CRIJ 1301 Workbook.pd

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Welcome to CRIJ 1301 – Introduction to Criminal Justice with Odessa College. This

course workbook is an integral and required adjunct to your course text. This material has been

compiled through the collaborative efforts of the Criminal Justice Department faculty of Odessa

College. It is compliant with the most current Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board

Academic Course Guide Manual (ACGM) concerning course content and learning outcomes.

We have researched many sources of material and compiled what we believe is the most

comprehensive, accurate and contemporary information available from any source. Our idea is

to unlock ourselves, as instructors and students of Criminal Justice from any single source of

information such that we are free to more fully develop a bank of exceptional material and

coursework that leads the learner unencumbered through the American Criminal Justice system

in a comprehensive manner.

In your time spent in this coursework, we will explore the foundations of modern

criminal justice, look at all of the major players that comprise the modern system of justice, the

workings of each and the interplay between these systems as well as explore contemporary

issues that shape the present and future of American justice.

This course is a foundational program which introduces the student to the inner

workings of the criminal justice system through a comprehensive study of the three major

players: Law Enforcement, the Courts and Corrections. We will also take a look at the sub-

components within the system such as Probation and Parole, non-governmental corrections

services and community resources which intimately interact with the “Big 3”. This course

provides a historical and philosophical overview of the American criminal justice system,

including the nature, extent, and impact of crime; criminal law; and justice agencies and

processes.1 The general overall learning outcomes for this course include the successful

student being able to: Describe the history and philosophy of the American criminal justice

system; Explain the nature and extent of crime in America; Analyze the impact and

consequences of crime; Evaluate the development, concepts, and functions of law in the

criminal justice system, and; Describe the structure of contemporary federal, state, and local

justice agencies and processes.2

ODESSA COLLEGE CRIMINAL JUSTICE DEPARTMENT

Jennifer S. Myers, MSCJA, Psy.D Candidate, Department Chair

Shawndee K. Kennedy, MSCJA, Associate Professor

Troy N. Thomas, MSCJA, Associate Professor

John W. Newton, MSCJA, Associate Professor

Billy J. Spruill, MSCJA, Associate Professor

1 Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, Academic Course Guide Manual (ACGM),

http://reports.thecb.state.tx.us/ibi_apps/WFServlet.ibfs?PG_REQTYPE=REDIRECT&PG_MRsaved=false&PG_Func=GETBINARY&

PG_File=ljwaqxpy.pdf, March 30, 2015. 2 Ibid.

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

Revision 07-2015

The associated notes and Key

Terms apply to Module 1 of your text.

These notes and terminology will help

you to focus on those areas of the

module that your instructor has

identified as relating to the learning

objectives of the material. This is not to

say that any topics not included

specifically are in any way unimportant

and so you should pay equal attention to

the module in its entirety to get the full

context of information.

The notes are in our standard

Cornell Notes format. You should apply

all of the concepts of Cornell Note-taking

by not just completing the focal

information gleaned, but also be sure to

write questions that you have and

anticipate potential test questions in the

left margins as well as writing a concise

summary in your own words about the

module at the end of your notes.

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Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301 – Introduction

To Criminal Justice

Module: Module 1 – American

Criminal Justice & The Nature of Crime

Questions Notes

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1. Public views about crime are often

_________________, _____________________ and

even ________________.

1.1.2. Arrest Data – 2010 (Source Bureau of Justice Statistics

1.1.3. Identify the reason who most Americans are ill-

informed about the extent of crime according to your

11,200 20,090112,300

408,490

11,300

1,271,410

289,770

1,638,850

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

Arrests for Violent & Non-Violent Crime

2010S o u r c e : B u r e a u o f J u s t i c e S t a t i s t i c s ( 2 0 1 2 )

Violent Crimes Non-Violent Crimes

Questions Notes/Key Terms

1.2 Identify and discuss the three essential roles of the Police in

the criminal justice system.

1.2.1. Identify and discuss the roles and responsibilities the

three participants that comprise the Court system

1.2.2. Relative representations of arrests by crime

classification

All Arrests

Misdemeanors

Felonies

The funnel represents the many defendants who enter into

the criminal justice system.

