Department of Real Estate and Construction The University of Hong Kong 10 years of Construction Safety Measures in Hong Kong: Lessons Learned? CIIHK Conference.
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Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
10 years of Construction Safety Measures in Hong Kong:
Lessons Learned?
CIIHK Conference 2007
Never Safe Enough: A Wider Look at Construction Health and Safety
Professor Steve Rowlinson (盧連新 )Department of Real Estate and Construction,
The University of Hong Kong
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Location and Share of Global GDP 1999
Africa Africa GDP:1.9% GDP:1.9% Pop:794MPop:794M
AsiaAsia GDP:24.2% GDP:24.2% Pop:3,495MPop:3,495M
Latin America Latin America and Caribbean and Caribbean
GDP:4.0% GDP:4.0% Pop:519MPop:519M
Northern Northern AmericaAmerica
GDP:31.7GDP:31.7% %
Pop:314MPop:314M Middle EastMiddle EastGDP:4.0% GDP:4.0% Pop:188MPop:188M
Eastern Europe& RussiaEastern Europe& RussiaGDP:3.0% GDP:3.0% Pop:307MPop:307M
WesternEuropeWesternEuropeGDP:31.3% GDP:31.3% Pop:422MPop:422M
1999 (GDP) / 2000 (Population)
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Location and Share of Global GDP
Africa Africa GDP: 3.3 % GDP: 3.3 %
Pop: 800 M, 12.5%Pop: 800 M, 12.5%
Asia Asia GDP: 34.5 % GDP: 34.5 %
Pop: 3,531 M, 55.2%Pop: 3,531 M, 55.2%
Central & Central & South AmericaSouth America GDP: 7.5 % GDP: 7.5 %
Pop: 537 M, 8.4%Pop: 537 M, 8.4%
North AmericaNorth AmericaGDP: 21.3 %GDP: 21.3 %
Pop: 333 M, 5.2%Pop: 333 M, 5.2% Middle EastMiddle East
GDP: 3.1 % GDP: 3.1 % Pop: 269 M, 4.2%Pop: 269 M, 4.2%
Eastern Europe & RussiaEastern Europe & RussiaGDP: 7.2 % GDP: 7.2 %
Pop: 467 M, 7.3%Pop: 467 M, 7.3%
Western EuropeWestern EuropeGDP: 21.4 % GDP: 21.4 %
Pop: 403 M, 6.3%Pop: 403 M, 6.3%
OceaniaOceaniaGDP: 1.7 % GDP: 1.7 %
Pop: 26 M, 0.4%Pop: 26 M, 0.4%
Source : World Economic Outlook 2005, International Monetary Fund.
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Researcher at play
Is this d
ang
erou
s?
Is this safe?
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Economic and Demographic Indicators at Year 2004
Source : World Development Indicators Database, World Bank.
country Population (m) GDP/head (US$) Accident rate (per 1000 workers)
USA 293.5 39,752 63
UK 59.4 36,039 9.5
Japan 127.8 36,187 1.8
Australia 20.1 31,375 25
EU 307.4 30,480 72
Singapore 4.3 24,641 8
New Zealand 4.3 24,641 32
Hong Kong 6.8 23,814 60
Malaysia 25.2 4,672 7
Thailand 62.4 2,621 29
China 1,296.5 1,272 0.05
Indonesia 217.6 1,184 --
Vietnam 82.2 550 19 or more
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Economic and Demographic Indicators at Year 2004
Source : World Development Indicators Database, World Bank.
country Population (m) GDP/head (US$) Accident rate (per 1000 workers)
USA 293.5 39,752 63
UK 59.4 36,039 9.5
Japan 127.8 36,187 1.8
Australia 20.1 31,375 25
EU 307.4 30,480 72
Singapore 4.3 24,641 8
New Zealand 4.3 24,641 32
Hong Kong 6.8 23,814 60
Malaysia 25.2 4,672 7
Thailand 62.4 2,621 29
China 1,296.5 1,272 0.05
Indonesia 217.6 1,184 --
Vietnam 82.2 550 19 or more
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Accidents per 1,000 Construction Workers
Japan & UK : over 3 day non-fatal injuries
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Accidents and Initiatives
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Safety initiatives in HK (1)1994 Safety Management System
1994 Pay for Safety Scheme
1994 Performance Assessment Scoring System
1994 Safety Plan
1995 Consultation Paper on Self-Regulatory SMS
1996 Green Card Scheme
1997 Construction Sites (Safety) Regulations
1997 Factories & Industrial Undertakings Regulations
1997 Occupational Safety & Health Ordinance Cap509
1998 Construction Site Safety Manual & Handbook
1998 Site Supervision Plan System
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Safety initiatives in HK (2)1998 Occupational Safety & Health Regulation
1999 Factories & Industrial Undertaking (Amendment) Ordinance
2000 PASS (Revised to include PFSS provision)
2000 Contractor Performance Index System
2000 Code of Practice for Site Safety Supervision
2001 Automatic Suspension from Tendering System
2002 Site Safety Cycle
2002 Factories & Industrial Undertakings (Safety Management) Reg
2002 Code pf Practice on Safety Management
2003 Construction Site (Safety) (Amendment) Reg
2005 Safety Partnering Programme
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Source: Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Hong Kong's GDP from Construction
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
HK
$ m
illio
ns
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Source: Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Hong Kong's GDP from Construction
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
HK
$ m
illio
ns
Hong Kong Accident Rate
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
One country
Two systems
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
One country
Two systems
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
One country
Two systems
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Researcher at work
Is this d
ang
erou
s?
Is this safe?
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Implementation
• Self regulation
• Legislation
• or
• Certification
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Traditional Adversarial Approach
Long Term Benefits
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Summary
• Current green card system is not effective• Communication is a problem in safety
improvement • Drivers for improvement are opposing:
– Business issues– Ethical issues– Social responsibility
• Institutional barriers exist to a concerted effort
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Summary
• Education and training at tertiary and professional levels are inadequate
• Potential issues which can be used as drivers for improvements: – Corporate social responsibility– Developer attitude– Client insurance– Design management– Work life balance– “Can do” attitude– Use of data– Procurement systems – Relationship management – Honest auditing – focus on improvement
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Issues arising
• Maturity
• Benchmarking
• Toolkit
• Competence framework
• CDM
• Engagement
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Organisational Maturity
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Benchmarking Safety
Steve Rowlinson, Jason Matthews, Brian Atkin
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Why Benchmark?
Competitive advantage -“an external focus on internal activities, functions or operations in order to achieve continuous improvement”
Safety issues:
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Safety supports company processes
Cost reduction & increased efficiency
Strategic
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
•human resource management
•implementation & procedures
•organisational management
•specific project objectives
SMS Inputs
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Human Resource Management
Specific Project Objectives
Organisational Management
Implementation and Procedures
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
SafetytoolkitSafety toolkit
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Construction safety competence framework
Staff competence
Culture actions
Safety culture Leading to
Performance
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Initiatives
• Design management
• Worker engagement
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Issues
• Legislate or manage
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Issues
• Corporate manslaughter
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Issues
• CSR
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
Issues
• CIC
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
A new business paradigm
• Safe sites are profitable sites?
• or vice versa?
Department of Real Estate and ConstructionThe University of Hong Kong
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