Dialectics .

• Dialectics

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Interpersonal communication - Relational dialectics theory

1 Now, taking the term discourse and coupling it with Relational Dialectics

Theory, it is assumed that this theory “emerges from the interplay of

competing discourses”.Baxter, L., Braithwaite, D

1 So, if we assume the stance that all of our discourse, whether in external

conversations or internally within ourselves, has competing properties, then we can take relational dialectics

theory and look at what the competing discourses are in our

conversations, and then analyze how this may have an effect on various

aspects of our lives.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-dialectics-toolkit.html

1 Numerous examples of this can be seen in the daily communicative acts we participate in. However, dialectical tensions within our

discourses can most likely be seen in interpersonal communication due to the close nature of interpersonal relationships. The well known proverb opposites attract, but Birds of

a feather flock together exemplifies these dialectical tensions.Baxter, L., Montgomery, B. (1996). Relating: Dialogues and dialectics.

New York City: Guilford Press.

Interpersonal communication - The three relational dialectics

1 In order to understand relational dialectics theory, one must also be aware of the assumption that there

are three different types of relational dialectics. These consist of

connectedness and separateness, certainty and uncertainty, and

openness and closedness.

Dialectical materialism - Marx's dialectics

1 But he then criticizes Hegel for turning dialectics upside down: With

him it is standing on its head

1 Marx believed that dialectics should deal not with the mental world of

ideas but with the material world, the world of production and other

economic activity

1 For Marx, dialectics is not a formula for generating predetermined

outcomes, but is a method for the empirical study of social processes in terms of interrelations, development,

and transformation

1 Some scholars have doubted that Engels’ dialectics of nature is a legitimate

extension of Marx’s approach to social processes.Jordan (1967).Alfred Schmidt, The Concept of Nature in Marx (London:

NLB, 1971).Paul Thomas, “Marx and Science”, Political Studies 24 (1976), 1-23.Terrell Carver, Engels: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 2003)

Dialectical materialism - Engels' laws of dialectics

1 Engels postulated three laws of dialectics from his reading of Hegel's Science of

Logic.Engels, F. (7th ed., 1973). Dialectics of nature (Translator, Clements Dutt).

New York: International Publishers. (Original work published 1940). See also [http://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/don/index.htm Dialectics of Nature] Engels elucidated these laws in his work

Dialectics of Nature:

1 Lenin's Collected Works VOLUME 38, p359: On

the question of dialectics

1 Hegel coined the term to avoid saying synthesis, and to thereby help conceal his

hidden dialectics

Frankfurt School - Negative dialectics

1 This led to the attempt to root the dialectic in an absolute method of negativity, as in Marcuse's One-

Dimensional Man (1964) and Adorno's Negative Dialectics (1966)

1 Negative dialectics expresses the idea of critical thought so conceived

that the apparatus of domination cannot co-opt it.

1 Negative Dialectics rescues the preponderance of the object, not through a naive Epistemological

realism|epistemological or Philosophical realism|metaphysical

realism but through a thought based on differentiation (sociology)|

differentiation, paradox, and ruse: a logic of disintegration

1 Negative dialectics comprises a monument to the end of the tradition of

the individual subject as the locus of criticism. Without a revolutionary working class, the Frankfurt School had no one to rely on but the individual subject. But, as

the liberalism|liberal capitalist social basis of the autonomous individual

receded into the past, the dialectic based on it became more and more abstract.

Hegelian dialectic - Marxist dialectics

1 In the USSR, under Joseph Stalin, Marxist dialectics became diamat

(short for dialectical materialism), a theory emphasizing the primacy of

the material way of life, social praxis, over all forms of social consciousness

and the secondary, dependent character of the ideal

1 A dialectical method was fundamental to Marxist politics, e.g.,

the works of Karl Korsch, Georg Lukács and certain members of the Frankfurt School. Soviet academics,

notably Evald Ilyenkov and Zaid Orudzhev, continued pursuing

unorthodox philosophic study of Marxist dialectics; likewise in the

West, notably the philosopher Bertell Ollman at New York University.

1 In Dialectics of Nature, Engels said:

1 Marxist dialectics is exemplified in Das Kapital (Capital), which outlines

two central theories: (i) surplus value and (ii) the materialist conception of

history; Marx explains dialectical materialism:

1 Hence, philosophic contradiction is central to the development of dialectics — the progress from

quantity to quality, the acceleration of gradual social change; the

negation of the initial development of the status quo; the negation of that

negation; and the high-level recurrence of features of the original

status quohttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-dialectics-toolkit.html

1 In practice, Marxist dialectics was frequently used as a tool of eristic

and propaganda. In 1857 Marx explained that in a letter to Engels,

commenting on his predictions published in New York Times:

Dialectics of Nature

1 'Dialectics of Nature' is an unfinished 1883 work by Friedrich Engels that

applies Marxist ideas, and in particular the principles of Dialectical

Materialism, to science.

1 One 'law' proposed in the Dialectics of Nature, is: 'The law of the

transformation of quantity into quality and vice versa'

1 Dialectics and its study was derived from Hegel who had studied the Greek philosopher Heraclitus.

Heraclitus taught that everything was constantly changing and that all

things consisted of two opposite elements which changed into each

other as night changes into day, light into darkness, life into death etc.