Because of the mechanisms and opportunities in

the system, as many as 98% of those who enter the

system never make it to trial and ultimate

conviction or acquittal.

1.3 There are 7 decision points in the criminal justice process.

Identify and discuss each.

1.4 The American Criminal Justice System is unique in the world.

Define and discuss the following concepts that make it so.

Decentralization

Federalism

Separate Juvenile System

Adversarial v. Inquisitorial Systems

Constitutional Rights

1.5 The Size of the American Criminal Justice System

1.6 Models of Criminal Justice. Identify and discuss the

characteristics of the following models.

1.6.1. Individual Rights and Due Process model

$20.000

$40.000

$60.000

$80.000

$100.000

$120.000

1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007

U.S. Criminal Justice Expenditures(in Billions of Dollars)

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics

Courts Police Corrections

1.6.2. Procedural Justice

1.6.3. The Crime Control model

1.6.4. The Rehabilitation model

1.6.5. The Just Deserts model

1.6.6. The Restorative Justice model

1.7 The Nature of Crime

1.8 Crime Control Policy & Consequences

1.8.1. Discuss the method of creating crime control policy and

identify the problem that this method has created.

1.8.2. Identify and briefly discuss the four substantial

consequences of this policy development methodology

1.9 Defining Crime

1.9.1. Discuss the Consensus Perspective of crime control

1.9.2. Discuss the Conflict Perspective of crime control

1.10 Measurement of Crime

1.10.1. List and identify the major characteristics of the two

types of crime measures

1.10.2. Discuss what Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) are:

1.10.3. Identify the strengths and weaknesses (limitations) of

the Uniform Crime Reports

1.10.4. Discuss what the National Incident Based Reporting

System (NIBRS) is:

1.10.5. Discuss what the National Crime Victim Survey is and

identify its purpose.

1.10.6. Discuss the characteristics and purpose of Self-Report

Surveys.

Define the following Key Terms

Adversarial System

Inquisitorial System

Bill of Information or Information

Bill of Rights

Broken Windows Theory

Constitutional Rights

Crime Index

Dark Figure of Crime

Defense Attorney

Prosecutor

Decentralization

Federalism

Grand Jury

Indictment

Incidence

Initial Appearance

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

Official Crime Data

Part 1 Crimes

Part 2 Crimes

Prison

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

Unofficial Crime Data

Warrant

To Criminal Justice

Module: Module 1 – American

Criminal Justice & The Nature of Crime

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List 2222 things that you found particularly particularly particularly particularly interestinginterestinginterestinginteresting from the assignment

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List 1111 thing that you did not understand or still have a question about

Guided Notes

The associated notes and Key Terms

apply to Module 2 of your text. These

notes and terminology will help you to

focus on those areas of the chapter that

your instructor has identified as relating

to the learning objectives of the

material. This is not to say that any

topics not included specifically are in any

way unimportant and so you should pay

equal attention to the chapter in its

entirety to get the full context of

information.

chapter at the end of your notes.

To Criminal Justice

Module: Module 2 – Criminal Law

Questions Notes

2.1 Foundations of Criminal Law

2.1.1. Define and discuss the Rule of Law and its purpose

2.1.2. Law provides societies with a range of benefits… List all

8 benefits

2.1.3. (1)

2.1.4. (2)

2.1.5. (3)

2.1.6. (4)

2.1.7. (5)

2.1.8. (6)

2.1.9. (7)

2.1.10. (8)

2.2 Define and discuss Social Legitimacy

2.3 Sources of Criminal Law – Define and discuss the following

2.3.1.

2.3.2. Code of Hammurabi –

2.3.3. The Romans –

2.3.4. Common Law –

2.3.5. The Doctrine of Stare Decisis –

2.3.6. Judicial Precedent (Case Law) –

2.4 Identify and discuss the differences between the United

States Constitution and the Bill of Rights

2.5 Types of Law; Criminal Law - Define and discuss the

following

2.5.1. Crime -

2.5.2. Substantive Criminal Law –

2.5.3. Infraction –

2.5.4. Misdemeanors –

2.5.5. Felonies –

2.5.6. Beyond a reasonable doubt –

2.6 Civil Law - Define and discuss the following

2.6.1. Preponderance of the evidence –

2.6.2. Case Law

2.6.3.

