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7/28/2019 Cross Section Elements
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IBW]B KF^QKQ]QM DL QMNCFD@DE[
Erbaubtm ^ncdd` dl Mfekfmmrkfe
B @mnturm kf _mskamftkb`
^trmmtWrmsmftma oy
Ar& Qdibs ]& Ebfkrdf Jr
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B rmskamftkb` strmmt&
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OBNHE_D]FAQcm nrdss smntkdf dl b rdba kfn`uams sdim drb`` dl tcm ld``dwkfe m`mimfts:
Qrbvm`ma wby #tcm pdrtkdf dl tcm rdbawbyprdvkama ldr tcm idvmimft dl vmckn`ms,mxn`uskvm dl scdu`amrs+
_dbawby #tcm pdrtkdf dl b ckecwby,kfn`uakfe scdu`amrs, prdvkama ldr vmcknu`brusm+
Imakbf brmb #tcm pcysknb` dr pbkftmasmpbrbtkdf prdvkama df akvkama ckecwbysomtwmmf twd bajbnmft rdbawbys+
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Arbkfbem ncbffm`s bfa skam s`dpms N`mbr zdfm wkatc #k&m&, tcm akstbfnm lrdi tcm
maem dl tcm trbvm`ma wby td mktcmr b lkxma
dostbn`m dr fdfrmvmrsko`m s`dpm+
Ndfskamrma bs b skfe`m ufkt, b`` tcmsm nrdss)smntkdf
m`mimfts amlkfm tcm ckecwby rkect)dl)wby&
Qcm rkect)dl)wby nbf om amsnrkoma emfmrb``y bs tcm
puo`kn`y dwfma pbrnm` dl `bfa tcbt mfndipbssms b``tcm vbrkdus nrdss)smntkdf m`mimfts #smm Lkeurms
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L keurm
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^dim amnkskdfs bodut nrdss smntkdf brmibam aurkfe prdjmnt amvm`dpimft, sunc bstcm nbpbnkty bfa fuiomr dl `bfms ldr tcmlbnk`kty&
Dtcmr amnkskdfs, sunc bs lufntkdfb`n`bssklknbtkdf, brm ibam mbr`kmr kf tcmprdnmss& Uktckf tcmsm pbrbimtmrs, tcmBB^CQD eukam`kfms rmndiimfa b rbfem dl
vb`ums ldr tcm akimfskdfs td usm ldr nrdsssmntkdfb` m`mimfts&
Amnkakfe wcknc dl tcm m`mimfts tdkfn`uam bfa sm`mntkfe tcm bpprdprkbtm
akimfskdfs wktckf tcmsm rbfems ks tcm rd`mdl tcm amskefmr
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]robf ckecwby nrdss smntkdf amskef lmbturms bfa tmris
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Kf sm`mntkfe tcm bpprdprkbtm nrdsssmntkdfm`mimfts bfa akimfskdfs, amskefmrs fmma tdndfskamr b fuiomr dl lbntdrs, kfn`uakfe tcmld``dwkfe:
\d`uim bfa ndipdsktkdf #pmrnmft trunhs, ousms,bfa rmnrmbtkdfb` vmckn`ms+ dl tcm vmcknu`br trbllknmxpmntma td usm tcm lbnk`kty
Qcm `khm`kcdda tcbt oknyn`ksts bfa pmamstrkbfs wk``usm tcm rdutm
N`kibtkn ndfaktkdfs #m&e&, tcm fmma td prdvkamstdrbem spbnm ldr p`dwma sfdw+
Qcm prmsmfnm dl fbturb` dr cuibfibamdostruntkdfs bajbnmft td tcm rdbawby #m&e&, rdnhn`klls, `brem trmms, wmt`bfas, ouk`akfes, pdwmr `kfms+
Qypm bfa kftmfskty dl amvm`dpimft b`dfe tcmsmntkdf dl tcm ckecwby lbnk`kty tcbt ks omkfeamskefma
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^blmty dl tcm usmrs
Qcm idst bpprdprkbtm amskefldr b ckecwby kiprdvmimft ks
