Transcript
23/06/2015
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THz communications for next generation HD rate wireless links
TENXSYS Talk, 2015, June 17th
G. Ducournau, M. Zaknoune, P. Szriftgiser, Jean-François Lampin
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
• THz communications: general issues
• THz devices for coms (Tx and Rx)
• Some Reported com links
• Some conclusions
Outline
2 G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
• THz communications: general issues
• THz devices for coms (Tx and Rx)
• Some Reported com links
• Some conclusions
Outline
3
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
THz coms: general issues (1/3): why?
• Context: how to place T-ray coms on the telecom map?
[P.J. Winzer; IEEE Proceedings]
- Line of Sight
- Point to point (actual)
- Single/multi-carrier?
Future fixed ‘pencil links’
Future mobile accesses
Radio comms
Marconi
Satellite comms LMDS
WPAN
60 GHz LAN
1 GHz
1 THz
1 MHz
1900 1940 2020 1980
THz
“We will use THz carrier frequencies by 2020”, a f t e r T . S . B i r d , K e y n o t e t a l k a t Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, Melbourne, A u s t r a l i a , D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 1 .
4 G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
THz coms: general issues (2/3): why?
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Changing activities…
How handle this « big » wireless data???
… Increase backhaul network capability
Some years ago…
Today…
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
THz coms: general issues (3/3): THz windows
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« 400 GHz » window
« 200/300 GHz » window
« 600 GHz » window
THz coms may index that range
[xxx]
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Applications… indoor? (LiFi like?)
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Courtesy of SEEM service, Lille University
Has to be direct line
Wall/objects reflexions?
Advantage of Photonics:
multi-user service
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Concept for optical-to-THz radio links… outdoor?
8 G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
• THz communications: general issues
• THz devices for coms (Tx and Rx)
• Some Reported com links
• Some conclusions
Outline
9
23/06/2015
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G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
THz devices for coms
From micro-waves…
‘THz’: 100 GHz (l = 3 mm)? 300 GHz (l = 1 mm)?
(Depend on electrical/optical point of view!)
…or optics
…to THz
10 G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
THz devices for coms
• Electronic side: ‘Bench-top, waveguide based’ TX
Multiplication chains: Phase noise (driven by synthesizers) Can be powerfull (mW) but narrow band Usefull for first tests (trials, channel investigation) Can be modulated using SHM at output or vectorial THz signaling:
Cost!! Bulky
[600 GHz source, IEMN]
GaAs Schottky Technology
GaN based future?
[Electronics Letters 50 (23), 1715-1717, 2015]
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Very usefull for first links Commercially available
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
THz devices for coms
• Electronic side: Integrated Sources for TX
Oscillators (fundamental): - HEMT InP 35 nm -1.3 dBm @ 300 GHz - SiGe Bipolar 2.7 dBm @ 106 GHz - 130 nm CMOS -3.5 dBm @ 121 GHz Oscillators (harmonic): - 130 nm CMOS -3.5 dBm @ 256 GHz - 65 nm CMOS -1.2 dBm @ 290 GHz - 65 nm CMOS -1.5 dBm @ 288 GHz
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Major issue Integration with free space
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
THz photomixers
• Several structures: photo-conductors, photo-diode are most common in THz now:
• Photoconductor ‘pionners’(Auston, Grischkowski, Brown)
• Unitraveling carrier photodiodes ‘pionners’ (Ishibashi, Ito, Nagatsuma)
• Traveling wave structures, resonant structures…
UTC-PD devices: up to mW level (0 dBm) demonstrated around 300 GHz band
• Silicon photonics (Ge Photodiodes) is pushing the limits: may become a competitor?
• Less powerfull than THz UTC-PD devices BUT… level of integration due to silicon photonics processes!
• SiGe photodiodes -41.3 dBm @ 180 GHz for ex.
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[Hajimiri, IMS 2015]
Key advantage: « fiber-optic » compatible
[Song et al., IEEE MWCL (2012)]
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
THz photomixers: some devices
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2×UTC-PD integrated (module):
1.2 mW @ 300 GHz
(20 mA/PD @ -3.9 V)
NBUTC-PD: 0.67 mW @ 260 GHz
Flip-chip on AlN
TW-UTC: 110 µW @ 300 GHz
[Song et al., IEEE MWCL (2012)]
[Wun et al., IEEE PTL (2014)]
[Rouvalis et al., IEEE MTT (2012)]
• Advantage of PM devices: the relative bandwidth.
• 1 device = compatible with multi-carrier THz emission
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
THz devices for coms
• Receivers (Rx):
• Photonic devices?
- photodiodes ?
- photo-conductors? - (No really efficient material at 1.55 µm)
- At 0.8 µm OK but no telecom industry
Photonics devices for THz detection?
1.55 µm TDS systems were integrated video bandwidth is narrow.