Administrative Law

2.7 Criminal Procedure and Due Process Protections - Define

and discuss the following

2.7.1. Procedural Law –

2.7.2. Adversarial System –

2.7.3. Defense Attorneys –

2.8 Constitutional Protections - Define and discuss the following

2.8.1. Ex Post Facto Laws –

2.8.2. (Writ of) Habeas Corpus –

2.8.3. Self-Incrimination -

2.8.4. Double Jeopardy –

2.9 Principles of Crime

2.9.1. Hall’s Principles of Criminal Law - Define and discuss

the following

2.9.2. Legality –

2.9.3. Actus Reas –

2.9.4. Mens Rea –

2.9.5. Concurrence –

2.9.6. Harm –

2.9.7. Inchoate Offenses –

2.9.8. Causation –

2.9.9. Punishment –

2.9.10. Elements of Crime – Define and discuss what elements

of a crime are

2.10 Criminal Excuses and Justifications

2.10.1. Criminal Excuses - Define and discuss the following

2.10.2. Insanity Defense –

2.10.3. Diminished Capacity –

2.10.4. Guilty but Mentally Ill –

2.10.5. Duress –

2.10.6. Age –

2.10.7. Provocation –

2.10.8. Mistake –

2.11 Justification - Define and discuss the following

2.11.1. Self Defense –

2.11.2. Consent –

2.11.3. Necessity –

Module 2 - Key Terms

Define and discuss the following

Actus reus –

Assault –

Battery –

Beyond a reasonable doubt –

Bill of Rights –

Burglary -

Code of Hammurabi -

Common law -

Concurrence -

Consent -

Constitutional rights -

Crime -

Defense attorney -

Diminished capacity –

Double jeopardy -

Duress –

Ex post facto clause –

Felony –

Felony murder rule –

Homicide –

Infraction –

Insanity defense –

Judicial precedent -

Jurisdiction –

Jurisprudence –

Justification –

Law –

Mens rea –

Misdemeanor –

Mistake –

Necessity –

Premeditation –

Preponderance of evidence –

Procedural law –

Provocation –

Punishment –

Self-defense –

Self-incrimination –

Stare decisis –

Substantive criminal law –

Writ of habeas (corpus)-

Module 2 Assignment: Elements of a Crime

ELEMENTS OF A CRIME ASSIGNMENT

1. Every codified (written) crime certain features, or elements,

which are specific to it and set it apart from any other

crime.

• Taken together, these features compose the legal

essence of the specific crime, or the legal definition

of it.

• They are referred to in legal terms as the elements

of the crime and describe the most essential and

required aspects of criminal conduct.

○ In other words, they define the specific

behaviors, conditions and intent which must

be present for an act to be considered

criminal.

○ To convict a defendant of a particular crime,

prosecutors must prove to a judge or jury

that each and every one of the statutory

elements are present.

▪ There is no “close enough”, “mostly

there” or “almost” in terms of proper

charging and conviction for a crime.

� It is an all or nothing situation.

○ If even one element of an offense cannot be

established beyond a reasonable doubt, that

particular crime has not been committed,

criminal liability has not been demonstrated,

and the defendant will be found not guilty.

2. Words, connected phrases and punctuation is everything in

terms of separating the various elements of a statutory

crime.

For Example:

• Statutes (criminal laws, codified crimes, etc.)

typically begin by defining as the first element the

answer to “who” must be involved to commit the

offense.

○ Statutes typically begin with words such as

“A person”, “Whomever”, “Whoever”, “Any

person”, or similar terms which would be the

first element of the crime.

▪ This terminology indicates that it

must be a human being personally

involved and it cannot be an animal,

accident of causes or result of events

not started in motion by a person.

(We’ll talk about causes or legal

causation another time)

• Following the “who” begins the “what”.

○ The target or intended “victim” of the crime

will be identified.

▪ If the crime is against a person, this

element will usually include words

such as “another”, “person of

another”, “body of another”, etc. as a

person cannot commit a crime

against themselves.