tcm dfm tcbt ob`bfnms tcm
idok`kty fmmas dl tcm pmdp`muskfe tcm lbnk`kty #idtdrksts,
pmamstrkbfs, dr oknyn`ksts+ wktc
tcm pcysknb` ndfstrbkfts dl tcmndrrkadr wktckf wcknc tcm
lbnk`kty ks `dnbtma
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Qcm `khm`kcdda dl pmamstrkbf bfa oknyn`m trbllkn ks dfm lbntdr td
ndfskamr wcmf amskefkfe tcm nrdss smntkdf dl b lbnk`kty&
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N_D^^ ^MNQKDF M@MIMFQ^ Qrbvm` @bfms
Qcm fuiomr dl `bfms fmmama ldr b lbnk`kty ksusub``y amtmrikfma aurkfe tcm ndfnmpt stbem dlprdjmnt amvm`dpimft& Kt ks usub``y tcm fuiomr dl`bfms fmnmssbry td bnndiidabtm tcm mxpmntmatrbllkn vd`uims bt b `mvm` dl smrvknm amtmrikfma tdom bpprdprkbtm ldr tcm lbnk`kty& Mbnc baaktkdfb` `bfmrmprmsmfts bf kfnrmbsm kf tcm trbllkn nbrrykfe
nbpbok`kty dl tcm lbnk`kty&Hfdwkfe luturm prdjmntma trbvm` amibfas, tcm
amskefmr, uskfe tcm bfb`ysks prdnmaurms kf tcmCkecwby Nbpbnkty Ibfub`, nbf prdvkam kfput kftdtcm amnkskdf ibhkfe prdnmss aurkfe prdjmntamvm`dpimft td amtmrikfm tcm bpprdprkbtm fuiomr
dl trbvm` `bfms ldr tcm `mvm` dl smrvknm amskrma&Ndiiufkty kfput b`sd p`bys b pbrt kf tcks amnkskdf&
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B ndiiufkty iby amnkam tcrduecpuo`kn kfvd`vmimft tcbt b `dwmr `mvm`dl smrvknm ks bnnmptbo`m ldr tcmsktubtkdf tcbf tcm `mvm` dl smrvknmfdrib``y prdvkama ldr fmwndfstruntkdf prdjmnts&
Kf urobf bfa suourobf brmbs,skefb`kzma kftmrsmntkdfs brm usub``ytcm prmadikfbft lbntdr ndftrd``kfetcm nbpbnkty dl tcm ckecwby drstrmmt&
Qcmrm iby om idrm `btktuam kfamtmrikfkfe tcm fuiomr dl `bfms ldrtcmsm typms dl lbnk`ktkms&
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Ldr mxbip`m, b twd `bfm lbnk`ktybpprdbnckfe bf kftmrsmntkdf nbf ommxpbfama td ldur `bfms #dfm `mlt turf
`bfm, twd tcrduec `bfms, dfm rkectturf `bfm+ bt tcm kftmrsmntkdf ktsm`lbfa tcmf rmturfma td twd `bfmsomydfa tcm kftmrsmntkdf&
Qcm fmma td akstrkoutm trbllknsblm`y wk`` amtmrikfm tcm fmma ldrbfy mxpbfskdf dl tcm bpprdbncrdbawby& Qcm baama `bfms bt tcm
kftmrsmntkdf nbf om kf b vbrkmty dlndflkeurbtkdfs td smrvm tcm trbvm`amskrms dl tcm trbllkn&
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@bfm UkatcQcm wkatc dl trbvm` `bfms ks
`kiktma oy tcm pcysknb` akimfskdfs dlbutdidok`ms bfa trunhs td b rbfemomtwmmf ?&5 bfa >&< i #; bfa 2? lt+&
Emfmrb``y, bs tcm amskef spmma dlb ckecwby kfnrmbsms, sd iust tcm
`bfm wkatc td b``dw ldr tcm `btmrb`idvmimft dl vmckn`ms wktckf tcm`bfm&
Cdwmvmr, ndfstrkntma rkect dl wby
bfa dtcmr amskef rmstrkntkdfs nbfcbvm bf kipbnt df tcks amnkskdf&
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B` tcduec bfm wkatc s d l >&< i brmamskrbo`m df odtc rurb` bfa uro bf
