Dr. Kari Frank (Pennsylvania State University) Supernova 1987A · ViewSpace –Supernova 1987A: Three Decades of Explosive Revelations NASA Press-Releases: 2017 –The Dawn of a New
Post on 26-May-2020
2 Views
Preview:
Transcript
Supernova 1987A:
The Supernova of a Lifetime
Dr. Kari Frank (Pennsylvania State University)
Dr. Steven Boggs (UC San Diego)
Dr. Robert Kirshner (Harvard University; Gordon and
Betty Moore Foundation)
Kimberly Arcand (Chandra/SAO)
Facilitator: Brandon Lawton (STScI)
Science Briefing
April 13, 2017
Additional Resources
http://nasawavelength.org/list/1728
2
Videos:
Hubble Chronicles Brightening of Ring around an Exploded Star
ViewSpace – Supernova 1987A: Three Decades of Explosive
Revelations
NASA Press-Releases:
2017 – The Dawn of a New Era for Supernova 1987A
2015 – Star Explosion is Lopsided, Finds NASA’s NuSTAR
Featured Activities:
3D Printing the X-Ray Universe: SN 1987A
NASA 3D Resources
How to Build a Galaxy
Recoloring the Universe with Pencil Code
Additional Activities:
Supernova! Outreach Toolkit
Stellar Evolution: Our Cosmic Connection
Supernova Explosions
The Crawl of the Crab
Universe Discovery Guides – December
Astro101 Slidesets: From Supernovas to Planets
4
SN 1987AThe opportunity of a lifetime
• First visible nearby supernova in 400 years!• February 23, 1987• Large Magellanic Cloud (Milky Way
satellite galaxy)
• First …• Progenitor star identified• Observed with modern telescopes• Observed extensively in non-visible light
(X-ray, radio, infrared, …)• Long-term (decades) monitoring
Australian Astronomical Observatory
5
Produces elements used in future generations of stars,
planets, and people.
SN 1987A is the first (and so far only) opportunity see entire process.
Distributes elements for recycling.
A Window into the Past and Future
NASA/CXC/M.Weiss; X-ray: NASA/CXC/GSFC/U.Hwang & J.Laming
LingHK/Shutterstock.com
NASA/CXC/SAO
Massive Star
SupernovaSupernova Remnant
Past Future
6
Chandra’s X-ray Vision
• Expanding blast wave heats gas up to millions of degrees, causing it to glow with X-rays
• Chandra has looked at SN 1987A once or twice a year since it launched in 1999
NASA/CXC/NGST
ChandraNuSTAR
Radio Microwave Infrared Optical(Visible) Ultraviolet Gamma-ray
Increasing Energy Increasing Wavelength
X-ray
7
The First 17 Years with ChandraReading the star’s history
• The star expelled parts of its outer layers during its life.
• The expanding supernova blast wave lights up this material for us to see with Chandra.
• The denser the material, the brighter the X-rays.
9
Phase 2: Dense Clumps + Ring2003 - 2007
1 light year
Expanding at 15 million mph
Expanding at 4 million mph
14
The Picture So Far1999 - 2017
• Ring + clumps structure
• Asymmetric expansion implies lopsided explosion or stellar wind
15
Phase 5+: FutureNow - ??
• Probe earlier in star’s history
• Reflected blast wave illuminates shrapnel
16
SN 1987AA Window into the Past and Future
Chandra’s X-ray vision has illuminated the last stages
of the star’s life.
NASA/CXC/M.Weiss; X-ray: NASA/CXC/GSFC/U.Hwang & J.Laming
LingHK/Shutterstock.com
NASA/CXC/SAO
Massive Star
SupernovaSupernova Remnant
Past Future
Still more to come!
Lopsided explosion?
The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array(launched June 2012)
NuSTAR(3-79 keV)
NuSTAR Observations of SN 1987A
Steven Boggs
UC San Diego
Department of Physics17
18
Nuclear Gamma RaysStudying the Synthesis and
Distribution of the Elements
Giants (26Al)
• convective shell burning
Stars/Sun (many)
• ion acceleration
• ambient abundances
Interstellar Medium (26Al, 60Fe,...)
• Galactic history of nucleosynthesis
• formation, evolution and death of massive stars
• CR acceleration & interactions
Remnants (44Ti, 26Al, 106Sn)
• structure & dynamics
• ejection of heavy elements
• compact object formation
• discover young remnants
Supernovae (56Ni, 57Ni, 44Ti)
• understand the explosion mechanism
• abundances of synthesized elements
• structure & dynamics of ejecta
19
NuSTAR Observations of SN1987A
(Boggs & NuSTAR Team, Science 348, p. 670, 2015)
SN1987A Confirmed Core Collapse Model:• Neutrino burst confirmed collapse of the central core
• 56Co (0.07 M
) and 57Co (0.003) drive UVOIR lightcurve
SM1987A Surprises:• Progenitor was a blue supergiant (20 M
), not red
• 56Co lines emerged months before expected, heavy mixing
NuSTAR SN 1987A Objectives• Constrain models of nucleosynthesis in SN
1987A by measuring the 44Ti production.
• Reveal asymmetries in the explosion mechanism
and further constrain the explosion models
through the 44Ti emission line profile.
• Study HXR emission from remnant.