� An example, if a person shoots

and kills themselves

intentionally (suicide) it is not

a crime, whereas if they

intentionally shot and killed

the person of another they

are likely criminally

responsible for Murder.

○ For property crimes such as burglaries,

property thefts, embezzlement, etc. the

“victim” element will commonly use words

such as “property”, “property of another” or

it may specifically define the property by

type (i.e. money, motor vehicle, firearm,

etc.”

• Now there is all of the other wording which makes

up the remaining components or “elements” of the

crime that must exist.

○ The words “and” or “or” are critical to watch

▪ When “and” is used, it connects one

element with another that follows it

so that both must exist to satisfy the

definition of the crime.

▪ When “or” is used, it separates one

element from the next one(s) so that

one or the other element(s) will

satisfy the definition.

� Example of use of “and” as a

connector (from Texas Penal

Code Chapter 31 on Theft):

“...promising performance

that is likely to affect

the judgment of another

in the transaction and

that the actor does not

intend to perform or

knows will not be

performed...”

� Example (from Texas Penal

Code Section 21 on Assaultive

Offenses):

“...intentionally,

knowingly, or recklessly

causes bodily injury to

another”

� Read this as: “...

intentionally or

knowingly or recklessly

causes bodily injury to

another...”

3. In this exercise you will be given several excerpts of crimes

from the Texas Penal Code as well as the General Laws of

Massachusetts. Using what you now know about

recognizing elements of crimes, your job is to take each law

and (1) identify the individual elements of the crime that

must exist as well as (2) identify the connecting word or

punctuation or the separating word or punctuation that

either ties or separates one element from the one(s) that

follow.

• Suggestion: an array of colored pencils is handy to

accomplish this task. Use one color for each

separate and distinct element that you identify.

Where elements that are connected by the “and”

exist, use the same color for the entire connected

element. Use a single bright and distinct color to

pick out the essential “and’s” and “or’s” such as

bright red so that they will stand out when the

entire law is read.

○ It may also be helpful to use a bulleted list

for each distinct element so that it can act as

a checklist when it comes time to apply the

To Criminal Justice

Module: Module 2 – Criminal Law

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Revision 07-2015

Guided Notes

information.

lice in

tes: H

istory

To Criminal Justice

Module: Module 3 – Police in the United States:

History and Function

Questions Notes

3.0 The Evolution of Policing

3.0.1. Define and discuss which feature of American

policing is directly responsible for the large

number of police agencies in the United States

3.1 Roots of American Policing

3.1.1. Identify where the roots and foundations of

American policing originate from.

3.1.2. During the period after the fall of the Roman

Empire, identify what form of social control was

relied upon to control deviant behavior.

3.1.3. Define and discuss the term “tythings” (later

spelled tithings)

3.1.4. Define and discuss the Shire-reeve and who their

modern-day equivalent is.

3.1.5. Identify and discuss two of the many problems

with this early system of crime control.

3.1.6. Identify and discuss who the constables were and

what they were responsible for.

3.1.7. As time progressed and England’s centralize

government took shape, identify what the people

begin to push for?

3.1.8. The movement to satisfy the people (above) was

impeded by two features of English history.

Identify and discuss each.

3.1.9. Identify who Sir Robert Peel was and discuss what

his significant contributions to English policing

3.1.10. Discuss the London Metropolitan Police and

identify its significant characteristics.

3.2 History of Policing in the United States

3.2.1. Identify where American policing first began and

discuss how it differed from English policing.

3.2.2. Discuss the development and issues of policing in

the southern and western areas of the country

during this period.

3.3 The Political Era

3.3.1. Identify the time period that this era represents

and discuss the development and characteristics

of policing during this time.

3.3.2. Identify and discuss the problems of connecting

local politics to policing.

3.4 The Reform Era

3.4.1. Identify what year the Wickersham Commission

was created and also identify and discuss its

findings.

3.4.2. Identify what years the Reform Era takes place

between and also identify and discuss the two (2)

primary changes that occurred in policing during

these years.

3.5 Contemporary Policing

3.5.1. Identify the social characteristics of the 1960’s and

1970’s in American society.

