLr93WlOUIWfd mjl~3mml6lU d@l
rno@ mracgdo rnlm~&mlm~~n~rn~6d. ~ d w h m l m ~ rnrn~&prn c~drnl~lmgmnnj edcmourrnmQg, rmmw3oanm36m~ rmod(mi1wfd dno3mo. rupml&d w a r n rnorn&oamld ~ d g ~ r m ~ n l ~ u p m l & d sp&3m~~rn3wI o & ~ ~ d m s m n n ~ 61s mlrrnjowm, o~nDoWlwlWfd milnu3mo mod~rml m~7&ml&~,dmng. m 3 d ~ m l o ~ iu9a6mml6 eadl&oao n1dmrn~m6aermmlce,m~ ~~Idlwjrm ~dl&lww36m~ ~dcupml. rnlanilejlalmjm 61mwr~unwlm? rnlmio ~ r n l w ~ m ~ c & m ~mwrmowl c a m j s moi~rnmmommi. :zdlos rnm~&pr$ (mlm~rn3rnw~o ~ C ~ ~ N J O ~ B Z I N rncrm-. 99 rnslmmornrul&nm~m16)~ dusllomarnldcw6m0 nu&milg9 m u m ~nm~~dcmrnom clnawlm~cmn~mlm'.
lbid p. 616
J. P. Sartre. Existentialism and Humanism, p. 34
J. P. Sartre. No Exit and three c,therplays, pp. 121-122
Janes collins. The existential is!^, p. 70
J. P Sartre. Being andNolhingiiess. p. 56
lbid p. 65
lbid p. 627
lbid p. 638
lbid p. 654
lbid p. 682
lbid p. 347
lbid p. 707
lbid p. 710
J. P Sartre. Existentialism anti Humanism, p. 28
lbid p. 45
Quoted by Wade Baskin. The Philosophy of Existentialism, p. 64
lbid p. 94
lbid p. 72
lbid D. 62
84. J. P. Sartre, Literaryand Philosophical Essays, p. 256
85. Quoted by Christina Howells. Sarfre: The Necessity of Freedom, p. 100
86. lbid p. 101
87. J. P Sartre. No Exit and Three otherplays, p. 103
88. ibid pp. 104 - 105
89. lbid p. 124
90. lbid p. 122
91. lbid p. 108
92, lbid ppl . 119- 121
mod(m1ool) mos&mogmlo lg~ mn3mrudommut msmmilw idmmjm mlmid& m3w cslod-2 coomj o l d r i a o ~ n u l o m ~ & l m i m ~ c u ~ m o w l s 3 ~ m3mmmjo o d g ~ m&. " m m m m l o ~ sammoa 4 a g s j m J me.ams3w rnornt-6 i&lm"m~alor$ ~dmlmpe3omm2 dow3o. mi~minmm3w m m p j d oonrum3m-. ce~o&o ~ Q O N
m o @ o m 3 m l o m&mmog6m3ml0 mlommilmlm~m~. ~nm3&mommi a3cm3 rujmlwlm3m- m l m ~ m ~ m l c m m d r n o ~ m i em1 m~cnm3wg cdwdmmly omm" m l d y w o m c ~ 3 " (George Rose Ridge. Meaningful choice in Sartre's dramma, French Review XXX. May 1957. p. 441).
93. J. P. Sartre, Nausea, pp. 164 - 165
95. J. P. Sartre, Iron in the Soul. 1'. 225
mndmlmnomm, cu jo6u joml .w~mxu lo~m~ ooo&th!ol)wlm~m3mr mnmlgwm3d oummwl~ oaimjmwp an-) ~ m m m m l d miodiml m o ~ ~ l & m ~ w l mrmanl~m~laq md. 1970 &@Id meJwo~mmleflomlw m l m es,wiml& ccmorue~~a~ le~~o cmomil ww lou dInm&d i d m l n o e l m p ~ o m m ~ ~ m ~ cmcrwwmow mlm7ammosni.
99. 40. sl. ruomiicerun3 mows, &Duo, rmanli. 418
101. e s , d m d s ~ &omaruloq 'i3 c & ' (The Plague) am cm3meflo4 ~mlm7~pmnJlo rmanv~m~mmilo~ dIa aouwnglo m m l d p d m l ~ c u m ~ a w ~ l m ~ ~ oumommaut &o6moru~mm3m-.
top related