Differential Association Sutherland and Cressey
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Part II Chapter 8
Part 2: Ch. 8
Criminal behavior is learnedCriminal behavior is learned in
interaction with other persons in a process of communication
The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups
Part 2: Ch. 8
Differential Association
When criminal behavior is learned, the learned includes
(a) techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes very simple;
(b) the specific direction of motive, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes
Part 2: Ch. 8
Differential Association
The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable
A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law
Part 2: Ch. 8
Differential Association
Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning
Part 2: Ch. 8
Differential Association
While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values
It is not explained by those general needs and values, since noncriminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values.
Part 2: Ch. 8
Differential Association
Part II Chapter 9
Refers to an individual’s bonds to othersAttachment to others part of why we do
or do not care about norm violationsIf one does not care about the
expectations of others, he or she is free to deviate
Part 2: Ch. 9
Investment of time, energy, self in a certain pursuit: Getting an education, building up a
business, acquiring a reputationRisking the loss of such investments by
deviance or crime and facing punishments (time in prison) seems irrational
The concept of commitment assumes that the organization of society is such that most persons interests would be endangered if they engaged in crime
Part 2: Ch. 9
Involvement in conventional activities limits time, energy and opportunity to engage in deviant or criminal activity; “Idle hands are the devil’s workshop”
Example: recreational programs and facilities to reduce juvenile delinquency
Part 2: Ch. 9
Control theory assumes existence of a common value system within a society or group
Individual belief in set of values is variable: the greater a person’s acceptance of moral authority for a set of norms, the less like they are to violate them
Control theory differs from cultural deviance theory in this assumption of consensus within a society or group over a set of values
Part 2: Ch. 9
What kind of deviance and delinquency does Hirschi focus on and what are some of his assumptions?
How does his theory differ from structural perspective(s) of deviance?
Part 2: Ch. 9
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