Dyslexia

DYSLEXIA

DYSLEXIAHistorical PerspectiveIf a child's difficulty with reading could not be explained by low intelligence, poor eye sight, poor hearing, inadequate educational opportunities, or any other problem, then the child must be dyslexic.

Simple DefinitionDyslexia is an inherited condition that makes it extremely difficult to read, write, and spell in your native language—despite at least average intelligence.

A neurological model of dyslexiaNeurological model of dyslexia explains how a specific phonological deficit might arise, Based on a review of the neurology of dyslexia, the model specifies that:

1) Genetically determined focal cortical anomalies in specific left perisylvian language areas are the underlying cause of the phonological deficit;

2) This phonological deficit is the primary cause of reading impairment; 3) Under certain hormonal conditions during gestation, these cortical

anomalies induce secondary disruption in sensory pathways, notably in the thalamus. The disruption may even extend to further areas, like the posterior parietal cortex and even the cerebellum;

A Social Model of DyslexiaDyslexia is an experience that arises out of natural human diversity on the one hand and a world on the other where the early learning of literacy, and good personal organization and working memory is mistakenly used as a marker of ‘intelligence’.

The Phonological Model of Dyslexia

•The phonological model of dyslexia argues that dyslexics have impaired reading ability because they have a deficit in phonological processing.• According to this model, dyslexics have a difficult time with written language because they have an impaired ability to deconstruct written words into phonemes, thus preventing word identification. •This low level phonological deficit prevents words from reaching high level linguistic processing, which would allow the reader to gain meaning from the text. •Thus, dyslexics have intact memory and comprehension language processes that are not activated because they can only be activated after a word has been identified through phonological processing.

SIGN AND CLUES…

SIGN AND CLUES OF DYSLEXIA…

• Diagnosed for the first time in third grade. Since dyslexic readers often do not use a decoding strategy to identify a word and instead rely heavily on the surrounding context to figure out.

• Depend on context for understanding rather than written words de-coding.

• Poor spelling is often a sign of dyslexia.

• Handwriting [can] be an important clue to dyslexia.

© 2005-2007 Nemours BrightStart! Dyslexia Initiative. All rights reserved.

Symptoms of Possible Dyslexia in Young Children

• Difficulty recognizing and writing letters in kindergarten

• Difficulty connecting letters to their sounds

• Difficulty breaking words into syllables (e.g., baseball into base and ball)

• Difficulty recognizing rhyming words

© 2005-2007 Nemours BrightStart! Dyslexia Initiative. All rights reserved.

Symptoms of Possible Dyslexia in Young Children

• Difficulty identifying words with the same beginning or ending sounds

• Difficulty reading simple words that can be sounded out (e.g., big, cat)

• Difficulty remembering common, irregularly spelled words (e.g., said, who)

© 2005-2007 Nemours BrightStart! Dyslexia Initiative. All rights reserved.

Symptoms of Dyslexia in Children 8 years and Up

• Persistent difficulty decoding one-syllable regular words and recognizing common words.

• Difficulty reading small function words (e.g., of, that, to)

• Difficulty with spelling

• Mispronunciation of longer words

© 2005-2007 Nemours BrightStart! Dyslexia Initiative. All rights reserved.

Symptoms of Dyslexia in Children 8 years and Up

• Difficulty decoding multi-syllable words, especially the middle syllables

• Difficulty completing longer reading and writing assignments

• Slow reading rate and reduced comprehension

• Dislike or fear of reading and writing

(ALL SYMPTOMS DO NOT OCCUR WITH EVERYONE)

ORAL LANGUAGECHALLENGES

LISTENING

Memory for word sequence

(phone numbers, directions)

Poor PHONOLOGICAL

AWARENESS

ForeignLanguage

SPEAKING

Word Finding

Multi-syllables

SequencingIdeas

ForeignLanguage

SIGN AND CLUES…

WRITTEN LANGUAGECHALLENGES

(ALL SYMPTOMS DO NOT OCCUR WITH EVERYONE)

