DNA is very important Or How it can change the world.
Post on 13-Dec-2015
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Sometimes, they look like this:
Half-filled circles/ squares represent carriers, or heterozygous genotypes.
Mutations: the good, the bad, and the indifferent
• Point mutations
• Frame-shift mutations
• Not all mutations are bad – some make bacteria ANTI-BIOTIC RESISTANT.
Good for the bacteria, not-so-good for you!
• Some mutations result in no change
Mutations are changes in DNA
• Changes in DNA result in changes in the protein.
• Changes in the protein can introduce new characteristics (blonde hair)
• New traits can be passed to offspring
Mutations can change a population
• If new traits are advantageous, those individuals will have more offspring with the new traits.
• Over long periods of time, these populations can become new species.
• Species are defined as groups that can breed with each other and produce VIABLE offspring.
This is Natural Selection.
New species can develop if…
• Members of a populations are separated from each other (GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION)
• Members of two populations stop breeding with each other (REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION)
• Having an abnormal number of chromosomes (POLYPLOIDY)
Divergent Evolution
• One ancestral species leads to 2 new species
Ancestral Green Iguana
Marine Iguana
Land Iguana
Gradualism or Punctuated Equilibrium?
• Two ideas of how new species develop
Gradualism: lots of small changes in DNA over long periods of time
Punctuated Equilibrium: fewer, larger changes over long periods of time.
Gradualism
Punctuated Equilibrium
10 million years
10 million years
Notice the results of both are the same: CHANGE
A cladogram is like a family tree showing how things have changed.
Everything to the right of this point have Vertebrae
Point where common ancestors diverged
Shows relationships based on specific characteristics
Phylogenetic tree shows relationships between organisms.
A type of Cladogram that shows the relationships
between organisms with a common ancestor
Each “split” represents a common ancestor
Living things are grouped according to similarities
• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus • Species
Largest
Smallest
Binomial Nomenclature: scientific names are Genus and Species
Ex. Iguana iguana
• Homologous structures (homo=same) VS Analogous structures (not the same, but same function)
- bird wings and
bat wings
-bird wings and
insect wings
Living things are grouped according to similarities
• Embryology
Organisms that have
similar embryonic
development are more
closely related
Living things are grouped according to similarities
Dichotomous keys
• Species can be identified using a dichotomous key
• Series of “either / or” questions leading to the identification.
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