Dash7 Uof P Hawrylak 01292009

RFID Center of Excellence

RFID Center - Who/What We Are People Equipment Fundamental Technologies Intellectual Property Anechoic Chambers Publishing - Journal, Conferences Member AIDC 100, US TAG/ISO

RFID Center Accomplishments

Five Spin Off Companies (2½ Years) 14 Energy Harvesting/RFID related Patents 35+ Pending Applications Carnegie Science Center Award for Excellence in Corporate Innovation

RFID Center Spin Off Company Accomplishments

Best of Show – Emerging Technologies, Las Vegas CES Carnegie Science Center Award for Excellence in Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Carnegie Science Center Start-Up Entrepreneur Award for Excellence

Pitt Research and Development Spectrum

• Basic Patents in Energy Harvesting• Working with RIFD Companies

2200 M

FireFly Power Technologies

Layers of RFID

• Physical Layer– Transmission of Data as RF Signals

• Link Layer– Interrogator/Tag Processing and

Forming Messages in Digital Format (1s and 0s)

• Application-Interrogator Layer– Application Interface with Interrogator

• Application Layer– Update of Database Records, Actions

Taken on Middle/Back-end, etc. Physical Layer

RF Signals

Link Layer

Application-Interrogator Layer

Application Layer

Physical Layer

• Translates binary strings of data (0s and 1s) to an radio frequency (RF) signal.

• Mechanism– Active (Powered) Transmitter– Backscatter or Passive Transmitter

• Carrier Frequencies– 125 kHz, 13.56 MHz, 433 MHz, 915 MHz

• Modulation– ASK, FSK, PSK, OOK, …

• Data Encoding– Bit Width Data Rate

Link Layer

• Translates Commands and Responses to Binary Strings of Data

Collection with Universal Data Block (UDB)Command

0100 0000 0000 0100 0000 1100 0000 0000 0000 0011 0001 1111 …

University of Pittsburgh

• Focus on:– Physical Layer– Link Layer

• Interrogators and Tags

Physical Layer

RF Signals

Link Layer

Application-Interrogator Layer

Application Layer

OurFocus

ISO Activities

• Member Technical Advisory Group (TAG) for USA Delegation to the International Standards Organization (ISO)

• One of the Leading Members working on:

– ISO 18000-7

– ISO 18047-7– ISO 18000-6, ISO 18000-3, …

Ecosystem

• Have Many Application Spaces

• Want One System

ApplicationApplicationSpaceSpace

Ecosystem

• Want One System

• Want Many Vendors

InterrogatorVendor B

TagVendor B

InterrogatorVendor A

TagVendor A

Ecosystem

• Want One System

• Want Many Vendors

• Want Any Tag to Work with Any Interrogator

InterrogatorVendor B

TagVendor B

InterrogatorVendor A

TagVendor A

Roadmap

• Standardized System

Roadmap

• Standardized System– Core Standard: ISO 18000-7

18000-7

Roadmap

• Standardized System– Core Standard: ISO 18000-7

• Build Applications on Top of Core Standard

18000-7

• Conform to a common standard• Conformance

• Interoperability

• Devices work with each other• Interoperability by Substitution

• Conformance First, Then Interoperability– Conformance is necessary but not a sufficient for

interoperability

Interoperability

Achieving the Two Goals

ConformanceInteroperabilityBy Substitution

Interoperability

• Factors determining interoperability– Large number– Some independent; others dependent

• Based on these factors, define a single index or measure of interoperability – For tags– For readers

Enter the Full Factored Reader

Reader exercisesthe full range ofall factors

Enter the Full Factored Tag

Reader

Tag exercisesthe full range ofall factors

Real Interoperability

Reader Tag

Reader/Tag exercise the full

range of all factors

Interoperability

• Conformance Plus…

• Correct Behavior– Link Layer

• Functions Over the Entire Range of Parameter Limits– Defined in Standard

• Generates an Interoperability Score– Confidence of a Specified Confidence Level

Interoperability

ConformanceInteroperabilityBy Substitution

Interoperability Roadblocks

• Two vendors, A and B may work together but not implement the entire standard.

Standard

A and B

Interoperability Roadblocks

• Two vendors, A and B may work together but not implement the entire standard.

• A third vendor, C’s, equipment will not work with A’s or B’s equipment, but C still conforms.

