Designing & Learning from Passivhaus Education Buildings
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Designing and Learning from
PASSIVHAUSEducation Buildings
#SPPHC16 Melbourne 13 Feb 2016
We design
Life Enhancing
Genuinely Sustainable Architecture
Elrond Burrell, Associate
OverviewPre-Passivhaus Schools
Passivhaus Schools 1.0Learning
Passivhaus Schools 2.0Monitoring
Passivhaus Schools 3.0Passivhaus University
Pre-Passivhaus Schools
St Luke’s
The Willows
Cwm Ifor
Passivhaus Schools 1.0
Optimise the form
Optimise the form
Oakmeadow Primary School Bushbury Hills Primary School
How deep?
Single storey Two storey
14m deep
18m deep
22m deep
22m
dee
p fa
ce E
/W
14m deep
18m deep
22m deep
22m
dee
p fa
ce E
/W
(More) rational plan
Oakmeadow Primary School
Bushbury Hills Primary School
DatePassed by
For the original drawing size
17.06.10Checked by
Scale
Drawn by
N
CheckedByMark
Drawing Originator
Drawing Title
Check this drawing is the latest revision.Do not scale from this drawing.Do not use the information on this drawing without checking all dimensions on site.Do not use any areas indicated for either valuation, purchase, sale or any other form of legally binding contract.Do not reproduce any part of this drawing without prior written consent.
Job No
Notes
6225Drawing No
PL 100Revision
-
Ground & First Floor Plans
Drawing StatusPLANNING SUBMISSION
SC MP -
1:100 A1
Key Plan
Project Title
Swillington Primary School
Contractor Client
Employer
REVISIONS
Date Details
Interserve Project Services Ltd1 Thunderhead Ridge, Glasshoughton, Castleford,West Yorkshire, WF10 4UATel: 01977 522300 Fax: 01977 522301
Architype, Upper Twyford, Hereford, HR2 8ADt 01981 542111 f 01981 542112 e west@architype.co.uk
GROUND FLOOR
Total Gross Internal Area
1427.6 Sq m
CANOPY CANOPY
CANOPY CANOPY
NURSERY
TOILETS���
RECEPTION
TOILETS���
B
SHOWER TROLLEY Nom. 1950 x 750mm
A B
C
A
C
KEY
TEACHING AREAS
STAFF AREAS
AUXILLARY AREAS
STORAGE
MULTI-USE AREAS
COMMUNITY FACILITIES
CIRCULATION
NURSERY79.3m!
RECEPTION�����
PE. STORE���
STAGE/
SPECIAL
STORE9.8�
CENTRAL
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YEAR 5�����
YEAR 6�����
KITCHEN
����� SERVERY/
CHAIR
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INTERVIEW
ROOM8.3�
GROUP ROOM
SENco��� HYGIENE
ROOM
�����
MAIN
HALL���
YEAR 1����
YEAR 2����
KS2
BOYS
TOILETS9.1�
KS2
GIRLS
TOILETS9.1�
SPECIAL
STORE12.5�
GROUP
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KS1
BOYS
TOILETS����
KS1
GIRLS
TOILETS����
SOFT
READING
AREA
LIBRARY
AREA
ICT
AREAPRACTICAL
AREA
FOOD
TECHNOLOGY
READING
AREA
OFFICE
DRY
STORE
TOILET
LOBBY
LOCKERS LOCKERS LOCKERS LOCKERS
LOCKERS LOCKERS
LO
CK
ERS
STAFFROOM�����
FOOD PREP
STO.