3.5.2. Identify the two distinct strategies suggested by

academics to bring about change in policing. (You

will define them later in the Key Terms section)

3.5.3. Identify and discuss the ways that Problem-

Oriented Policing and Community Policing

overlap.

3.6 Police Roles and Functions

3.6.1. Discuss an overview of the roles and

responsibilities of today’s policing.

3.6.2. Identify and discuss the major responsibilities of

police officers in the Law Enforcement role.

police officers in the Order Maintenance role.

police officers in the Service role.

3.7 Police as Paramilitary Organizations

3.7.1. Identify and discuss general characteristics of how

police departments are considered paramilitary

organizations.

3.7.2. Identify and discuss the characteristics of police

organization.

3.7.3. Identify and discuss the characteristics of federal

police organization.

3.7.4. Identify and discuss the characteristics of state

police organization.

3.7.5. Identify and discuss the characteristics of local

(city and state) police organization.

Key Terms – Define the following:

Broken-windows theory

Community policing

Community problem-solving era

Constable

Deterrence

Directed patrol

Discretion

Division of labor

Evidence-based practices

Formal social control

Gatekeepers

Hierarchy

Hue and cry

Informal social control

Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

Legalistic-style agencies

London Metropolitan Police

Mechanistic organizations

Order Maintenance

Paramilitary organization

Political era

Problem-oriented policing

Reform era

Service-style agency

Shire reeve

The Bow Street Runners

Thief takers

Watchman-style agency

Zero-tolerance policing

Peelian Principles

These nine conceptual ideas, first developed

by Sir Robert Peel, summarize his concept of proper

policing. They were commonly known as policing by

consent principles. They were first given to all new

police officers of the Metropolitan, London Police

Department in 1829 as an ideal to perform to and a

guide to their service. These tenets live on today in

modern policing in democratic societies all over the

world.

1. The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder.

2. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police

actions.

3. Police must secure the willing co-operation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to

be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public.

4. The degree of co-operation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the

necessity of the use of physical force.

5. Police seek and preserve public favour not by catering to public opinion but by constantly

demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law.

6. Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore

order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient.

7. Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the

historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police being

only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are

incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence.

8. Police should always direct their action strictly towards their functions and never appear to

usurp the powers of the judiciary.

9. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of

police action in dealing with it.

To Criminal Justice

Module: Module 3 – Police in the United

States: History and Function

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Guided Notes

information.

al Lim

itatio

To Criminal Justice

Module: Module 4 – Law Enforcement

Operations & Legal Limitations

Questions Notes

4.0 Police in the United States

4.0.1. Discuss the concept of social legitimacy and how

public support is a crucial part of it.

4.0.2. Identify the six public perceptions based on a

large-scale study from 2001.

4.0.3. Identify the six data findings according to Eith &

Durose from 2011 according to your text.

4.0.4. Demographically, individuals between what ages

were most likely to have an encounter with police?

4.0.5. Concerning these encounters, identify the three

characteristics identified by your text.

4.0.6. According to your text, in 2008, what percent of all

those questioned reported that the police acted

respectfully (include the breakdown by

race/ethnicity).

4.0.7. According to your text, what do public views of

these encounters seem to depend on? (again,

include the breakdown by race/ethnicity).

4.0.8. Identify and discuss the statistics in your text

concerning the threat or actual use of force by

police.

4.0.9. Summarize the data presented concerning face-to-

face encounters with police as presented by your

4.1 Police Officers and Police Department Requirements

4.1.1. According to your text, identify and discuss what

most local jurisdictions and virtually every state as

well as the federal government now use to outline

how officers are to be selected.

4.1.2. Discuss and compare how processes and policies

that guide the hiring of law enforcement officers

compares across jurisdictions. (Include a

discussion of data according to your text).

4.1.3. Identify and discuss what other minimum

standards are expected of applicants according to

your text.

4.1.4. Identify and discuss how at the federal level

applicants are selected according to your text.

4.2 Police Culture

4.2.1. Identify the characteristics that seem to indicate

why people enter policing according to White in

4.2.2. Identify and discuss why selecting who is and is

not qualified to become a police officer is

considered to be no trivial matter according to

Henson in 2010.

