DR.N.KANAGARAJAN SENIOR CONSULTANT DEPT OF CARDIAC ANESTHESIA ICVD, MADRAS MEDICAL MISSION HOSPITAL CHENNAI.

DR.N.KANAGARAJANSENIOR CONSULTANT

DEPT OF CARDIAC ANESTHESIAICVD, MADRAS MEDICAL MISSION HOSPITAL

CHENNAI.

INTRODUCTIONPerioperative fluid therapy - Much controversy / Effects on the outcome

inconclusive Intravenous fluid resuscitation :

(a) fluid and electrolytes required for normal existence (daily maintenance) and

(b) resuscitation or replacement of abnormal losses.The “Recipe Book” approach

Callum KG et al (1999)

“ Errors in fluid management (usually fluid excess) were the most common cause of perioperative morbidity and mortality ”

(National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths)

1.PREOPERATIVE FLUID DEFICIT

2.INSENSIBLE LOSS

3.VOLUME AND ELECTROLYTES LOST THROUGH BODY SECRETIONS

4.BLOOD LOSS

MONITORING: a)Cardiac filling pressures:

CVP / PAOP or Wedge pressure.b)Static Volumetric variables:

i)Left ventricular end-diastolic volume(LVEDV) ii)Global end-diastolic volume(GEDV)

c)Dynamic variableStroke Volume Variation(SVV).

Cardiac output & MVO2.

BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS

RECOMMENDED APPROACH TO PERIOPERATIVE FLUID MANAGEMENT

A) CRYSTALLOID SOLUTIONS

VOLUME EFFECT OF CRYSTALLOIDS

B) COLLOID SOLUTIONS:

Has an oncotic pressure similar to that of plasma.

Remain within the intravascular space for a relatively long time

WHY DO WE NEED COLLOIDS?

B. COLLOIDS

ALBUMIN

There is no evidence to support routine administration of albumin in hypovolemic states.

Albumin administration may be beneficial in certain groups of critically ill patients.

Least Effective colloid

DEXTRANS

6% dextran 70

10% dextran 40

Mean molecular weight (Dalton).

70,000 40,000

Volume effect (hours)(Approx.).

5 3-4

Volume efficacy(%)(Approx.).

100 175-(200)

Maximum daily dose(g/kg).

1.5 1.5

GELATINS

Urea-cross-linked Gelatin.

Cross linked Gelatin

Succinylated Gelatin

Concentration (%) 3.5 5.5 4.0

Mean molecular weight(Dalton)

35000 30000 30000

Volume effect(hours)(approx)

1-3 1-3 1-3

Volume efficacy(%)(approx.)

80 80 80

Osmolarity 301 206 274

HYDROXYETHYL STARCHES

Importance of physicochemical characteristicsImportance of physicochemical characteristics

Degree of hydroxyethylation

Duration of volume effect

Concentration Initial values of volume effect

Substitution pattern Serum kinetics

C2/C6 RATIO Intravascular half life

Molecular weight Volume half life

CONCENTRATION AND SOLVENT

MEAN MOLECULAR WEIGHT

MOLAR SUBSTITUTION

C2/C6 RATIO

MAXIMUM DAILY DOSE ml/kg

HES 450/0.7

6% SALINE

480 0.7 5:1 20

HES 200/0.5

6% SALINE

10% SALINE

200 0.5 5:1 33

20

HES 130/0.42

6% SALINE

130 0.42 6:1 50

HES 130/0.4

6% SALINE

10% SALINE

130 0.4 9:1 50

33

HES 130/0.4

6%BALANCED SOLUTIONS

130 0.4 9:1 50

THIRD GENERATION HES 130/0.4

(Anesth Analg 2008;107:382–90)

Conclusion :Blood loss and transfusion requirements can be

significantly reduced in patients undergoing major surgery when using third generation HES 130/0.4 (Voluven) compared to second generation starch HES 200/0.5.

HES130/0.4 and HES 200/0.5 similar regarding volume efficacy in other studies,

HES 130/0.4 should be preferred to less rapidly metabolizable HES solutions in prevention and treatment of perioperative hypovolemia, especially if large volumes are required.

Conclusion: Voluven® (HES 130/0.4) and hetastarch are equally efficacious plasma volume substitutes however, HES 130/0.4 has a lesser effect on coagulation.