READING

Mechanics Comprehension

SpeedMechanics

Speed

SPELLING/WRITING

ExpressingIdeas

SIGN AND CLUES…

(ALL SYMPTOMS DO NOT OCCUR WITH EVERYONE)

ACCOMPANYING CHALLENGES(SENSORIMOTOR)

Oral MotorMessy Eating

Writing/knots Fingers

Eyes

Tired

Words Swim

LosePlace

Spatial Awareness

Up/Down

Left/Right

SIGN AND CLUES…

(ALL SYMPTOMS DO NOT OCCUR WITH EVERYONE)

ACCOMPANYING CHALLENGES(BEHAVIORAL)

Parents with similarchallenges

Brain / BehaviorDisorders

Attention /Executive Function

Anxiety

Depression

OCD

OppositionalBehavior

SIGN AND CLUES…

Causes And TypesThere are several types of dyslexia that can affect the child's ability to spell as well as read.

1. "Trauma dyslexia" usually occurs after some form of brain trauma or injury to the area of the brain that controls reading and writing.

2. A second type of dyslexia is referred to as "primary dyslexia." This type of dyslexia is a dysfunction of, rather than damage to, the left side of the brain (cerebral cortex) and does not change with age. Individuals with this type are rarely able to read above a fourth-grade level and may struggle with reading, spelling, and writing as adults. Primary dyslexia is passed in family lines through their genes (hereditary). It is found more often in boys than in girls.

4. Visual dyslexia is characterized by number and letter reversals and the inability to write symbols in the correct sequence.

3. A third type of dyslexia is referred to as "secondary" or "developmental dyslexia" and is felt to be caused by hormonal problems during the early stages of fetal development.

Developmental dyslexia diminishes as the child matures. It is also more common in boys.Dyslexia may affect several different functions.

5. Auditory dyslexiainvolves difficulty with sounds of letters or groups of letters. The sounds are perceived as jumbled or not heard correctly.

6. Dysgraphia refers to the child's difficulty holding and controlling a pencil so that the correct markings can be made on the paper.

Dyslexia Diagnosis Dyslexia is a difficult disorder to diagnose.

The testing determines the child's functional reading level and compares it to reading potential, which is evaluated by an intelligence test.

All aspects of the reading process are examined to pinpoint where the breakdown is occurring.

The testing assesses how a child takes in and processes information and what the child does with the information.

The tests determine whether a child learns better by hearing information (auditory), looking at information (visual), or doing something (kinesthetic).

The tests assess and determines how the child can perform better

When allowed to give information (output), When saying something (oral), or

When doing something with their hands (tactile-kinesthetic).

The tests also evaluate how all of these sensory systems (modalities) work in conjunction with each other.

DYSLEXIA ASSESSMENT

Dyslexic Evaluation check Lists:1.Dyslexia screening form2.A check list for dyslexia

A standard battery of tests can include, but is not limited to, the following:

1.Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III)2.Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC)3.Bender Gestalt Test of Visual Motor Perception4.Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery5.Peabody Individual Achievement Tests-Revised (PIAT)6.Kaufman Tests of Educational Achievement (KTEA)7.Beery Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration8.Test of Visual Perception (TVPS)9.Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language10.Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale11.Test of Auditory Perception (TAPS)12.Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised

Dyslexia Assessment

dyslexia_screeening_form.pdf

Dyslexic_Assessment.pdf

TYPES OF TREATMENT FOR DYSLEXIA

Before any treatment is started, an evaluation must be done to determine the child's

Specific area of disability.

The plan may be implemented in a Special Education setting or in the regular classroom.

An appropriate treatment plan will focus on strengthening the child's weaknesses while utilizing the strengths.

A direct approach may include a systematic study of phonics. ( phonological approach)

There are many theories about successful treatment for dyslexia, there is no actual cure for it. The school will develop a plan with the parent involving occupational therapist to meet the child's needs.