4.2.3. Identify and discuss what the training of police

officers includes and how the police subculture

becomes involved as well as what its effects

appears to be on new and experienced officers.

4.2.4. List the six fundamental beliefs of the police

subculture identified by your text.

4.2.5. Identify the two fundamental cognitive realities

according to Jerome Skolnik in 1966 and discuss

4.2.6. Define and discuss what is meant by the “blue

wall of silence”.

4.3 Constitutional Policing

4.3.1. Discuss the general characteristics of the powers

of police to investigate crime, etc.

4.3.2. Identify and discuss the general rights that police

have when they believe that a person has

committed a crime.

4.3.3. Identify when police officers must generally obtain

an arrest warrant for a person.

4.3.4. Identify and discuss what police officers must

have in order to arrest (stop, detain and question)

a person.

4.3.5. Identify what all persons arrested are entitled to

as a protective measure.

4.3.6. Identify which Constitutional Amendment is

fundamental in affecting the ability of police to

search a person or their property.

4.3.7. What does this Amendment say? (Take directly

from your text).

4.3.8. Identify and discuss the purpose and

characteristics of the search warrant.

4.3.9. Identify and discuss where a warrantless search

may be necessary according to your text.

4.3.10. Define and discuss the exclusionary rule (include

the court case and year).

4.3.11. Define and discuss the fruit of the poisonous tree

doctrine (include the court case and year).

4.3.12. Identify the court case and year in which the

exclusionary rule became applicable to the states.

4.3.13. Define and discuss the good faith exception to the

exclusionary rule.

4.3.14. Define and discuss the term inevitable discovery.

4.4 Police Interrogations

4.4.1. Identify and discuss the general issues involved in

police interrogations according to your text.

4.4.2. Identify and discuss what the case of Miranda v.

Arizona addressed. (Include what constitutional

protection the case is based upon).

4.5 Contemporary Issues in Policing

4.5.1. Identify and discuss the common forms of police

corruption (types of behaviors or activities).

4.5.2. Identify and discuss how police corruption is dealt

with and controlled in most police agencies.

4.5.3. Define the term police discretion and discuss how

it is used.

4.5.4. Identify and discuss the four problems associated

with police discretion according to your text.

4.5.5. Seriousness of crime and level of allowable

discretion.

4.5.6. Identify how most departments gauge the proper

level of force acceptable in situations, include the

five “levels” characterized by the National Institute

of Justice.

4.5.7. Discuss how police officers can also be considered

victims in use-of-force exchanges (include

statistical information according to your text).

4.5.8. In the post-civil rights movement years, identify

and discuss ways in which that movement has

changed policing.

4.5.9. Discuss the issue of racial profiling according to

your text.

Key Terms – Define the following terms

Arrest –

Arrest warrant –

“Blue wall of silence” –

Discretion –

Exclusionary rule –

Exigent circumstances –

“Fruit of the poisonous tree” doctrine –

Good faith doctrine –

Inevitable discovery rule –

Internal affairs-

Plain view –

Police subculture –

Probable cause –

Probable cause hearing –

Racial profiling –

Search warrant –

Use-of-force continuum –

Warrantless search –

Working personality

Summary:

To Criminal Justice

Module: Module 4 – Law Enforcement

Operations & Legal Limitations

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Guided Notes

information.

Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301: Introduction to

Criminal Justice

Module: Module 5: The Courts

5.0 The Structure of the Court System: Define and discuss the

following.

5.0.1 First Level:

5.0.2 Trial courts & responsibilities:

5.0.3 Second Level:

5.0.4 Appellate Courts:

5.0.5 Third Level:

5.0.6 Supreme Courts:

of 139

5.1 Define and discuss the term jurisdiction?

5.2 Discuss what is venue and what is meant by change of

venue?

5.3 The Federal System. Define and discuss the following:

5.3.1 US District Courts & Duties

5.3.2 US Courts of Appeals (US Circuit Courts) & Duties

of 139

5.4 The (United States) Supreme Court

5.4.1 How many justices make up the (United States)

Supreme Court?

5.4.2 Define and discuss who appoints Supreme Court

Justices and how long do they serve?

