Disability blindness-Roger Cifuentes
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Visually Impaired Visually Impaired
ED 300 Introduction to Education
Professor LordRoger Cifuentes
July 31, 2011
Blindness
“Having less than 1⁄10 of normal vision in the more efficient eye
when refractive defects are fully corrected by lenses”
•Sometimes if the optic nerve does not form properly, it will not send information to the brain, which can lead to blindness. •Blindness can also be genetic or carried through the genes. •Accidents can also be to blame. •Illnesses/diseases: diabetes, cataracts etc…but this usually occurs in older people.
retinoblastoma-rare cancer that occurs in children
Optical Nerve
Normally Normally sighted: sighted:
visual field of visual field of 180 180
degrees.degrees.
Legally Blind:Legally Blind:visual field of visual field of
less than less than 20 degrees. 20 degrees.
• Legal blindness = vision of 20/200 or less. This means that Legal blindness = vision of 20/200 or less. This means that this person sees at 20 feet that a normally sighted person this person sees at 20 feet that a normally sighted person can see at 200 feet. Most people can fix this with glasses. can see at 200 feet. Most people can fix this with glasses. Total "visual field". This means that a person cannot see Total "visual field". This means that a person cannot see the whole object as a normally sighted person can. the whole object as a normally sighted person can.
Visual Field This picture shows the normal visual field This picture shows the normal visual field with the line through the middle. The small with the line through the middle. The small circle closest to the fish demonstrates the circle closest to the fish demonstrates the
visual field for a legally blind person. visual field for a legally blind person. The normal visual field would be able to see The normal visual field would be able to see
more of the fish.more of the fish.
More CharacteristicsMore Characteristics
• Color blind= Some of the colors they see are Color blind= Some of the colors they see are different than what most people do. different than what most people do.
• Color blind students are not considered Color blind students are not considered legally blind. legally blind.
“Our beliefs are important because what we believe
affects the way we behave. Our beliefs about blindness will affect how we act
toward the blind children with which we work,
our expectations for them, the way we teach them,
the messages we give them.”- Carol Castellano
Strategies for teaching Strategies for teaching
Blind StudentsBlind Students
80% of learning is through sight.80% of learning is through sight.
In the San Diego Unified School District Visually Impaired students are taught by being introduced to a
Braille letter recognition program.
Following mastery of the letters, students begin with the Braille reading program that starts at level 10 through level 38. Teachers then accommodate for their students by giving
them worksheets and homework in Braille. The parents of the these students are given text copies of all of
the work given so that they can help their children.
• Understand the background of the studentHow much vision does the student have? How did they become blind? How long has the student been blind?
• Technology is a good tool. There is downloadable computer software that transcribes information into Braille dots. There is also software such as text to speech and voice recognition to facilitate use of computers by blind students.
• Teaching English to blind students
Strategies
Use specific descriptive words:
• always relating it to the student's body orientation, not "over there", "here", "this", etc. • Introduce yourself, offer your arm. Tell them if they have to step up
or step down, let them know if the door is to their left or right, and warn them of possible hazards.
• Orally, let the student know if you need to move or leave or need to end a conversation. • It is not necessary to speak loudly to people with visual impairments. • Do not speak of them in third person. Even if they can’t see you it
doesn’t mean they can’t hear you. They are right there.
to your to your
RIGHTRIGHTto your to your
LEFTLEFT
SCREEN READERS for the Blind
• Verbally spell out new words.• Use an enlarged picture/directions on a chart or projector.• When describing something use lots of detail, especially
when using visual media or other objects that are mainly visual.
• Have hands on 3D models, raised lines on drawings especially when doing math or art.
More Strategies
• Modify instructions for auditory/tactile lessons. • Allow student to use a tape recorder for recording
classroom information or the text. • Make all handouts and assignments available for VI
students. i.e., regular print, large print, Braille, or on a cassette
• Label material, supplies, and equipment with regular print, large print, and/or Braille.
Instructional Strategies That Work (Explicit Teaching)
• Self-monitoring• Reinforcement• Self-questioning• Drill & Practice• Strategy instruction• Feedback• Direct instruction• Repeated reading
• Error correction• Formative evaluation• Peer mediation• Peer tutoring • Increased time• Teaching with Music
Accomodations• Notetakers-people can write for the student• Readers-either parents or other students• Make sure the classroom has enough lighting. • The classroom should be accessible for a guide dog
and/or interpreter to be in the room with the student. • Keep expectations high.• Understand and respect the special skills the child will be
learning, i.e. the Braille, cane, sound, touch, memory, various special tools and machines.
Optacon-converts text into raised dots
Braille Slate-used for writing Braille.
Braille Writer-uses combination of keys to create dots on paper
Teacher Resources
• Any visually impaired child who is living in the United States or Canada and is between the ages of 3 and 18 is eligible for the Braille Special Collection Program through the Braille Institute that gives blind students braille books.
• Online Resources for Teaching Blind Students http://www.uni.edu/walsh/blindresources.html
• Access It-The National Center on Accessible Information Technology in Education
• http://www.washington.edu/accessit/
ResourcesBBC http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/articles/teaching-english-blind-studentsSubmitted by TE Editor on 21 June, 2004 - 13:00
Hardy, Wendy –Bay Park Elementary (SDUSD)http://www.sandi.net/693420101811310963/blank/browse.asp?A=383&BMDRN=2000&BCOB=0&C=76305
Kavale (2005), Learning Disabilities, 13 (4) American Foundation for the Blind
http://www.afb.org/Section.asp?SectionID=44&TopicID=189&DocumentID=3152
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blindness
Monroe county women’s disability network Monroe county women’s disability network http://www.mcwdn.org/Blind/WhatIsBlindness.htmlhttp://www.mcwdn.org/Blind/WhatIsBlindness.html
The Blind Child In The Regular Elementary Classroomby Carol Castellanohttp://www.nfb.org/images/nfb/Publications/fr/fr15/Issue3/f150302.html
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