COPMPUTERIZED INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS:Computers are powerful tools for these children and should be utilized as much as possible. The child should be taught compensation and coping skills. Attention should be given to optimum learning conditions and alternative avenues for student performance

MULTISENSORY APPROACH:Techniques designed to help all the senses work together efficiently can also be used. Specific reading approaches that require a child to hear, see, say, and do something (multisensory), the Orton-Gillingham Method.

TreatmentSTARTS FROM PHONOLOGICAL

AWARENESS;

Fluent readers process text at a number of levels at the words, the sentence , the

conceptual and the topic level (Munro & Munro 1991-1994)

Out put is retained in short term working memory for various duration.

Retaining and processing is performed at different levels

Model of Language Acquisition (Smythe, 2005)

© 2005-2007 Nemours BrightStart! Dyslexia Initiative. All rights reserved.

Key Components OfResearch-based Reading Instruction

From the National Reading Panel, explicit, systematic instruction is essential in: Phonemic awareness Phonics Fluency Vocabulary Comprehension

© 2005-2007 Nemours BrightStart! Dyslexia Initiative. All rights reserved.

• Instruction in each of these reading skills is needed for every child and it is absolutely critical for any child who is struggling with reading, in which case, it must be moremore:

Intensive Multi-sensory Structured Explicit

Key Components OfResearch-based Reading Instruction

PHONICSPHONICS

IT MUST BE IT MUST BE TAUGHTTAUGHT

NEED NEED (SOUNDS) (SOUNDS) TO HOOK TO ABSTRACT TO HOOK TO ABSTRACT WRITTEN SYMBOLS (WRITTEN SYMBOLS (LETTERSLETTERS))

IT’S A LEARNED IT’S A LEARNED SKILLSKILL

PRONOUNCE THESE PRONOUNCE THESE WORDS…WORDS…

blitblit frachetfrachet

THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY, THINK ABOUT, AND MANIPULATE THE INDIVIDUAL THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY, THINK ABOUT, AND MANIPULATE THE INDIVIDUAL SOUNDS(PHONEMES) IN WORDSSOUNDS(PHONEMES) IN WORDS

THE IMPLICATION OF A THE IMPLICATION OF A GROWINGGROWING ABILITY TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL ABILITY TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL SOUNDS IN WORDS.SOUNDS IN WORDS.

PHONEMIC AWARENESSPHONEMIC AWARENESS

Torgesen, www.fcrr.org

MOST USEFUL METHODS OF READING INSTRUCTION ARE THOSE THAT STIMULATE THE BRAIN TO AUTOMATICALLY RECOGNIZE THE NUMBER, THE ORDER, AND THE IDENTITY OF SOUNDS WITHIN WORDS.

The brain must not only auditorily perceive, but also visually represent, sounds, letters, and words. This is known as Symbol Imagery (SI) and it appears to be a major factor in the creation of both independent reading fluency, as well as orthographic (standardized way of using a specific writing system) spelling.

SYMBOL IMAGERY

PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS

THE UNDERSTANDING THAT WORDS ARE MADE UP OFTHE UNDERSTANDING THAT WORDS ARE MADE UP OF

SMALL BITS OF SOUND – SMALL BITS OF SOUND – PHONOLOGICAL SENSITIVITYPHONOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY

INNATE IN A TYPICAL BRAIN RECEIVINGINNATE IN A TYPICAL BRAIN RECEIVING APPRO PRIATE LANG UAG E APPRO PRIATE LANG UAG E INPUTINPUT

Do the words Do the words catcat and and fatfat sound the same at the end? sound the same at the end?

What is the first sound in the word What is the first sound in the word manman??

Torgesen, www.fcrr.org

FLUENCYUltimately, the goal is to build the student’s auditory and visual processing systems to the level of independence so that they may show strong fluency in reading and writing.

COMPREHENSION

The ability to process language is a prerequisite to learning content. Specifically the ability to decode, the ability to retain sight words, the ability to spell, the ability to comprehend written and oral language, and the ability to think critically are all necessary for success in content areas.

EARLY READING DEVELOPMENT

BREAKING THE CODE

How it works?