5.4.3 Define and discuss a writ of certiorari?

5.4.4 Explain what the Rule of Four is?

of 139

5.5 State System of Courts:

5.5.1 Explain the difference between limited jurisdiction

and general jurisdiction. Provide an example of each

of these courts in a state system.

5.6 The Courtroom Work Group

5.6.1 Identify and discuss the role and responsibilities of

the Judge

of 139

5.6.2 Identify and discuss the process of how judges

selected

5.6.3 What role does the Missouri Plan play in the

selection of judges?

5.6.4 Identify and discuss the roles and responsibilities of

the Prosecutor

of 139

5.6.5 Identify and discuss the roles and responsibilities of

the Defense Attorney

5.7 Identify and discuss the different types of defense counsel

and how defense counsel is obtained by a defendant.

5.8 The Phases of a Trial:

5.8.1 Define and discuss the Booking process

of 139

5.8.2 Define Preliminary Hearings and discuss their

purpose in the trial process:

5.8.3 Discuss the role of the grand jury in the trial

process.

5.8.4 Define and discuss what is meant by an indictment

of 139

5.8.5 Define and discuss what is meant by an information

5.8.6 Define and discuss what is meant by a no bill.

5.8.7 Define and discuss the Arraignment

5.8.8 Define and discuss the role and purpose of Plea

Bargaining

of 139

5.9 The Criminal Trial

5.9.1 Define and discuss the Adversarial Process

5.9.2 Define Direct Evidence

5.9.3 Define Circumstantial Evidence

5.9.4 Explain in detail from start to finish the progression

of the criminal trial

of 139

Key Terms – Define the following:

Acquittal –

Appellate/appeals courts –

Assigned counsel –

Bail –

Bench trial –

Change of venue –

Charge bargaining –

Circuit/district/superior courts –

Circumstantial evidence –

Closing arguments-

of 139

Courtroom work group –

Direct evidence –

Exculpatory evidence –

General jurisdiction –

Guilty plea –

Hung jury –

Indictment/true bill –

Inferior courts/lower courts/municipal courts-

Information –

Initial appearance –

of 139

Jurisdiction –

Limited jurisdiction –

Missouri Plan –

Mistrial –

No bill –

Nolo contendere (no contest plea) –

Not guilty plea –

Plea bargaining –

Pretrial release/diversion –

Prosecutorial discretion –

Public defender –

of 139

Summary

Release on own recognizance (ROR) –

Sentence bargaining –

Sequestered –

Subpoena –

Summons –

Trial courts –

Venue –

Voir dire –

Writ of certiorari –

Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301: Introduction to

Criminal Justice

Module: Module 5: The Courts

33333333

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11111111

Revision 07-2015

Guided Notes

information.

To Criminal Justice

Module: Module 6 – Criminal Punishment

Questions Notes

6.1 The Enforcement of Social Rules

6.1.1. According to your text, “Laws place limits on

individuals and companies”. Identify and discuss

how laws operate when they are broken.

6.1.2. Identify and discuss what is necessary for groups

of people to live and work together in our society

and why this is so.

6.1.3. Discuss the characteristics of the Dark Ages period

in Europe and identify the greatest weakness in

why crime was considered a private matter

6.1.4. Identify and discuss the three countries that

effectively changed how crimes were dealt with

and how this was accomplished.

6.1.5. List the five important characteristics of how

crimes were treated before and during the Dark

Ages period.

6.1.6. Identify and discuss how the expansion of England

affected punishment of criminals. Be sure to

identify what years are involved.

6.1.7. Identify and discuss how the American colonies

dealt with criminal punishments.

6.1.8. Identify and discuss the three significant

characteristics of the abridged history of

punishment according to your text.

6.2 The Philosophy and Goals of Criminal Sanctions

6.2.1. Discuss the concepts and characteristics of what

the goals of criminal sentences represent

according to your text.

6.2.2. Identify and discuss the goals and characteristics

of the Just Desserts philosophy of criminal

punishment.

of the Deterrence philosophy of criminal

punishment.

of the Incapacitation philosophy of criminal

punishment.

of the Rehabilitation philosophy of criminal

punishment.