Seems to be not appropriate for coms
Electronic devices: sub-harmonic mixers Good performances (Conv losses 8 dB around 300 GHz) Usefull for first tests (field trials, channel investigation) Can also be modulated using SHM at Tx output for vectorial THz signaling.
GaAs Schottky Technology
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Rx: maybe electronic (more efficient)
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
THz devices for coms
• Receivers (Rx): ‘Bench top’ Electronic devices
• Ways for THz detection: direct and heterodyne schemes using diodes
DIRECT
THz-modulated signal Data signal…
- 50 ohms loading - Lost of phase info./quadratic detection
- Phase noise not a problem - No L.O. required
THz-modulated signal
- 50 ohms loading - Phase information conserved/linear - Phase noise: high quality required - L.O. required - Very sensitive
Data signal…
HETERODYNE
+ LO
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Very usefull for first links Commercially available
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Inside the Rx… the LNAs!
• Receivers (Rx): ‘Integrated’ Electronic devices / First chipsets (Tx/Rx modules)
• IAF (Germany) : mHEMT Single devices (Lg -> 20 nm), fT/fmax 660/1000 GHz
LNA MMICs: 24 dB @ 300 GHz, (NF 5 dB), 4 stages
• Sch. Electrical Engineering, Korea University/Teledyne: 0.25 µm DHBT InP Tx/Rx chip @ 300 GHz
Tx: -2.3 dBm, 18 GHz (3dB BW)
Rx: 20 GHz BW, NF > 12 dB.
• IHCT/Wuppertal SiGe chipset @ 240 GHz I/Q Tx/Rx, 65 GHz Bandwidth
• Validated in Tx/Rx transmission over 30 cm
Infineon/IHP J-Band amplifiers (220 GHz): > 20 dB
(LNA, 0.13 µm SiGe)
• Northrop Grumman 480 GHz amplifier (2010), HEMT InP sub 50 nm.
660 GHz amplifier (2012)
THz amplifier (2014)
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Future: Mixed technologies? Depend on application!
User (<< cost) or specific (Space, P2P)
[M. Schlechtweg, IMS 2015]
[U. Pfeiffer, IMS 2015]
[W. Deal, MWCL 2010]
[S. Kim et al. TTST 2015]
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Other Rx/circuits or specific devices
• Receivers (Rx):
# 300 GHz Fully integrated Rx (ASK)
InP amp.
Up to 12.5 Gbps (BER = 10-9 @ -16 dBm)
0.3 m (25 dBi Tx, UTC-PD)
# 300 GHz QPSK Tx and Rx (250 nm InP HBT)
Tested on-wafer up to 50 Gbps
• Resonant Tunelling Diode (RTD) Tx for short distance THz coms (Rx = Schottky)
542 GHz, 2 Gbps / 1 cm distance / BER 2.10-8
…
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[Song, TMTT July 2013]
[Song, TMTT March 2014]
[Ishigaki Elec. Lett., 2012] … Could not be exhaustive!!!
Tested on-wafer
23/06/2015
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G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
• THz communications: general issues
• THz devices for coms (Tx and Rx)
• Some Reported com links
• Some conclusions
Outline
19 G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Some THz links reported
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References corresponding to paper: G. Ducournau et al. “THz Communications using Photonics and Electronic Devices: the Race to Data-Rate”, Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, February 2015, Volume 36, Issue 2, pp 198-220.
• Reported working data links used mainly III/V electronic and/or photonic devices
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Some THz links reported
• First Links: 120 GHz at NTT: the ‘T-ray coms’ pionners
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References corresponding to paper: G. Ducournau et al. “THz Communications using Photonics and Electronic Devices: the Race to Data-Rate”, Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, February 2015, Volume 36, Issue 2, pp 198-220.
Integrated dual-freq laser
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Some THz links reported
• Photonics is pushing up the first tests at highest data rates
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References corresponding to paper: G. Ducournau et al. “THz Communications using Photonics and Electronic Devices: the Race to Data-Rate”, Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, February 2015, Volume 36, Issue 2, pp 198-220.
W-band (multiplexed channels)
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Some THz links reported
• Photonics is pushing up the first tests at highest data rates
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References corresponding to paper: G. Ducournau et al. “THz Communications using Photonics and Electronic Devices: the Race to Data-Rate”, Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, February 2015, Volume 36, Issue 2, pp 198-220.
Highest data rate @ 237.5 GHz Including LNA at Rx
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Some THz links reported
• Photonics is pushing up the first tests at highest data rates
24
References corresponding to paper: G. Ducournau et al. “THz Communications using Photonics and Electronic Devices: the Race to Data-Rate”, Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, February 2015, Volume 36, Issue 2, pp 198-220.