1. Orthographic Representation

2. Phonological Representation

3. Associated decoding system

Activities

DECODING(MECHANICS)

LANGUAGECOMPREHENSION

READING COMPREHENSION+

RECIPE FOR READING

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING• WHAT FIRES TOGETHER, WIRES TOGETHER –

MULTIPLE SENSES STRENGTHEN PATHWAYS

• OPTIMAL ATTENTION

• CONSISTENT INPUT

• INTENSITY• SALIENT• FREQUENT • REPETITION, REPETITION, REPETITION

Alexander, 2003

TYPICAL LANGUAGE ACTIVATION AREAS

SPEECHPRODUCTIONAREA

AUDITORYPROCESSINGAREA

VISUAL-LANGUAGEASSOCIATION AREA

VISUAL /VERBALAREA

LEFT HEMISPHERE

© 2005-2007 Nemours BrightStart! Dyslexia Initiative. All rights reserved.

Risk Factors for Dyslexia

• Family history of dyslexia or other learning disabilities

• Low parental reading level

• Preschool language disorder, especially language comprehension disorder

• Low socioeconomic status and attendance at schools with a high poverty rate

© 2005-2007 Nemours BrightStart! Dyslexia Initiative. All rights reserved.

Examples Of Effective Programs

• Lindamood-Bell Learning Processes

• Wilson Language Training

• Language!

• Orton-Gillingham

• Barton Reading and Spelling System

Famous Dyslexics

Harry Anderson

A television personality, comedian and trickster. He is best known for his role as a judge on the situation comedy "Night Court" (1984-92)

Tom Cruise

A Golden Globe winning actor best known for his lead roles in Risky Business and Top Gun. He is also a film producer.

Susan Hampshire

Susan Hampshire is an English actress best known for her many television and film roles. She is most famous for her role in What Katy Did.

Pablo Picasso

Pablo Picasso was a Spanish painter, draughtsman, and sculptor who lived most of his adult life in France. He is best known for co-founding the Cubist movement and for the wide variety of styles embodied in his work.

Dyslexia writting[1]http://www.brainhe.com/students/types/dyslexia.html[2]http://www.cheapwebhostingservices.org/go/dyslexia-in-adults-test.html1) Dyslexia, by Sally E. Shaywitz , on the Scientific American web site 2) What is Dyslexia, by Roger P. Harrie and Carol Weller SITE, on the Kid Source web site 3) Advances in dyslexia research , on the Geocities web site 4)10 Years of Brain Imaging Research Shows The Brain Reads Sound by Sound , on the Healthy Place web site 5) Dyslexia and Brain Activity , on the Harvard web site 6) Dyslexia: Cultural Diversity and Biological Unity by Paulesu et al. , on the Science Magazine Online web site 7) Dyslexia: Same Brains, Different Languages by Laura Helmuth , on the Science Magazine Online web site 8) Fact Sheet: Dyslexia , on the Learning Disabilities Association web site 9) Beginning Reading And Phonological Awareness For Students With Learning Disabilities by Michael M. Behrmann , on the Kid Source web site 10) Brief Introduction to FMRI , on the FMRIB web site 11) I world multimedia Education, www.iwmme.com working for delayed learners. http://www.dyslexia-parent.com/mag30.html

References:

Timely Assessment and intervention with Educational Therapies is the answer.A.R.TPhone: 021-5344161Cell: 0300-2286662

Karachi, Pakistaneducational_therapies@yahoo.com Assessment If your child shows some of the symptoms. A comprehensive assessment is recommended: Teacher/Parents Training Certificate Course in the Teaching of Children with Dyslexia with certification from UK. Neuro Linguistic Programming A tool to assist children with Dyslexia Teaching strategies for dyslexic students are enhanced by the use of NLP.

Special education center for mentally retarded (intellectually challenged) childrenH-8/4, Islamabad.

National Institute of Psychology , Quaid-Azam University , Islamabad

Computerized System of Education Kindergarten

H No.75A Block, 6th road Rawalpindi, Pakistan.Ph: 0333 55 64 117

Working for Dyslexic children using multimedia education.