Creation, Interaction and Expansion of Economic Systems What role does the economy play in establishing global domination?
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Creation, Interaction and Expansion of Economic Systems
What role does the economy play in establishing global domination?
Neolithic Revolution
Traditional Economy Hunting and gathering Sedentary agriculture
developed between 10,000 and 8,000 BCE 1st developed in
southwestern Asia Earliest method was slash-
and-burn agriculture Subsistence agriculture
Herding animals (pastoralism)
Slash-and-burn agriculture in northeast India
Early Village Economy
Farming led to the rise of permanent villages Jericho
Village life led to specialized labor
Development of early industry Pottery, metallurgy, and
textiles
Ancient Civilizations
Mesopotamia, Egypt, & Indus River Valley Irrigation led to improved agriculture Development of cities contributed to rise of trade
China Regular rains & fertile soil minimized irrigation
Olmec Develop in rainforest; water control systems
Chavin Develop in mountains; complex irrigation
Pre-classical labor systems
Slavery Existed in all early civilizations but was relatively
unimportant Most slaves gained through military conquest
Egypt Used corvée labor to build pyramids & temples Peasants were bound to the land Men were organized into labor gangs of 50-100
Pre-classical labor systems
Mesopotamia Large number of slaves due to militaristic nature
of society Peasants lost their freedom over time
Rise of debt slavery
China Zhou dynasty peasants paid a percentage of their
crops to aristocrats in exchange for protection Manorial system
Classical Civilizations Han China
Monopolized production of iron, salt, and liquor Rise of the Silk Road
Mauryan India Ashoka built irrigation systems and roads to
promote trade Mayans
Terrace farming improved production of cotton, maize, and cacao
Classical Civilizations
Ancient Greece Cities, such as Athens, become centers of trade Economy depended heavily on slavery
Rome Latifundia – large landed estates focused on
commercial agriculture (olive oil, wine, wheat) North Africa was the major grain producing region
Depended on slave labor Roman roads promoted trade and linked empire
to Silk Road
Classical era labor systems
China Free peasants were the backbone of the labor force
Peasants ranked just below bureaucrats but above artisans and merchants
Qin Shi Huangdi ended the manorial system “Recruited” labor to build the Great Wall
Silk weaving supplemented farm income “Men as tiller, woman as weaver”
During the Han dynasty, slaves made up less than 1% of the total population
Classical era labor systems
Greece & Rome Slaves never constituted more than 50% of the
population Slaves worked as domestic servants, miners, and
farmers In Greece, slaves could serve as tutors In Rome, development of commercial agriculture led to
the rise of slavery Rome also used slaves as gladiators and chariot racers
Classical era labor systems
India Caste system was based largely on job
classification Farmers did not rank high in prestige Merchants had a higher social standing than they did in
China or the Mediterranean Slaves played almost no role in the economy
Sudras (lowest caste) and untouchables took the place of slaves
Arabs
Did not rely heavily upon agriculture Abbasid sakk (checks) encouraged trade
Urbanization: Baghdad Dar al-Islam facilitated expansion of trade
Islamic law protected merchants Revival of the Silk Road Growth of Indian Ocean trade
Dhows increase the volume of maritime trade
Labor in the Islamic World
Islamic slaves were viewed as humans rather than just property (chattel) Slavery was seen as a method of conversion
Slaves were acquired from Africa or central Asia
Abbasid introduced the use of Turkish slave-soldiers Mamluks Janissaries (Ottoman Empire)
Post-Classical Empires
Byzantine Empire Manufactures glassware, jewelry, & silk Trade a major part of the economy
Mediterranean Sea, Silk Roads, Russia, etc. Urbanization: Constantinople
Sudanic Africa (Ghana, Mali, Songhai) Trans-Saharan trade
Use camel caravans to trade gold, slaves, and ivory for horses, manufactured goods, and salt
Urbanization: Timbuktu
Post-Classical Empires
Swahili Coast Trade gold and parts of exotic
animals to Islamic and Indian merchants for products from Persia, India, and China
Urbanization: Mogadishu, Kilwa, etc.