Highest data rate @ 300 GHz: 48 Gbit/s
Dual polarization UTC-PD
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Some THz links reported
• Photonics is pushing up the first tests at highest data rates
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References corresponding to paper: G. Ducournau et al. “THz Communications using Photonics and Electronic Devices: the Race to Data-Rate”, Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, February 2015, Volume 36, Issue 2, pp 198-220.
Ultra-broadband @ 400 GHz
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Some THz links reported
• Photonics is pushing up the first tests at highest data rates
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References corresponding to paper: G. Ducournau et al. “THz Communications using Photonics and Electronic Devices: the Race to Data-Rate”, Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, February 2015, Volume 36, Issue 2, pp 198-220.
Up to 625 GHz + Comparative tests IR vs THz
(Same data rates)
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Data formats
• THz window for first applications (data com): seems to be 220-330 GHz (Huge BW)
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• Interests:
- Sharing bandwidth
- co-existence of THz links with observation services…
• Simple amplitude coding: easy but not efficient (0.5 bit/s/Hz of spectral data density)
• Bandwith in THz is huge but some other techniques are possible:
• High level signaling
• Multi-carrier frequencies
Basic Medium More Complex
F F
Propagation of complex THz signaling With environnemental effects???
23/06/2015
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G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Fiber-to-THz bridge using Photomixing
• Key advantage of THz photonics devices: fiber-optic compatibility
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• Create a fiber-to-THz bridge?
• Only Use photonics with a
optical signal!!!
QPSK at 32 Gbit/s @ 400 GHz
[Ducournau, Elec. Lett, June 2015]
Easy Integration with coherent optical networks!
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Other…
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• IEEE 802.15 THz group to study the release of a 100 Gbps standard for THz coms…
• -> 2020?
Leader: Thomas Kuerner
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
THz link budget
• Link budget:
• Order of magnitude of LdB
• 1 km: easy to have 150 dB!
• Large Optics (P2P): 2*50 dBi
• Still 50 dB + Margin required!
• Links: up to km range?
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THz links: will be first for Point to Point (P2P), up to km range?
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Why not free space optics??
• Free space optics has been developped also…
• Devices with affordable cost / Commercially available for Gbps back-haul
• Quite simple to operate
• Weakness with envrionnemental effects compared to T-rays (wavelenght effects)
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220-330 GHz band
[Adapted from K. Miyauchi, “Millimeter-Wave
Communications”, ISBN 0-12-147709-6, 1983]
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
• THz communications: general issues
• THz devices for coms (Tx and Rx)
• Some Reported com links
• Some conclusions
Outline
32 G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Conclude with open questions?
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• « Current state of the art ?»
• It works! Technology is very close to be fully operational in the lab.
• First ‘Out-of-the-lab tests’ ok with packages devices!
TRL achieved between 4 and 5?
depending on technologies used
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Conclude with open questions?
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• « What your ‘vision’ of the field is in ~20 years’ time? »
• 220-330 GHz band in use for ‘operator’ needs (fixed links) or backhauls: very probable
• Every smartphone connected with THz: ??? Depend on back-haul capability !
BUT required: robust components, channel effects known and taken into account in an operational system
Still many things to develop in that field!
• Need outdoor tests, environnemental effects, weather effects,
• Field trials, mixed/hybrid technologies
• Next 10 years: complete efficient packaged systems to be used in outdoor!
• Interface with ‘fiber optic world’: could be III/V for specific purposes.
• Need channel effects modeling for indoor (multipath, signal processing…)!!!
• Silicon photonics technologies applied to THz G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon
Conclude with open questions?
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Perceived challenges in Terahertz Band New-Generation Mobile Communication Systems
Demonstrate THz High Data rates links in intented environment Find a way (normalization for ex.) to make THz radio compatible with existing systems Physical layer but also MAC (Medium Access Control) Show a real gain beyond E-band coms (71-76 and 81-86 GHz) recently opened
Technology? (III-V, Photomixers, SiGe, CMOS, …): Will they all be used?
Perceived opportunities in Terahertz Band New-Generation Mobile Communication Systems It is new => so new activities, new markets, applications, usages, opportunities New frequencies: mandatory to release the saturated electromagnetic spectra! It should be used… it is only a question of time-scale!
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon 36
Live THz com demo!
23/06/2015
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THz coms at IEMN, Lille
1 Gbps@200 GHz
Year
Brillouin lasers for THz Narrow THz gen.
UTC-PD for THz
UWB @ 400 GHz …
THz coherent coms THz QPSK
High distance P2P links Channel effects, …
2014 2013 2011 2010 2008 2015
• THz coms are still in their infancy
• Photonics-based devices are very attractive for fiber optic compatibility and bandwidth.
• …
• Next-gen. UTC-PD devices
• Solid state InP
G. Ducournau, CHIST-ERA TENXSYS, 2015, June 17th Lisbon 38
Thank you!
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