lbnk ` k t kms, tcmrm brm nkrn ui stbfnms tcbt
fmnmss k tbtm tcm usm dl bfms mss tcbf >&&> i bfms ksbnnmp tbo`m& @bfms >&7 i w kam brm
bnnmptbo`m df dw spmma lbnk ` kt kms&
@bfms ?&5 i w kam brm bpp rdpr kbtm df
`dw vd`ui m rdbas kf rurb ` bfa rmskamft kb`brmbs&
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B `bfasnbpma imakbf
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ImakbfsBf kipdrtbft ndfskamrbtkdf kf tcm amskef dl bfy
iu`tk`bfm ckecwby ks wcmtcmr td prdvkam b imakbf bfa, kldfm ks prdvkama, wcbt tcm akimfskdfs scdu`a om& Qcmprkibry lufntkdfs dl ckecwby imakbfs brm td:
^mpbrbtm dppdskfe trbllkn l`dws
Wrdvkam b rmndvmry brmb ldr dut dl ndftrd` vmckn`ms
B``dw spbnm ldr spmma ncbfems bfa `mlt turfkfe bfa ]
turfkfe vmckn`ms Ikfkikzm cmba`kect e`brm
Wrdvkam wkatc ldr luturm `bfms #pbrtknu`br`y kf suourobfbrmbs+
Wrdvkam b spbnm ldr `bfasnbpm p`bftkfe tcbt ks kf hmmpkfewktc sblmty fmmas bfa kiprdvms tcm bmstcmtkns dl tcmlbnk`kty
Wrdvkam b spbnm ldr obrrkmrs&
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Ampmfakfe df bemfny prbntknm bfaspmnklkn `dnbtkdf rmqukrmimfts, imakbfsiby om amprmssma, rbksma, dr l`usc wktc tcm
surlbnm dl tcm trbvm`ma wby&Imakbfs scdu`a cbvm b akimfskdf tcbtks kf ob`bfnm wktc tcm dtcmr m`mimfts dltcm tdtb` ckecwby nrdss smntkdf&
Qcm emfmrb` rbfem dl imakbf wkatcs ks
lrdi 2&? i #1 lt+, usub``y kf urobf brmbs, td?1 i #37 lt+ dr idrm, kf rurb` brmbs&
Bf dllsmt dl bt `mbst b =77 ii #2&= lt+scdu`a om prdvkama omtwmmf bfy vmrtknb`m`mimft `dnbtma wktckf tcm imakbf, suncbs b nuro dr obrrkmr, bfa tcm maem dl tcmbajbnmft trbvm`ma `bfm&
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Qcm amskef bfa wkatc dl imakbfsbebkf rmqukrm trbamdlls ldr amskefmrs&
Kf `dnbtkdfs wcmrm tcm tdtb`
bvbk`bo`m rkect dl wby ks rmstrkntma, bwkam imakbf iby fdt om amskrbo`m kl ktrmqukrms fbrrdwkfe tcm brmbs bajbnmft tdtcm dutskam maem dl tcm trbvm`ma wby&
B rmbsdfbo`m odramr wkatc ks
rmqukrma td smrvm bs b oullmr omtwmmfprkvbtm amvm`dpimft b`dfe tcm rdba bfatcm maem dl tcm trbvm`ma wby, bfa spbnmiby om fmmama ldr skamwb`hs, ckecwbyskefs, utk`ktkms, pbrhkfe, arbkfbem
ncbffm`s bfa strunturms, prdpmr s`dpmsbfa n`mbr zdfms, bfa bfy rmtbkfma fbtkvmp`bft ibtmrkb`&
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Df tcm dtcmr cbfa, wkamr
imakbfs prdvkam idrm spbnm ldr
p`bft ibtmrkb`, dllmr b rmluem ldrpmamstrkbfs bt kftmrsmntkdfs,
bfa cm`p sdltmf tcm `ddh dl tcm
rdbawby&
Kfn`uakfe bfa amskefkfe
imakbfs rmqukrms puo`kn kfput td
lkfa tcm amskef tcbt immts tcm
fmmas dl tcm ndiiufkty&
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Qwd wby `mlt turf`bfms kiprdvm sblmtybfa mllknkmfny ldr
vmcknu`br trbllknout ad fdt blldra bsblm rmluem ldr pmamstrkbfs
