Dr. Stephane Shepherd - Swinburne University
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Swinburne
SCIENCE | TECHNOLOGY | INNOVATION | BUSINESS | DESIGN
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Assessing the risk and needs of Indigenous people in custody
Dr. Stephane Shepherd BA MA PhD
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Swinburne
SCIENCE | TECHNOLOGY | INNOVATION | BUSINESS | DESIGN
§ Forensic Risk Assessment and Treatment
§ Ecological Factors
§ Socio-Political Factors
§ Solutions
ViolenceRiskInstruments
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Comprehensive assessment encompassing a concert of empirically derived risk items which helps an evaluator estimate a clients
likelihood of future violence
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Swinburne
SCIENCE | TECHNOLOGY | INNOVATION | BUSINESS | DESIGN
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Ewert v Canada, 2015
Impugned Instruments
• PCL-R ● SORAG • STATIC-99 ● VRS-SO • V-RAG
“While there is no evidence that CSC’s use of these tools is unreasonable in respect to non-Aboriginal inmates, their use in respect to Aboriginal inmates overshoots the
objective because unreliable tests likely result in unreliable public safety risk assessments” - Judge Phelan
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Swinburne
SCIENCE | TECHNOLOGY | INNOVATION | BUSINESS | DESIGN
- Mono-cultural construction samples
- Bulk of validation research features white participants (Desmarais, Johnson, & Singh, 2016; Olver, Stockdale, & Wormith, 2014, 2009; Shepherd, 2015; Singh, Grann, & Fazel, 2011)
- Available research indicates higher scores for Indigenous offenders & lower predictive accuracy (Holsinger, Lowenkamp, & Latessa, 2006; Olver, Stockdale & Wormith, 2014; Rugge, 2006; Shepherd, Adams, McEntyre, & Walker, 2014; Shepherd, 2016; Shepherd & Fernandez, 2016;Wilson & Gutierrez, 2014; Wormith, Hogg, Guzzo, 2015; Wormith & Hogg, 2012)
- Low validity Culturally and Linguistically Diverse populations (Bennett, Leany, & Benuto, 2015; Chenane, Brenner, Steiner, & Ellison, 2015; Shepherd, Luebbers, Ferguson, Ogloff, & Dolan, 2014; Shepherd, Singh, & Fullam, 2015: Shepherd & Strand, 2016; Zhou et al., 2016)
- More ethnically heterogeneous a sample = lower predictive utility (Edens, Campbell & Weir, 2007; Singh, Grann & Fazel, 2011)
Cross-Cultural Validity?
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Crime Rates
Imprisonment Rates
Social Deprivation and Adversity Politics
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Social Deprivation and Adversity
Ø Multiple traumas Ø Intergenerational/Historical/Cumulative Ø Environmental Stressors Ø Loss of culture/purpose
Ø Poverty Ø Economic hardship
Ø Differential Access to services Ø Health Ø Legal Ø Housing Ø Employment Ø Education
Differences in life opportunities and exposure to stressors
Diminished agency, self-devaluation
Violence & Law breaking
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Swinburne
SCIENCE | TECHNOLOGY | INNOVATION | BUSINESS | DESIGN
Ø Mono-cultural lens
Ø One size fits all Ø Impacts on service provision
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Political Indifference?
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Swinburne
SCIENCE | TECHNOLOGY | INNOVATION | BUSINESS | DESIGN
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Culture
Ø Shapes behavior Ø Shapes explanatory models of health Ø Shapes health communication
Ø Affects health seeking behaviors Ø Impacts how providers respond
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Cultural Safety
1. A commitment to holistic care > Culturally designed services > Incorporation of Indigenous health models > Through-care/Cultural alternatives
2. A top-down commitment to a diversity > Diversity in decision making > Accountability
3. A commitment to critical self-awareness > Organisational reflexivity
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Final thoughts…..
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Swinburne
SCIENCE | TECHNOLOGY | INNOVATION | BUSINESS | DESIGN
Edens, J. F., Campbell, J. S., & Weir, J. M. (2007). youth psychopathy and criminal recidivism: A meta-analysis of the psychopathy checklist measures. Law and Human Behavior 31, 53–75. doi:10.1007/s10979-006-9019-y
Olver, M. E., Stockdale, K. C., & Wormith, J. S. (2014). Thirty years of research on the Level of Service scales: A meta-analytic examination of predictive accuracy and sources of variability. Psychological Assessment, 26,156-176.
Rugge, T. (2006). Risk assessment of male Aboriginal offenders: A 2006 perspective.
Ottawa, Canada: Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness.
Shepherd, S.M., Adams, Y., McEntyre, E., & Walker, R. (2014). Violence Risk Assessment in Australian Aboriginal
Offender populations – A review of the literature. Psychology, Public Policy & Law, 20(3). DOI: 10.1037/law0000017
Shepherd, S. M., Luebbers, S., Ferguson, M., Ogloff, J. R. P., & Dolan, M. (2013). The utility of the SAVRY
across ethnicity in Australian young offenders. Psychology, Public Policy and Law 20(1), 31- 45. DOI: 10.1037/a0033972.
Singh, J.P., Grann, M., & Fazel, S. (2011). A comparative study of violence risk assessment tools: A systematic
review and metaregression analysis of 68 studies involving 25,980 participants.
Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 499– 513. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.11.009
Wilson, H. A., & Gutierrez, L. (2014). Does One Size Fit All? A Meta-Analysis Examining the Predictive Ability of the Level of Service
Inventory (LSI) With Aboriginal Offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(2), 196-219. DOI: 10.1177/0093854813500958.
Wormith, J. S., Hogg, S. M., & Guzzo, L. (2015). The Predictive Validity of the LS/CMI with Aboriginal Offenders in Canada.
Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42(5). DOI: 10/1177/0093854814552843
Nebraska Indian Tribal College, Omaha Indian Reservation 30th October, 2015
References
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