Great Zimbabwe Supplies gold to the Swahili
coast
Tang/Song China
Emphasis on internal trade Champa rice & terrace
farming Grand Canal & flying money
Song “pre-Industrial” era Commercial economy
focused on the production of silk, porcelain, & steel
Urbanization: Hangzhou
Post-Classical Empires
Mongols Pastoralists Promoted trade on Silk Road via Pax Mongolica
Marco Polo
Japan Villages relied on rice cultivation World’s leader in silver production
Trade silver to China for manufactured products Development of feudalism caused peasants to
become serfs
Medieval Europe Manorialism
Self-sufficient agricultural estates worked by serfs
Three-field system & moldboard plow
Trade revived after 1000 CE Rise of merchant & craft guilds Crusades led to an increase in
demand for Asian products Rise of Italian merchants & the
Hanseatic league Urbanization: Italian cities & Paris
Post-Classical Empires Aztecs
Chinampas Pochteca monopolized long-
distance trade Tribute system
Inca Built 9,500 miles of roads to
facilitate trade Inca socialism Use terrace farming to grow
potatoes Mita labor
Rise of World Trade European exploration
Seeking easier access to Asian luxury products Columbus discovery of the Americas Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498 Spain established Manila in 1571
Manila galleons connect Asian markets to American silver
Trade Empires Spain/Portugal in the 16th century Netherlands (Dutch) in the 17th century England (Great Britain) in the 18th century
Western Europe Commercial Revolution
Rise of a middle class (bourgeoisie) and proletariat
Mercantilism Rise of manufacturing Encouraged colonization
Joint Stock Companies Privately owned with government support Ex. Dutch East India Co., Royal African Co., Virginia
Company
Economy of New Spain
Encomiendas Manorial system in the New
World Declined with the death of the
natives Plantations
Majority of labor provided by African slaves
Economy of New Spain Mining
Silver “the Heart of the Empire” Largest mine was Potosi Mita labor
Haciendas Estates focused on cash crops &
livestock
Africa & the Slave Trade
Commercial relationship developed between West African kingdoms & Europe Triangle Trade or the Atlantic System
Slavery was common in Africa Slave Trade
Trade continued with Muslim merchants Increase demand caused by sugar plantations Atlantic slave trade altered traditional African trade
routes
Ming Dynasty Economic Recovery
Rebuilt irrigation systems destroyed by the Mongols
Increased production of silk textiles & porcelain “Silver Sink”
Single-whip tax system Chinese demand for silver contributed to rise of
world trade Limited trade to Macao/Canton
Voyages of Zheng He
Established tributary relationships throughout the Indian Ocean Exchanged silk & porcelain for other
luxuries
Tokugawa Japan Portugal established trade relations in 1543 Trade silver to China in exchange for luxury
products 2nd in silver exports behind Spain
Began isolation in 1640s Allowed Dutch & Chinese to trade at Nagasaki
Urbanization led to rise of a merchant class
Russia Peter the Great modernized the economy
focused on mining and metallurgy Serfdom
Began under Mongol occupation Provided cheap labor for Russian agriculture Could be bought and sold
Mughal Empire
Continued manufacturing cotton textiles
British establish trading posts at Madras and Bombay in the early 1600s British East India
Company continued to expand their interests into the 1700s
Causes of the Industrial Revolution Favorable natural resources Population Pressure
Abundance of labor Growth of large manufacturing sector
Cottage industry (putting-out system) Advantages in world trade Technological innovation Government support of business
Industrial Technology Cottage Industry (putting-out system) Mechanization of weaving
Cotton that took an Indian worker 500 hours to spin took a machine in England 80 minutes to spin
Iron smelting Bessemer steel process
Energy Steam engine and electricity
Transportation Canals, steamboat, railroads
Economic Effects of Industrialization Labor changes
Factory labor was dangerous and toilsome Initially women & children work in factories Rise in white collar jobs for new middle class High unemployment rates Labor unions were formed to protect workers
Rise of consumer culture Standard of living increases Frequent economic depressions
Economic Effects of Industrialization New economic theories
Capitalism Direct attack on
mercantilism Positivism Socialism
The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Communism
Global Industrialization
Industrialization turned nations into either manufacturers of consumer goods or suppliers of raw materials
Manufacturers: Western Europe, the United States, Japan, Russia(?)