6.3 Sentencing Models

6.3.1. Discuss how judicial discretion works in the United

States.

6.3.2. Identify and discuss the differences between

Concurrent Sentences and Consecutive Sentences.

6.3.3. Identify and discuss the purpose and significance

of plea agreements as well as the way that they

work. (Include percentages of usage).

6.3.4. Define and discuss what indeterminate

sentencing is and how it works.

6.3.5. Define and discuss what structured sentencing is

and how it works.

6.3.6. Define and discuss what determinate sentencing

is and how it works.

6.3.7. Define and discuss what aggravating factors are.

6.1.1. Define and discuss what mitigating factors are.

6.1.2. Identify and discuss the characteristics of the

federal presumptive sentencing strategy according

to your text.

6.1.3. Identify and discuss the purpose of truth in

sentencing laws. (Include the dates that they

came about).

6.1.4. Define and discuss what mandatory sentencing is

and how it works.

6.1.5. Identify and discuss the purpose of “three strikes”

6.1.6. Define and discuss what mandatory minimum

sentencing (as opposed to mandatory sentencing)

is and how it works.

6.1.7. Define and discuss what indeterminate

sentencing is and how it works.

6.2 Capital Punishment

6.2.1. Discuss how common capital punishment is (or is

not) in the United States. (Include statistics from

your text as examples)

6.2.2. Identify the purposes, reasons and beliefs that

pro-death penalty arguments include.

6.2.3. Using Table 6.3 – Methods of Execution by State

(2009) in your text, discuss what things stand out

to you in terms significance or which strike you as

odd or unusual.

6.2.4. Concerning anti-death penalty arguments, identify

the issues in the “unfair administration”

argument.

the issues in the “it does not deter crime”

argument.

the issues in the “financially costly” argument.

the issues in the “innocence of mistakes of fact”

argument.

Terms Define the following:

Aggravating factors –

Alternative sanctions –

Concurrent sentences –

Consecutive sentences –

Dark Ages –

Determinate sentencing –

Deterrence –

General deterrence –

Good time –

Incapacitation –

Judicial discretion –

Just deserts –

Mandatory minimum sentencing –

Mandatory sentences –

Medical model –

Mitigating factors –

Parole board –

Plea agreement –

Presumptive sentencing guidelines –

Retribution –

Specific deterrence –

Structured sentencing –

Truth-in-sentencing –

Summary:

To Criminal Justice

Module: Module 6 – Criminal Punishment

3333 –––– 2222 ---- 1111 SSSSUMMARYUMMARYUMMARYUMMARY

Revision 07-2015

Guided Notes

information.

Institu

To Criminal Justice

Module: Module 7 – Institutional

Corrections

Questions Notes

7.1 The Evolution and Development of Corrections

7.1.1. Discuss the Evolution and Development of

Corrections:

7.1.2. Discuss the characteristics of law, punishment and

corrections in Colonial America:

7.1.3. Discuss the Rise of the Penitentiary:

7.1.4. Discuss Prison Reformatories:

7.1.5. Discuss 20th Century Prisons:

7.2 Custody, Prisons and Jails

7.2.1. Discuss the general characteristics of custody in

prisons and jails:

7.2.2. Discuss the size, scope and structure of custody:

7.2.3. Discuss the Federal Bureau of Prisons:

7.2.4. Discuss the characteristics of State Prisons and Local

7.3 Managing Prisons and Jails

7.3.1. Discuss the general characteristics of prisons and

jails:

7.3.2. Discuss the characteristics of Prison life:

7.3.3. Discuss the rights and legal protections of inmates:

7.4 Incarceration and the Reduction of Crime

7.4.1. Discuss whether incarceration reduces crime

Summary:

Key Terms

Define the following:

• Auburn system –

• Direct supervision –

• Indirect supervision –

• Indeterminate sentencing –

• Inmate code –

• Prisonization –

• Recidivism rate –

• Selective incapacitation –

• Total institutions –

• Walnut Street Jail –

To Criminal Justice

Module: Module 7 – Institutional

Corrections

3333 –––– 2222 ---- 1111 SSSSUMMARYUMMARYUMMARYUMMARY

CRIJ 1301 Workbook.pd

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