(NASA, ESA, P. Challis and
R. Kirshner Harvard-Smithsonian CfA)
T1/2 ~60 years
(NASA/JPL-Caltech)
21
NuSTAR Source & Background Regions
Source region
Background region
Optics cut off ~78.39 keV
Direct background subtraction
24
NuSTAR SN1987A 44Ti Yield
44Ti Yield: (1.5±0.3)×10-4 M
•Consistent with UVOIR lightcurves
•Points towards asymmetric explosion models
67.4 67.5 67.6 67.7 67.8 67.92×
10−
63×
10−
64×
10−
65×
10−
6
Flu
x (
pho
ton
s cm
−2 s
−1)
Line Energy (keV)
+
68%
90%
99%
25
44Ti Yield Estimates• UVOIR lightcurves and spectra: (0.5-2)×10-4 M
• Theory, network calculations: (0.5-2)×10-4 M
lower = spherically symmetric
higher = larger asymmetries
INTEGRAL yield
(high) Best Fit
(Seitenzahl, Timmes & Magkotsis 2014; includes
good summary of models and theory)
(Motizuki & Kumagai 2004)
26
Doppler Broadening: < 4,100 km/s FWHM
•0.56 +0.31/-0.45 keV FWHM @ 68 keV line (corrected)
•NuSTAR energy resolution 0.90 keV FWHM @ 68 keV
•Consistent with 56Co measurements of ~3,000 km/s FWHM
NuSTAR SN1987A 44Ti Doppler Broadening
27
NuSTAR SN1987A 44Ti Redshift
67.4 67.5 67.6 67.7 67.8 67.92×
10−
63×
10−
64×
10−
65×
10−
6
Flu
x (
pho
ton
s cm
−2 s
−1)
Line Energy (keV)
+
68%
90%
99%
Net redshift: 1000±400 km/s uncorrected
•0.23±0.09 keV @ 67.87 keV
•NuSTAR calibrated to better than 0.040 keV (3s)
SN 1987A recession: 286.7 km/s (unshocked gas)
•(Gröningsson et al., 2008)
Look-back effect: 50 km/s redhsift
•(Chan & Lingenfelter, 1987)
Corrected redshift: 700±400 km/s redhsift•Significant compared with broadening
•Requires large-scale asymmetry in the explosion
•Confirms earlier 56Co redshifts
•Consistent with the HST results (later)
28
(Tueller et al. 1990; Teegarden 1991)
More Surprises!
• 56Ni mixed out to ~3000 km/s FWHM (several times expected).
• ~500 km/s redshift (not blueshift!), but low significance.
56Co Spectra
29
UVOIR Lightcurves (late times)
Modeled 44Ti Yield: 1.4×10-4 M
HST Observations
(~4857 d) (Larsson et al. 2011)
44Ti positrons
X-ray heating
from shocks
R band B band
30
HST Observations near End of 44Ti-Powered Phase UVOIR spatially coincident with 44Ti ejecta HST-STIS 1999 August 18
HST 2000 June 11
Morphology & kinematics suggest
bipolar structure, elongated N-S[Ca II] l7300 line:
Net redshift (500 – 1700 km/s)
Confusion with [O II] l7320?
(Wang et al. 2002)
32
SN1987A Gamma-Ray Measurements Summary
56Co
• confirmation that nuclear decays power supernovae lightcurves
• 56Co Yield: 0.069 M
• early detection of 56Co emission (several months)
• 56Ni mixed out to ~3000 km/s FWHM (several times expected)
• ~500 km/s redshift (not blueshift!), but low significance
57Co
• further confirmation that nuclear decays power supernovae lightcurves
• 57Co Yield: 0.033 M
44Ti
• even further confirmation that nuclear decays power supernovae lightcurves
• study transition from supernovae to supernova remnant (powered by X-ray heating)
• 44Ti Yield: 1.5×10-4 M
• Points towards asymmetric explosion models
• Consistent with most UVOIR lightcurve models
• <4,100 km/s FWHM broadening, consistent with 56Co measurements
• 700 km/s redshift
• Points towards large-scale asymmetry in explosion, single-lobe explosion?
SN 1987A: The Supernova of a Lifetime
Robert P. KirshnerHarvard University
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
33
Hubble Chronicles Brightening of Ring around an Exploded Star
You can see the video, here:http://hubblesite.org/video/934/news_release/2017-08
39
Many messages!
Figure 9
Evolution of SN1987A and its Equatorial Ring. Top row -- Optical (Fransson et al. 2015). The brightness of the ring has been reduced by a factor 20 to make it
possible to see faint emission from the supernova debris and beyond the ring; Mi ddle Row -- 0.5 - 3 keV X-rays (Frank et al. 2015); Bottom Row -- 9 GHz (Ng.
et al. 2013). 43
Kimberly Arcand, Chandra/SAO, NASA’s Universe of
Learning. kkowal@cfa.harvard.edu @kimberlykowal 50
How can 3D modeling help experts and non-experts approach the different kinds of objects in space? Learn how 3D models are created with data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory/Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and other observatories. Use free CAD software to explore 3D modeling, and receive a 3D printed object after the workshop. The goal is to help learners understand the life cycles of stars and galaxies, while also experimenting with cutting-edge technology through both hardware and software.
79
Working with data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and other telescopes on topics from exploded stars, to star-forming regions, to the area around black holes, students learn basic coding (for beginners, no experience required) and follow a video tutorial to create a real world application of science, technology and even art. By enabling students to use real data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory, along with other astronomical data, this project helps show just how integral coding is in the pursuit of learning about our Universe.
82
Coming Soon: Stellar Origami & Lego builds for 3D SNRs
Kimberly Arcand, Chandra/SAO
NASA’s Universe of Learning
kkowal@cfa.harvard.edu
@kimberlykowal
85
To ensure we meet the needs of the education community (you!), NASA’s UoL is committed to performing regular evaluations, to determine the effectiveness of Professional Learning opportunities like the Science Briefings.
If you prefer not to participate in the evaluation process, you can opt out by contactingKay Ferrari <kay.a.ferrari@jpl.nasa.gov>.
This product is based upon work supported by NASA under award number NNX16AC65A. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
top related