Suppliers: the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, China, India Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, Australia
Russian Industrialization
Caused by Russian defeat in Crimean War Abolish serfdom in 1861
Do NOT make major reforms to help peasants Limited industrialization
Trans-Siberian railroad Focus on heavy industry
2nd in petroleum and 4th in steel production by 1900 Do NOT produce consumer goods
Lower class women move to cities for factory work
Japanese Industrialization Ends isolation in 1853 Abolish samurai class Economic
modernization Industrialization Zaibatsu
Mitsubishi Women work in silk
factories
Africa: 1750-1914 British ended the slave trade in 1807; the United States
in 1808 England bans slavery in 1833; U.S. in 1863; Barbary coast continues slavery including 1.5 million
white enslaved Natural resources (gold, ivory, palm oil) replace slaves in
trade with Europe Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt
Forced peasants to grow cotton for export Built irrigation canals and railroads Successors build the Suez Canal
Makes Egypt one of the most strategic places on Earth
The Middle East: 1750-1914 “Sick Man of Europe”
Declining agricultural revenues slavery continues Large debts to foreign nations European imports exceed exports
Caused massive inflation
Reforms Creation of a central bank Factories opened in urban areas
Relied heavily on European investment and technology
Asia: 1750-1914 India
British transform India from supplier of textiles to exporter of raw cotton Also export opium, coffee, and tea
China Opium War ends Canton system
Opium trade reverses causes silver to flow from China Southeast Asia
British establish Singapore and colonize other areas to gain access to raw materials
Indentured Servitude Thousands of Indians, Chinese, and Japanese migrated to
the Caribbean to replace slave labor
“Coolies in Oceania and beyond… Coolies
Often applied to workers from Asia paid for labor for a contracted time Specifically a term for those who were sent to
Chinese (Japanese, Korean, Filipinos, Vietnamese) American West, California, Peru, Panama East Asian workers in Hong Kong, Macao, Shanghai and Southeast Asia including Malaysia, Singapore Oceania including Pacific Islands, Hawaii
Indians Indian Ocean Islands of Mauritius and Reunion Some Pacific and Caribbean Islands – Fiji, Trinidad and Tabago, Guianas South Africa especially Natal Province and Kenya, Tanzania, Zanzibar
Abolition of Slavery British outlawed slavery in 1807 followed by US, Europeans But labor intensive industries needed cheap labor
Sugar cane, coffee, or cotton plantations; mines, railway building, mining of guano Urban domestic labor including laundries, construction workers, porters, maids
Recruits Mostly from the poorest population in India, China Later as Europeans destroyed local industry, lower classes also began to sign up Recruitment was supposed to be honest but much trickery, dishonesty Many of the same conditions common to slavery continued with indentured servants After contract fulfilled, many settled in the region they had worked
Brazil and the Italians End of slave trade necessitated labor for Brazilian plantations; abolition in 1888 made it imperative Brazilian government contract with Italians to migrate for labor, permanent settlement Brazil was also trying to whiten its population (decrease ration of Africans to Europeans)
The Americas: 1750-1914
Latin America supplied raw materials to the West in exchange for manufactured goods Influence switched from Spain to England Monroe Doctrine
Indentured servitude & immigration replace slavery
Mexico and Argentina undergo limited industrialization in the late 1800s European migration continues
The West Great Depression
Causes German economic depression,
France & England unable to pay war debt; surplus in agriculture & industry; U.S. stock market crash (October 1929); U.S. bank failures
Effects Economic nationalism, expansion
of welfare state (New Deal in U.S.), increased government regulation of the economy; political radicalization
The West: Post-WWII Transition from secondary economy (industrial)
to a tertiary economy (service) Growth of white-collar jobs
Expansion of the welfare state Economic cooperation
European Economic Community (eventually EU) IMF and World Bank
Multinational corporations Volkswagon built cars in Mexico for U.S. consumers
Eastern Europe Russia
New Economic Policy Lenin’s response to the Great Depression; minimal impact
Collectivization of agriculture Five-Year Plans
Command Economy
Latin America Export raw materials (crops, rubber, etc.) for
manufactured goods Industry dominated by Europe Great Depression had major impact
Exports fell by over 65%
Import Substitution Industrialization Attempts at economic nationalization was
often opposed by the U.S. NAFTA
Africa Export raw materials (cocoa, palm oil, gold,
etc.) for manufactured goods Colonial rulers often forced Africans to work in
mines or on plantations Post-Independence
Debt Emerging markets
Low GDP with opportunity for economic growth Violence over resources
Conflict diamonds
The Middle East Post-Independence
Often remained dependent upon trade with Europe
Impact of oil economy OPEC Allowed nations to gain tremendous wealth
Many countries have used oil wealth to invest in other industries Ford, Citicorp, AIG, etc.
East Asia Japan, Inc.
Government works closely with business Little Tigers
South Korea – steel, automobiles, etc. Taiwan – textiles then computers Hong Kong – textiles then banking Singapore – shipping
China Five-years plans & collectivization under Mao Four modernizations under Deng Xiaoping
Semi-autonomous regions
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