Designing Low Energy Residential Buildings in Singapore
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Tan Tian ChongDeputy Managing Director, Built Environment Research and
Innovation Institute, Building and Construction Authority, Singapore
LETCHI I 25-26 June 2019 I Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1
LETCHI International CollaborationLOW ENERGY IN TROPICAL CLIMATES FOR HOUSING INNOVATION
Designing Low Energy Residential Buildings in Singapore
25-26 June 2019Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Contents
2LETCHI I 25-26 June 2019 I Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2 Designing Low Energy Residential Buildings withGreen Mark (RB) 2016
Tools, Codes, Standards and Guides
Deployment –Policies and Measures
3
1 Factors Affecting Sustainable Development of Buildings in Singapore
4
25 to 35 Degrees Celsius, 80% -100% R H
Annual Rainfall -2,340 mm
High-Rise, High-Density
Small Island City State ( 720 sq km, Pop of 5.6 m)
City in A Garden
No Natural Resources
• Urban Heat Island (UHI)
• High Rise Buildings
• Biodiversity, Greenery and Waterscape
• Rain (Wind-driven)
• Noise
LETCHI I25-26 June 2019I Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 4
Design Considerations
Singapore Electricity Consumption Landscape
5
Households: 60% of GFA, 20% of total energy consumption
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Commercial Industry Households TertiaryInstitutions
GFA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Commercial Industry(Aircon)
Industry (NV) Households TertiaryInstitutions
EEI[k
Wh/
m2/
yr]
7
36%
10%12%
16%
5% 5%
10%6%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Air-conditio
ner
Lightin
g
Television
Refrigerator
Microwave oven
Washing machine
Water heater
Others
Air-conditioner Lighting Television RefrigeratorMicrowave oven Washing machine Water heater Others
4-Room HDB Apartment
Electricity Bill by Appliance for Public Housing
Greener Nation, Happier Life
2005 2010 2019 2020 2030
>39%Green Buildings
> 13%Green Buildings
>50%Green Buildings
>80%Green Buildings
< 0.1%Green Buildings
> 3600Green Mark Projects
~ 110million m2 green GFA
Green Mark Try Again Certified Gold Gold Plus PlatinumScore 0 49 50 74 75 84 85 89 90 100
Estimated Energy Savings> 30%25% to 30%15% to 25%10% to 15%
5 Key Assessment Criteria
1. Energy Efficiency
2. Water Efficiency
3. Environmental Protection
4. Indoor Env. Quality
5. Other Green Features
BCA Green Mark Assessment
Drive Towards a Green Nation
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Climatic Responsive DesignP1 -Enhancing Biodivesity
Lush Greenery, Preserving Trees and Sustainable Landscape and Waterscape Management
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Green Plot Ratio (GnPR) Points2.5 to < 3.0 1.0
3.0 to < 3.5 1.5
3.5 to < 4.0 2.0
4.0 to < 4.5 2.5
≥ 4.5 3.0
Climatic Responsive DesignP1 -Enhancing Biodivesity
Enhance Tropical facade performance to minimize heat gain thus reducing the overall cooling load when required
LETCHI I25-26 June 2019I Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 16
Climatic Responsive DesignP2-Overall Envelop Thermal Performance
Level of Award Maximum RETV (Residential Envelope Transmittance Value)
Gold 25W/m2
GoldPlus 22W/m2
Platinum 20W/m2
As determined in accordance with the formula set out in the “Code on Envelope Thermal Performance for Buildings”, the RETV shall not exceed maximum RETV of 25W/m2
ETTV/RETV FORMULA
Where
ETTV/RETV: envelope thermal transfer value (W/m2)WWR : window-to-wall ratioUw : thermal transmittance of opaque wall (W/m2 K) Uf : thermal transmittance of fenestration (W/m2 K) CF : Correction factor for solar heat gain through
fenestrationSC : shading coefficients of fenestration
+ Solar radiation glass
Radiationgain
ETTV/RETV = Heat conduction wall + Heat conduction glass
Heat gain
Heat gain
Heat gainWindow
11.9(1-WWR)Uw + 210.9(WWR)(CF)(SC)+ 3.37(WWR)UfETTV =
3.4 (1-WWR)Uw + 58.6(WWR)(CF)(SC)+ 1.3 (WWR)UfRETV =
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Climatic Responsive DesignP3- CFD Ventilation Simulation Modelling and Analysis
• Encourage building design utilizing prevailing wind directions to achieve good natural ventilation and indoor thermal comfort
• Reduce turnaround time by 60%
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Ventilation Performance : To ensure effective building layout design and unit design reduce the needs of using air-conditioning.
Climatic Responsive Design
Singapore Wind Rose Data from Meteorological Service Singapore – Changi Station 1975 - 2006.