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GENERAL
OFFICE�����
SEN
THERAPY/
MI ROOM�����
HEAD
OFFICE/
MEETING
ROOM���
MAIN
RECEPTION/
WAITING AREA18.1�
Poss
ible
futu
re f
old
ing p
art
itio
n
LOBBY6.7�
OPENING
ROOF LIGHT
BARRIER
MATTING
WET
AREA
BARRIER
MATTING
WET
AREABARRIER
MATTINGWET
AREA
BARRIER
MATTINGWET
AREA
BARRIER
MATTINGWET
AREA
BARRIER
MATTINGWET
AREA
BARRIER
MATTING
WET
AREA
BARRIER
MATTING
WET
AREA
CANOPY
LOW LEVEL PARTITION
LO
W L
EV
EL P
ARTIT
ION
2.2
m F
OLD
ING
PA
RTIT
ION
2.2
m F
OLD
ING
PA
RTIT
ION
BARRIER MATTING
BARRIER MATTING BARRIER MATTING
SERVER
LOCATION
(TBC)
CARETAKER/
CLEANER
STORE�
LOCKERS
CLO
AK
S
CLO
AK
S
2.2
m F
OLD
ING
PA
RTIT
ION
CIRCULATION32.6�
CIRCULATION10.2�
CIRCULATION11.6�
KEY STAGE 2
HUB SPACE152.8�
KEY STAGE 1
HUB SPACE78.6�
MAIN HALL
Possible Access Hatch
PLANT
ROOM26.8�
void
CIRCULATION16.7�
FIRST FLOOR
Total Gross Internal Area
44.3 Sq m
Swillington Primary School
(More) rational section
Section: Oakmeadow Primary
Design out thermal bridges
Structural slabLo
ad
Insulation
Insu
lation
Structural slabLo
ad
Insulation
Insu
lation
Model + Test
Structural slabLo
ad
Insulation
Insu
lation
Structural slabLo
ad
Insulation
Insu
lation
Keep structure inside
. . . or outside
Design in airtightness
Optimise daylight & solar gain
Oakmeadow Primary School Bushbury Hills Primary School
. . . and ventilation
Simple secure night ventilation grilles Wolfgang loves it!
Reduce demand by designInduction hobs &low energy appliances• reduce surplus heat• reduce ventilation• reduce PE
Collaborate
Across the whole team - consultants, specialists, client, contractor, and supply chain
Maintain design qualityNo compromise of brief, client aspiration, architectural quality or sustainable materials
Bushbury Hills Primary School
Oakmeadow Primary School
Swillington Primary School
Client Outcomes“We feel that our children are more alert and attentive in lessons
due to the amount of daylight in classrooms and the fresh air
throughout the school. The fact that the new school is
built to passivhaus standards means that learning has
been enhanced. Our pupils are comfortable, secure and
stimulated by their new environment; hence they learn very
well!”
Sara Morris, Head Teacher, Oak Meadow Primary School
Comparative costs (1.0)Capita Symonds ‘typical sustainable school’
St Luke’s 2009 BREEAM Excellent school
Oakmeadow Passivhaus school
Bushbury Hills Passivhaus school
BCIS Schools Current
Excludes: external works, fees, abnormals, ICT, FF&EAdjusted to current date and national average
£2,151/sqm
£2,080/sqm
£1,855/sqm
£1,820/sqm
£1,782/sqm
Building services costs (1.0)
Capita Symonds ‘typical sustainable school’
St Luke’s 2009 BREEAM Excellent school
Oakmeadow Passivhaus school
+ Reduced M&E = Reduced maintenance costs
£454/sqm
£357/sqm
£323/sqm
Construction budgets
If you think it will cost more, it will
Passivhaus on budget1. Work to the budget2. Cost planning & design optimisation3. Value engineer early (not cost cutting later)4. Holistic design team approach5. Procurement (Cost of competitive tender?)6. Supply chain involvement7. Open book negotiation (?)
Learning from 1.0
Airtight detailing: architect
Airtight detailing: subcontractor
Timber frame
Airtight detailing: on site
Airtight detailing: on site
Windows
MVHR & duct routes
Fresh air supplied to all main rooms
MVHR
MVHR & duct routes
Cascade & simplified extract (even shorter routes)
MVHR
Windows & curtain walling
Clerestory windows, not curtain wallingActuators mounted on windowsOnly on high level windows= significantly less actuators
Bushbury Hill Primary SchoolFigures are based first year readings.
Gas 21kWh/(m2.a)Space heating*: 14kWh/(m2.a)Hot water*: 7kWh/(m2.a)
Electric 55kWh/(m2.a)Lighting: 12kWh/(m2.a)Power & plant: 22kWh/(m2.a) Kitchen: 7kWh/(m2.a)
Sprinklers: 14kWh/(m2.a)
Primary energy is higher than the target 120 kWh/(m2.a)
Sprinklers = 38kWh/(m2.a) PE
Main success: Kitchen energy & comfort
Main lessons: Issues with automatic lighting controls and sprinkler systems.