(Anesthesiology 2007;106:1120-7)

Accumulation and Tissue storageTetrastarches - Less tissue accumulation and

even in high doses pruritus is a not a clinical problem

Effect on Plasma bilirubin:Potato-derived HES 130/0.42 are the only tetra

starch to be absolutely contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

Conclusion:The administration of HES had no influence on renal function or need for RRT B J Anaesth 2007,98:216=24

Critical Care 2010, 14:R40

Conclusions: Volume expansion with low volume HES 130 kDa/0.4 was not associated with AKI.

Godet G et al Safety of HES 130/0.4 (Voluven®) in patients with

preoperative renal dysfunction undergoing abdominal aortic surgery: a prospective, randomized, controlled, parallel-group multicentre trial.

Euro J Anaesthesiol (2008), 25:986-994.

Sixty-five patients were randomly allocated to receive either 6% hydroxyethyl starch (Voluven®; n = 32) or 3% gelatin (Plasmion®; n = 33) for perioperative volume substitution. At baseline, renal function was impaired in all study patients

CONCLUSION

The choice of the colloid had no impact on renal safety parameters and outcome in patients with decreased renal function undergoing elective abdominal aortic surgery.

Special patient groups:

The waxy maize-derived tetra starch HES 130/0.4 has a well-documented safety profile in elderly patients.

Waxy maize-derived HES 130/0.4 is the only third generation HES with controlled clinical data in children.

BOLDT J et al(2008)

Prospective,randomised study50 patients aged 80 years-cardiac surgery using CPBPreop Serum albumin 3.5 mg/dL received either 5% Human Albumin or 6% HES 130/0.4 (Anesth Analg 107:1496 –1503)

Conclusion:In patients aged 80 yr showing hypoproteinemia before surgery, a HA-based intravascular volume replacement strategy was without benefit compared to 6% HES 130/0.4 with regard to inflammatory response, endothelial activation and kidney function.

SÜMPELMANN R et al Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42/6:1 for

perioperative plasma volume replacement in children: preliminary results of a European prospective multicenter observational postauthorization safety study (PASS)

(Paediatric Anaesth 2008;18:929-33)

316 patients (Day of birth – 12 years)All types of surgery including cardiac surgeryThe mean volume of infused HES 130/0.42 was

11 ± 4.8 ml·kg−1 (range, 5–42)

CONCLUSION

Moderate doses of HES 130/0.42 help to maintain cardiovascular stability and lead to only moderate changes in hemoglobin concentration and acid–base balance in children.

The probability of serious ADRs is lower than 1%.

HES 130/0.42 for PVE seems to be safe and effective even in neonates and small infants with normal renal function and coagulation.

Effect on microcirculation and Oxygenation:

Third generation HES 130/0.4 has positive effects on tissue oxygenation and microcirculation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery.

Improved micro perfusion and reduced endothelial swelling.

(Kimberger O et al Anesthesiology 2009)

(Anesth & Analg 2003;96:936-943)

CONCLUSIONS. In cardiac surgery patients aged 80 years, volume

therapy with HES 130/0.4 6% was associated with less marked changes in kidney function and a less marked endothelial inflammatory response than gelatin 4%.

(Br J Anaesth 2008; 100: 457–64)

Boldt J et al. Br J Anaesth 2008; 100: 457–64

Typically occurs only after the infusion of more than 3 l of normal saline

CARRIER SOLUTIONS

In a study involving 81 patients undergoing elective valve surgery or coronary artery bypass grafting, the waxy maize-derived tetra starch HES 130/0.4 was compared in two forms, either in a saline solution (Voluven®) or in a balanced solution (Volulyte®).

The authors concluded that it is probably unnecessary to use balanced solutions if only moderate infusions are required, whereas balanced colloids can be used to reduce chloride load when large volumes are required.

CONCLUSION:Optimization of perioperative fluid management may include a combination of fixed crystalloid administration to replace extravascular losses and avoiding fluid excess, together with individualized goal-directed colloid administration to maintain a maximal stroke volume. Acta Anesthesiol Scand

2009;53:843-851

Critical Care 2009, 13:R40

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS :The goal is to maintain the effective circulatory volume while avoiding interstitial fluid overload whenever possible.

Weight gain in elective surgical patients should be minimized in an attempt to achieve a ‘zero fluid balance status’.

Third generation HES (waxy maize starch- HES 130/0.4) are suitable to achieve this goal.