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• Provision of either void decks at the ground floor or void spaces in between buildings to encourage air flow through and around buildings
• To encourage macro simulation to check block layout to ensure passive design been considered from the early stage
Climatic Responsive Design
LETCHI I25-26 June 2019I Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 23
Building Energy PerformanceP6- Air-conditioning system efficiency
• Encourage the use of energy efficient air-conditioners that are certified under the Singapore Energy Labelling Scheme Green Mark Gold- at least 3 ticks
Green Mark Gold Plus- at least 5 ticks
Green Mark Platinum- at least 5 ticks
LETCHI I25-26 June 2019I Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 24
Building Energy PerformanceP8-Harnessing Renewable Energy
• Solar Energy Feasibility
• Solar Energy Ready-Structural, Electrical and Spatial
• Renewable Energy Replacement
MOOC guide Green Mark Requirements Tools Codes/standards/guides
Integrated design
Multi-disciplinary team collaboration Integrative design process(1.01b)Environmental credential of project team (1.01c)BIM for building performance analysis (1.01d) User engagement (1.01e)Smart BIM (5.01g)
Revit,ArchiCADBentley
Green Mark for Residential Buildings 2016 (https://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/GM_RB_2016_criteria_final.pdf)BCA BIM Essential Guide(https://www.corenet.gov.sg/media/1588649/essential-guide-bim-to-bpa.pdf)
Define VISION• Creating conscious user
behaviour & redefining expectations
• Set Benchmarks & Key Performance Indicators
• Initial Site Assessment• Formulate design guidelines
Climate responsive design brief(1.01a)Environmental impact analysis(1.02a)Urban Heat Island (UHI)(1.02a)Integrated landscape and waterscape (1.02b)Green Plot Ratio (GnPR) (1.02b)
EcotectSTEVE(https://enterprise.nus.edu.sg/technology-commercialisation/for-industry/technology-highlights/steve-tool)
Green Mark Technical Guide and Requirements(https://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/GM_RB2016_Technical_Guide_Requirements.pdf)
Ideate CONCEPT• Program & Function
assessment • Zoning & Circulation • Site Design & Planning • Orientation, Form and
Massing
Response to site context (1.02a)Internal space organisation (1.03b)Ventilation performance (1.03c)Passive design strategies (5.01a)
Energy Plus (BCA updated weather file)FLUENTANSYSOpenFOAMSTAR-CCM+GrBEST(https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/238/1/012077)
Guidelines on ETTV for Buildings (https://www.bca.gov.sg/PerformanceBased/others/ETTV.pdf)
Evaluate ANALYSE & REVIEW • Response to site features. • Response to climate. • Response to program and
function.
Occupant comfort (4.01a)Effective daylighting (4.02a)Potential of glare and daylight control(4.02a)Wind driven rain simulation (5.01)
IESVE (GM Pro)DaySIMDIVAOpenFOAMSTAR_CCM+EnergyPlus/OpenStudio
Green Mark Technical Guide and Requirements(https://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/GM_RB2016_Technical_Guide_Requirements.pdf)
Develop DESIGN • Site • Structure • Skin • Services • Space
Tropical façade performance (1.03a)Energy efficiency (2.01)Energy effectiveness (2.02)Renewable energy (2.03)Water efficiency (3.01a)Alternative water resources (3.01c)Sustainable construction, CUI (3.02a)Conservation and waste recovery (3.02a)Embodied energy (3.02b, 5.01i)
IESVE (GM Pro)BIM HVACToolPre-Simulated Daylight Autonomy Tables (https://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/GM_RB2016_Technical_Guide_Requirements.pdf)Green Mark Energy Performance Points Calculator (https://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/BCA_Energy_Performance_Points_Calculator.xlsx )BCA online Embodied Carbon Calculator(https://www.bca.gov.sg/CarbonCalculator/Index.aspx?ReturnUrl=%2fCarbonCalculator)
Guidelines on ETTV for Buildings (https://www.bca.gov.sg/PerformanceBased/others/ETTV.pdf)SS 530 : 2014. Code of practice for energy efficiency standard for building services and equipmentSS 553 : 2016. Code of practice for air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation in buildingsSS 554: 2016. Code of Practice for Indoor air quality for air-conditioned buildingsSS 531-1 - Code of Practice for Lighting of Work Places
Monitor PERFORMANCE • Triple bottom line – People,
profit & planet. • Life cycle assessments.
Energy monitoring (4.3a)Water usage monitoring (3.1b)Smart building operations (5.01k)Cost neutral design (5.02a)Social benefits (5.04a)
IAQ report template (https://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/IAQ_report_template.xlsx)POE Survey form (https://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/POE_survey_template.xlsx,
Green Mark Technical Guide and Requirements(https://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/GM_RB2016_Technical_Guide_Requirements.pdf)SS 554: 2016. Code of Practice for Indoor air quality for air-conditioned buildings
IES-VE’s dedicated tool for Green Mark – GM Pro BIM HVAC Tool’s dedicated tool for Green Mark – ETTV Calculator
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Integrated Environmental Modeller (IEM)
• Urban microclimatic modelling tool
• Provide wind, shadow, solar
irradiance, thermal & noise mapping
analysis
• Help the town ship or city planning
process to incorporate the Urban
Heat Island (UHI) mitigation or
countermeasure strategies
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GRBEST
• Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) airflow modelling and simulation tool
• Coupled with the geometry input from BIM-REVIT
• Reduce the CFD turnaround time and initial capital cost to acquire a CFD license
• Assist to meet the CFD simulation requirements for natural ventilation under the Green Mark scheme
500 lux
300 lux
200 lux
3 different illuminance level
3 ranges of Urban Obstruction Angle
Unobstructed Sky(0 - 11.25 degree
Urban Obstruction)
22.5 Degree Sky Obstruction
(11.25 – 33.75 degree Urban Obstruction)
45 degree Sky Obstruction
(33.5 - 57.25 degree Urban Obstruction)
3 ranges of Shading Overhang
0 degree Shading Overhang
15 degree Shading Overhang
30 degree Shading Overhang
8 Orientations
10 Window-to-wall ratios
6 Glazing types-Visual Transmittance value
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Simplifying Design Workflows- Quick and Easy infoNew Pre-Simulated Daylight Availability Tables
Design Parameters checks:• Average Urban Obstruction
Angle (AUOA)• Horizontal shading depth• Glazing type-visual
transmittance (Tvis)• Orientation • Window-to-Wall ratio (WWR)
Result: ‘Number’ shown in the “square”; use the number multiply by the width of the space obtain area of coverage for that space
Cells with Red/ Pink Background indicate Glare exists more than 10% of the occupied hours; area excluded as meeting requirement
Reading Info from the Matrix Tables
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