Sprinklers
From standard uninsulated sprinkler pump housing to super-insulated pumphaus
Sprinkler pumphouse
Great daylighting compromised by over complicated controls
Lighting controls
Users and maintenance teams engage with a Passivhaus school
Operations & maintenance
One gas boiler is more than enough
Heating
Heating via kiddywatts
User “how-to” guides
Passivhaus Schools 2.0
Wilkinson Primary School
Ground Floor
First Floor
Sections
Just 1 boiler!
Comparative costs (2.0)Oakmeadow Passivhaus school
Bushbury Hills Passivhaus school
Wilkinson Passivhaus school
BCIS Schools Current
Excludes: external works, fees, abnormals, ICT, FF&EAdjusted to current date and national average
£1,855/sqm
£1,820/sqm
£1,800/sqm
£1,782/sqm
Monitoring
Monitoring method & studied parameters
4 Oak Meadow 20115 Bushbury Hill 20116 Wilkinson 2013
Monitored Primary Schools
Passivhaus schools
Non-Passivhaus schools
1 Much Birch 19702 St Luke’s 20093 Willows 2010
4 Oak Meadow 20115 Bushbury Hill 20116 Wilkinson 2013
Monitored Primary Schools
Passivhaus schools
Non-Passivhaus schools
1 Much Birch 19702 St Luke’s 20093 Willows 2010
4 Oak Meadow 20115 Bushbury Hill 20116 Wilkinson 2013
Monitored Primary Schools
Passivhaus schools
Non-Passivhaus schools
1 Much Birch 19702 St Luke’s 20093 Willows 2010
4 Oak Meadow 20115 Bushbury Hill 20116 Wilkinson 2013
Monitored Primary Schools
Passivhaus schools
Non-Passivhaus schools
1 Much Birch 19702 St Luke’s 20093 Willows 2010
4 Oak Meadow 20115 Bushbury Hill 20116 Wilkinson 2013
Monitored Primary Schools
Passivhaus schools
Non-Passivhaus schools
1 Much Birch 19702 St Luke’s 20093 Willows 2010
4 Oak Meadow 20115 Bushbury Hill 20116 Wilkinson 2013
Monitored Primary Schools
Passivhaus schools
Non-Passivhaus schools
1 Much Birch 19702 St Luke’s 20093 Willows 2010
Energy consumption
Note:Gas / Biomass boilers supply both heating and hot water, except some localisedelectric water heating
150
100
50
0
Total thermal energy consumedkWh/m2 TFA p.a.
[All included: not just heating]
GasBiomass
2013 2014
Wilkinson 2nd generation
PH / 2013
112013 2014
Bushbury Hill1st generation
PH / 2011
3733
Oak Meadow1st generation
PH / 2011
2013 2014
28 29
2013 2014
Willowspre-PH / 2010
St Luke’spre-PH / 2009
5253
2013 2014
30
107 117
9
2817
Monitoring Energy Use / Heating & hot water
kWh/
sqm
/ y
ear
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014
CIBSE CIBSE TM46 BREEAM2Very2Good BREEAM2Excellent Passivhaus Passivhaus Passivhaus
Typical Good2pracGce
Median Willows St2Lukes Oakmeadow Bushbury Wilkinson
90+
% re
duct
ion
Monitored thermal energy consumption vs UK Benchmarks
kWh/
sqm
/ y
ear
0
50
100
150
200
250
2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014
CIBSE CIBSE TM46 BREEAM2Very2Good BREEAM2Excellent Passivhaus Passivhaus Passivhaus
Typical Good2pracGce
Median Willows St2Lukes Oakmeadow Bushbury Wilkinson
Monitored total energy consumption vs UK Benchmarks
70+
% re
duct
ion
Why monitor CO2 levels?A good proxy of indoor air quality
Provides information on the ventilation rates
Affects learning and performance
Affects health, exposure to high concentration associated with symptoms, eg headaches
UK regulations for classroomsAbsolute maximum 5000 ppm
Average should not exceed 1500 ppm
Occupants should be able to reduce to below 1000 ppm at any point
Indoor Environment / Indoor Air Quality / Winter
Indoor Environment / Indoor Air Quality / Winter
Indoor Environment / Indoor Air Quality / Winter
Indoor Environment / Indoor Air Quality / Winter
CO2 concentrations typical winter day
Indoor Environment / Indoor Air Quality / Summer
Indoor Environment / Indoor Air Quality / Summer
Indoor Environment / Indoor Air Quality / Summer
CO2 concentrations in occupied hours by season
Thermal Conditions in WinterThermal comfort
Has an effect on energy consumption
UK GuidelinesIn education spaces air temperature should remain between 19 °C and 23 °C
Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Winter
Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Winter
Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Winter
Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Winter
Thermal Conditions in Summer?Future climate projections for the UK indicate longer and more frequent hot spells and higher average temperatures.
