Dna Computing

DNA COMPUTING

Presented by:Tara Bhushan (IT_2008_018)

IT 2nd yearRCC Institute of Information Technology

Contents• Definition

• Internal Structure

• DNA Memory Function

• DNA Computer vs. Microchip Computer

• Limitations

• Future Possibilities

• Development Scale

• Environment Compatibility

• Conclusion

• References

DNA Computing

• A relatively new form of computing that, instead of using silicon-based technology, utilizes the abilities of the DNA molecule and biochemistry.

The DNA Molecule• The DNA is a double stranded

molecule.

• Each strand is based on 4 bases:• Adenine (A)• Thymine (T)• Cytosine (C)• Guanine (G)

The DNA Molecule• Those bases are linked through a

sugar (desoxyribose)

IMPORTANT:

• The linkage between bases has a direction.

• There are complementarities between bases (Watson-Crick).

(A) (T)

(C)(G)

DNA Memory A string composed of a series of four types of units

(nucleotides), DNA may be viewed as logic memory or gate.

Number System (Base 4):

Nucleotide

A

C

T

G

Complement Nucleotide

DNA binding process

Two strings of DNA are bonded by paired nucleotides A-C and C-G which may be considered as complements. Example:

Number TTACAG has a complement AATGTC

DNA Memory

DNAmemory strands

a t c g g

t c a t ag c a c t

0 0 0

a t c g g

t c a t a

1 0 1

t a g c c c g t g a

Making DNA Sequences

8

1010101011 GATCGACTAC

DNA Computing

DNA computer

DNA-Based Computers Microchip-Based Computers

slow at individual operations fast at individual operations

can do billions of operations simultaneously

can do substantially fewer operations simultaneously

can provide huge memory in small space

smaller memory

Require considerable preparations before

Immediate setup

DNA is sensitive to chemical deterioration

electronic data are vulnerable but can be backed up easily

Microchip computer Vs

Advantages• There is always plentiful supply of it, so it is a cheap resource.

• DNA biochips can be made cleanly and are not toxic like silicon chips.

• Extremely dense information storage. 1g of DNA can hold about 10^14 MB of data.

• DNA computers can be made many times smaller than today’s computers.

• Enormous parallelism. A test tube of DNA can do trillions operation at a time.

• Extraordinary energy efficiency. Consuming only 1 joule it can do 10^20 operations.

Limitations• DNA is redundant.

• The process required much human intervention.

• Automation would be required for a real computer.

• The computation time required to solve problems with a DNA computer does not grow exponentially, but amount of DNA required DOES.

• Suited for specific problems, difficult to generalize.

• DNA computing involves a relatively large amount of error a) During chain reaction; b) About 5% error occur during filteration process.

• Self Replication:

• Self Repair:

• DNA Computer mutation/evolution:

• New Meaning Of Virus:

Future possibilities

Development Scale

Research1950’s …

R.Feynman’spaper on sub microscopiccomputers

1994

L.Adleman solves Hamiltonian path problem using DNAField started

2000

Self powered DNA computer

Commercial1970’s …

DNA usedin bio application

1996

Human GenomeSequenced

2000

2002

Olympus computers

2018

Commercial computer ?

2003

Lucentbuilds DNA“motor”

Affymetrix sells GeneChipDNA analyzer

Development ScaleOlympus Computer

• First practical DNA Computer

• Tokyo (July 3rd, 2002)

• Olympus Optical Co. Ltd.

• First commercially practical DNA computer

• Specializes in gene analysis.

Development Scale

Israel’s First DNA computer •Trillion could fit in a test tube.

•Billions of ops/sec 99.8% accuracy.

•First programmable autonomous computing machine.

•Input, output, software, and hardware all made of DNA.

•DNA comp inside cells to monitor cell vitals.

Environment compatibility

• DNA computer must aim to be compatible with seven environments to succeed.

• Use – Already seen the potential for this.

• Failure –Inherits this from silicon microprocessors.

• Scrapping – Cleaner to dispose of than current microprocessors.

• Political/ecological – Could face opposition from technophobes.

• Intrapsychic – Already complies since it has been conceptualised!

• Construction/manufacture – This will be answered in time.

• Adoption – Should inherit customer base of silicon computers.

Applications of DNA Computing

• Massively parallel problem solving.

• Combinatorial optimization.

• Molecular nano-memory with fast associative search.

• Medical diagnosis, drug discovery.

• Further impact in biology and medicine: – Wet biological data bases. – Processing of DNA labeled with digital data. – Sequence comparison. – Fingerprinting.

Conclusion

• DNA computers showing enormous potential, especially for medical purposes as well as data processing applications.

• Still a lot of work and resources required to develop it into a fully fledged product.

References

• COMPUTING WITH DNA,Leonard M.Adleman,Scientific American, August 1998.

• DNA computing (web): http://stanford.edu/~alexli/soco/index.html.

• Molecular Computation of Solutions to Combinatorial Problems”, L.M. Adleman, Science Vol.266 pp1021-1024, 11 Nov 1994.

• http://colleges.ksu.edu.sa/.../DNA_orbit_animated.gif.

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA.

Thank You !Thank You !