Dialectics

1 'Dialectic' (also dialectics and the dialectical method) is a method of

argument for resolving disagreement that has been central to European

and Indian philosophy since antiquity

Dialectics

1 The term dialectics is also not synonymous with the term rhetoric, a method or art of discourse that seeks to persuade, inform, or motivate an

audience

Dialectics

1 These forms include the Socratic method, Hindu, Upaya|Buddhist,

Medieval, Hegelian dialectics, Marxist, pilpul|Talmudic, and Neo-

orthodoxy.

Argumentation theory - Pragma-dialectics

1 Scholars at the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands have pioneered a rigorous

modern version of dialectic under the name pragma-dialectics. The intuitive idea

is to formulate clearcut rules that, if followed, will yield rational discussion and sound conclusions. Frans H. van Eemeren, the late Rob Grootendorst, and many of

their students have produced a large body of work expounding this idea.

Argumentation theory - Pragma-dialectics

1 Albeit not primarily focused on fallacies, pragma-dialectics provides a systematic approach to deal with

them in a coherent way.

Pragma-dialectics

1 Unlike strictly logical approaches (which focus on the study of

argument as product), or purely communication approaches (which emphasize argument as a process), pragma-dialectics was developed to

study the entirety of an argumentation as a discourse activity

Pragma-dialectics - Theoretical justification

1 In pragma-dialectics argumentation is viewed as a communicative and

interactional discourse phenomenon that is to be studied from a normative as well as a

descriptive perspective. The dialectical dimension is inspired by normative insights

from “critical rationalism” and formal dialectics, the pragmatic dimension by

descriptive insights from speech act theory, Paul Grice|Gricean language philosophy and

discourse analysis.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-dialectics-toolkit.html

Relational dialectics

1 Relating: Dialogues and dialectics

Relational dialectics

1 Although Baxter’s description of Relational Dialectics is thorough, it

by no means is exact or all inclusive since we all experience different

tensions in different ways.

Relational dialectics - History

1 Relational Dialectics is the emotional and value-based version of the philosophical

Dialectic. It is rooted in the dynamism of the Yin and Yang. Like the classic Yin and Yang,

the balance of emotional values in a relationship is always in motion, and any value pushed to its extreme contains the

seed of its opposite.Baxter, L. A. Montgomery, B. M. (1996) Relating:

Dialogues and dialectics Guilford Press, New York, ISBN 1-57230-099-X ;

Relational dialectics - Core concepts

1 There are four main concepts that form the backdrop of relational

dialectics, they are: contradiction, totality, process, and praxis.

1 'Contradictions' are the core concept of Relational Dialectics. It is the dynamic interplay between unified oppositions. A contradiction is formed whenever two tendencies or forces are interdependent (unity) yet mutually negate one

another (negation).Miller, Katherine (2002) Communication theories: perspectives,

processes, and contexts McGraw Hill, Boston, ISBN 0-7674-0500-5 ; For example, in a

relationship one can simultaneously desire intimacy and distance.

1 'Totality' suggests that contradictions in a relationship are part of a unified whole and cannot be understood in

isolation. In other words, the dialectics cannot be separated and

are intrinsically related to each other. For example, the tension between dependence and interdependence

cannot be separated from the tension between openness and

privacy — both work to condition and define the other.

1 'Process 'Relational dialectics must be understood in terms of social

'processes'. Movement, activity, and change are functional properties

(Rawlins,1989). For example, instances such as an individual

fluctuating between disclosure and secretiveness. In addition, the individual may move between

periods of honest and open communication (Miller, 2002, 2005).

Relational dialectics - Dialectics

1 'Integration–separation' is a class of relational dialectics that includes connection–autonomy, inclusion–

seclusion, and intimacy–independence. Some individual autonomy must be given up to

connect to others.

1 'Stability–change' is a class of relational dialectics that includes

certainty–uncertainty, conventionally–uniqueness,

predictability–surprise, and routine–novelty. Things must be consistent but not mundane. There must be a balance between the expected and

unexpected in order to keep a relationship.

1 'Expression–nonexpression' is a class of relational dialectics that includes openness–closedness, revelation–concealment, candor–secrecy, and

transparency–privacy. In a relationship, it is important to keep

some things between the two parties, while other parts of the

relationship are okay to allow the public to know about.

Relational dialectics - Dialectics in relationships

1 Conflict and dialectics: Perceptions of dialectic contradictions in marital conflict

1 Within this, three different forms of the praxis of Relational Dialectics emerged: segmentation, balance,

and denial

1 William Rawlins has examined the role of Relational Dialectics in regard to friendships

Negative Dialectics - Influence

1 Adorno's work has had a large impact on cultural criticism, particularly through

Adorno's analysis of popular culture and the culture industry. Adorno's account of dialectics has influenced Joel Kovel and

John Holloway (sociologist)|John Holloway.John Holloway. Negativity and

Revolution: Adorno and Political Activism (2008) ISBN 978-0-7453-2836-2, ed. with

Fernando Matamoros Sergio Tischler

Negative Dialectics - Further reading

1 * Dennis Redmond's [http://www.efn.org/~dredmond/ndtr

ans.html updated translation] of Negative Dialectics, with

commentary.

Negative Dialectics - Further reading

1 * Susan Buck-Morss|Buck-Morss, Susan. Origin of Negative Dialectics. Free Press,

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