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Qcm usm dl twd wby `mlt turf `bfmsdf urobf strmmts kf amfsm`yamvm`dpma suourobf ndiimrnkb`
brmbs cbs kfnrmbsma bs bfb`tmrfbtkvm td rbksma imakbfs wktc`mlt turf dr ] turf obys&
B`tcduec fdt bs bmstcmtknb``yp`mbskfe bs rbksma, p`bftma imakbfs,
ndftkfudus `mlt turf `bfms nbfkiprdvm nbpbnkty&
Qwd wby `mlt turf `bfms emfmrb``ybrm fdt rmndiimfama kf rmskamftkb`
brmbs omnbusm tcmy ad fdt blldra bsblm rmluem ldr pmamstrkbfs& B`sd, tcmfuiomr dl arkvmwbys nbf nrmbtmufsblm vmckn`m ibfmuvmr
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^cdu`amrs kfnrmbsm sblmty bfa ckecwby nbpbnkty bfa prdvkam b
p`bnm ldr pmamstrkbfs bfa oknyn`ksts wcmf fd skamwb`hs
brm prdvkama
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^cdu`amrsB`tcduec tcm pcysknb` akimfskdfs
dl butdidok`ms bfa trunhs `kikt tcmobskn wkatc dl trbvm` `bfms, tcmtrmbtimft dl tcbt pdrtkdf dl tcmckecwby td tcm rkect dl tcm bntub`trbvm`ma wby, tcbt ks, tcm /rdbawbymaem,/ prdvkams tcm amskefmr wktc bermbtmr amermm dl l`mxkok`kty&
Qcks ks trum kf odtc urobf bfa
rurb` brmbs, b`tcduec akllmrmft amskefm`mimfts brm idrm bpprdprkbtm kfmbnc `dnbtkdf&
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^cdu`amr wkatcs typknb``y vbry
lrdi bs `ktt`m bs 7&< i #? lt+ df ikfdr
rurb` rdbas, wcmrm tcmrm ks fd surlbnkfe,
td bodut >&< i #2? lt+ df ibjdr ckecwbys,wcmrm tcm mftkrm scdu`amr iby om
stbok`kzma dr pbvma&
Qcm trmbtimft dl scdu`amrs ks
kipdrtbft lrdi b fuiomr dlpmrspmntkvms, kfn`uakfe sblmty, tcm
nbpbnkty dl tcm ckecwby smntkdf, kipbnt
df tcm surrdufakfe mfvkrdfimft, bfa
odtc tcm kfktkb` nbpktb` dut`by bfa
dfedkfe ibkftmfbfnm bfa dpmrbtkfe
ndsts& Qcm scdu`amr amskef scdu`a
ob`bfnm tcmsm lbntdrs&
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Ldr mxbip`m, b amskefmr iustndfskamr tcm kipbnt dl tcm scdu`amrwkatc bfa dtcmr rdbaskam m`mimfts
df tcm surrdufakfe mfvkrdfimft bfa,bt tcm sbim tkim, cdw tcmsmakimfskdfs wk`` bllmnt nbpbnkty&
Mvmf wktc b ibxkiui `bfm wkatcdl >&< i #2? lt+, tcm bosmfnm dl b
scdu`amr dr tcm prmsmfnm dl bfdostruntkdf bt tcm maem dl tcm trbvm``bfm nbf rmsu`t kf b rmauntkdf kfnbpbnkty dl bs iunc bs >7 pmrnmft,ndipbrma td bf brmb wcmrm scdu`amrdr n`mbr zdfm mxksts tcbt ks bikfkiui 2&3 i #< lt+ wkam&
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Df tcm dtcmr cbfa, skefklknbft
mfvkrdfimftb`, snmfkn, dr ckstdrkn
rmsdurnms iby om bavmrsm`y bllmntma
oy b wkamfma scdu`amr&
Bfdtcmr ndfskamrbtkdf ks tcm
bnndiidabtkdf dl pmamstrkbfs bfa
fdf idtdrkzma vmckn`ms& Kf ibfypbrts dl tcm nduftry, ckecwby
scdu`amrs prdvkam b smpbrbtm
trbvm`ma wby ldr pmamstrkbfs,
oknyn`ksts, bfa dtcmrs #wcmf fdskamwb`hs brm prdvkama+&
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