Standard

A and BC

A and B

Standard

Want…

Fully Exercise Standard

• Check Entire Range of Physical Parameters– Center Frequency may be allowed to deviate +/-

10% from a nominal value

• Test Error Cases– Transmit Messages Containing Errors

• Test Behavior – Use Cases– Transmit a sequence of messages to mimic a given

behavior

Reference Design – GOLD Standard

• Basis to Test Any Device for Conformance and Interoperability

• Product Agnostic– Independent

• Transparent

• Controllability

• Operation Over Entire Range of All Parameters

Using GOLD Standard

• Consistent Test– Same Stimuli (Input) to all Devices Under Test

• Platform to Evaluate Conformance

• Basis for Evaluating Interoperability– All Devices can Communicate with GOLD

Standard– Fully Customizable– Fully Controllable

Testing a Tag

Gold Standard

Interrogator

TagUnderTest

Commands

Response

Results

Tester

Response of Tag is Tested

Testing an Interrogator

Gold Standard

InterrogatorUnderTest

Response

Commands

Results

Tester

Stimulus from Interrogator is Tested

Control

• Gold Standard Reader

• Gold Standard Tag

• Device Under Test (DUT)

Conformance Test Environment Overview

Test Controller

RFMeasurement

Equipment

Measurements

Control

Communication

Gold Standard

Tester

• Pass/DID NOT PASS Indication• Detailed Test Results

Behavior Test Scripts

• Simulate Any Type of Behavior– Database Operations– Error Conditions– Extreme Conditions

• Use Cases– Typical behaviors device will encounter during

deployment.– Focus on common use cases

GOLD Standard Uses

• Beyond Conformance and Interoperability

• Evaluate New Protocols– New Physical Layer Parameters– Custom Commands

• Evaluate New Methods to Perform Operations– Memory Access – Write, Read, and Search– Database Operations

Current Deployment

• ISO 18000-7 / RFID-III– Complete Conformance Testing Package– Comprehensive Interoperability Testing

• ISO 18000-6C / Gen-2– Conformance Testing Package Under

Development

• ISO 18000-3– Conformance Testing Package Under

Development

RFID Center Offerings

• Conformance Test Software License• Conformance Test at RFID Center• Interoperability Test at RFID Center• Custom Tests at RFID Center• Independent Test Facility• Independent Forum for Technical Discussions

– Previously hosted workshop on Gray Areas

• Research and Development

Conformance Test Software Package

• Automated• License $20,000 first year• Small yearly maintenance• Quality Control

– Automatic Testing of Basic ISO 18047-7 Parameters

• The Software has already been commercially licensed and continues to be to be available for licensing.

Conformance Test One Reader/Tag Pair

• Tests done at University of Pittsburgh RFID Center– RFID Center Personnel

• Hourly rate of $110• Deliverables: Detailed Report with examples

of failure cases, Raw Result Data, IQ Waveforms

• Estimate 1 Week (40 hours) for a reader and tag pair

Interoperability and Custom Tests

• Done at University of Pittsburgh RFID Center – RFID Center Personnel

• Hourly rate of $110

• Deliverables: Detailed Report with examples of failure cases, Raw Result Data, IQ Waveforms

Discussion Forum

• Bring Stakeholders together to Share and Discuss ISO 18000-7 Technical Issues– Advance ISO Standard– Identify, Discuss, and Eliminate Gray Areas– Share Information about Wins and Pitfalls

• Ensures Environment that Supports Interoperability

• Hosted Gray Areas of ISO 18000-7 Workshop– March 2008

Contact Us

• Website: http://www.engr.pitt.edu/site/rfid/

Marlin H. MickleMarlin H. Mickle

DirectorDirector

RFID Center of ExcellenceRFID Center of Excellence

University of PittsburghUniversity of Pittsburgh

Email: mickle@pitt.eduEmail: mickle@pitt.edu

Thank YouThank You

Questions?Questions?Marlin H. MickleMarlin H. Mickle

DirectorDirectorRFID Center of ExcellenceRFID Center of Excellence

University of PittsburghUniversity of PittsburghEmail: mickle@pitt.eduEmail: mickle@pitt.edu

Peter J. HawrylakPeter J. HawrylakResearch AssociateResearch Associate

RFID Center of ExcellenceRFID Center of ExcellenceUniversity of PittsburghUniversity of Pittsburgh

Email: phawrylak@engr.pitt.eduEmail: phawrylak@engr.pitt.edu

Thank YouThank You

Questions?Questions?Marlin H. MickleMarlin H. Mickle

DirectorDirectorRFID Center of ExcellenceRFID Center of Excellence

University of PittsburghUniversity of PittsburghEmail: mickle@pitt.eduEmail: mickle@pitt.edu

Peter J. HawrylakPeter J. HawrylakResearch AssociateResearch Associate

RFID Center of ExcellenceRFID Center of ExcellenceUniversity of PittsburghUniversity of Pittsburgh

Email: phawrylak@engr.pitt.eduEmail: phawrylak@engr.pitt.edu

Dash7 Uof P Hawrylak 01292009

interoperability factors

interoperability roadblocks

measure of interoperability

b c standard

exercise standard

interoperability large

gold standard consistent

onesystem application

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