Overheating risk for all buildings is expected to increase in the next decades
Guidelines are currently being reviewed & are bound to become stricter, influenced by overheating risk
UK regulations for classroomsBuilding Bulletin 101, 2006
Absolute maximum of 32 °C
The upper limit of 28° C should not be exceeded for more than 120 occupied hours (75th percentile)
Aim for temperatures between 19 °C and 23 °C
Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Summer
Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Summer
Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Summer
Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Summer
Passivhaus Schools 3.0. . . more simplification, especially controls
Burry Port Community PrimaryNo BMS - all manual controls
Trimsaran Primary SchoolBMS for monitoring onlyGlazing further simplifiedTimber frame detailing standardised
Ground Floor
First Floor
Parc Y Tywyn
Ground Floor
First Floor
Passivhaus University
The Enterprise CentreUniversity of East Anglia“Exemplary Low Carbon Building”PassivhausBREEAM outstanding
Sketch Aerial Perspective from South West
Future Phase
Earlham Hall
Enterprise Centre
Ground Floor
First Floor
Embodied carbon
Low embodied carbon
Embodied carbon by element
Lifecycle carbon by elementEG. Floor construction
Competition proposal
Revised proposal (built)
Lifecycle carbon (cumulative)
University Benchmark
The Enterprise Centre
70+
% re
duct
ion
Future climate analysis
Future climate cooling analysis
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
Base Case = 0.3 ACH nat vent, 0.3
ACH night purge, 1 ACH summer mech
boost, med/light weight
Base case - summer boost (no mech vent
in summer)
Base Case + 2 ACH summer nat vent
Base Case + Increased efficiency
cooling, COP 4
Base Case + 2 Massive surfaces
(walls)
Base Case + All massive construction
Tota
l car
bon
emis
sion
s pe
r m2
to 2
100,
kgC
O2/
m2
Total CO2 emissions over 87 yrs for different cooling strategies
+ Typical embodied carbon
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
900.00
Base Case = 0.3 ACH nat vent, 0.3 ACH night purge, 1 ACH summer mech
boost, med/light weight
Base case -summer boost
(no mech vent in summer)
Base Case + 2 ACH summer
nat vent
Base Case + Increased efficiency
cooling, COP 4
Base Case + 2 Massive
surfaces (walls)
Base Case + All massive
constructionTota
l car
bon
emis
sion
s pe
r m2
to 2
100,
kgC
O2/
m2
LCA CO2 emissions, operational & typical embodied, for different cooling strategies
Net LCA carbon
Operational Carbon to 2100
6 Months operationElectricity = 34,732.6 kwhHeat (from district heating) = 11,228 kwh
Using current ‘recharge rates’ of £0.11297 per kwh for elec and £0.02904 for heat the costs are below…
Electricity = £3923.74Heat = £326.06
Measured primary energy
(to 14 December 2015)
Total energy use
(to 14 December 2015)
Conclusion
Be ambitious and show leadership
Your client might not ask for Passivhausor have even heard of it - that’s no reason not to introduce it!
Use the PHPP as a design tool from day one
Work with skilled Passivhaus experts
Collaborate with the wider team at every stage
Constantly focus on simplicity of design and detailing
Relentlessly focus on value engineering to achieve cost
Hold focussed workshops with all key sub-contractors
Make rigorous and frequent site inspections
Undertake building monitoring and rigorous analysis of data
Work with and help end users understand their new environment
Learn lessons from monitored data and end user feedback and apply them to the next project
Perfection is achieved, not when there is nothing more to add, but when there is nothing left to take away.
Antoine de Saint-ExuperyFrench writer 1900 – 1944
www.architype.co.uk
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