Transcript
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INTRODUCTION TOCLEANER PRODUCTION (CP)CONCEPTS AND PRACTICE
For UNEP, Division of Technology, Industry, andEconomics
Prepared by the Institute of Environmental Engineering(APINI) Kaunas University of
Technology, Lithuania
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Contents
1. How did environmental strategies evolve?
2. What is CP?
3. How CP is applied in practice:CP practicesBenefits and barriersProcedures
4. What is CP contribution to main stakeholders?GovernmentsFinancial institutions
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Course Objective
At the completion of this course the participantswill have understanding of :
- Evolution of environmental strategies, conceptof sustainable development
- Basic concepts of preventive environmentalapproaches
- Methodology of CP implementation in industrialenterprises
- How to develop and implement CP project
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Passive environmentalstrategies
Dilute & disperse
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Reactive environmental
strategiesend-of-pipe approaches
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Reactive environmental
strategiesOn - site recycling
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Proactive environmental
strategies:Cleaner Production
Prevention of Waste
generation:- Good housekeeping- Input substitution- Better process control- Equipment modification- Technology change
- On-site recovery/reuse- Production of a useful by-product- Product modification
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What is waste?
There are literally hundreds words for different types of waste:
greenhouse losshidden losses
leakagenon-conforming materialoverfillpackagingprocess lossreworksecond qualitystock losswashings
and etc.
allowanceBOD
brokecontaminatedsolidscore losscustomer returnsdamage
drainingdusteffluentevaporationfurnace loss
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Waste is waste what
ever you call it : takethe opportunity to cutwaste and increaseprofits!
!!!
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Cleaner Production FinancingThe Cost of Waste Iceberg
THE HIDDEN COST
OF WASTE
Adapted from: Bierma, TJ., F.L. Waterstaraat, and J. Ostrosky. 1998. Chapter 13: Shared Savings andEnvironmental Management Accounting, from The Green Bottom Line. G reenleaf Publishing:England.
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Where are you now?
Only a changein technologywould eliminatewastecompletely
We areoptimising our processes andachieving bigcost reductions
Waste iscoming down aswe change theway we work
We haveidentified our waste andmonitoring it
We plan toreduce waste
Waste is cost
and regulatoryissue
Waste is onlydisposal issue
Waste is not anissue
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Cleaner Production Definition
The continuous application of an integratedpreventive environmental strategy applied toprocesses, products, and services to increaseoverall efficiency and reduce risks to humansand the environment .
(United Nations Environment Programme)
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Continuous
Preventive
Integrated
STRATEGY for
Products Processes
Services
Risk Reduction
Humans
Environment
Cleaner Production Definition
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alwa ys
reduces l ong-term l ia bi l ities w hichcomp a nies c a n f a ce m a ny ye a rsa fter po ll ution h a s been gener a tedor disposed a t a given site
Proper l y imp l emented CP :
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Properly implemented CP :
usu a llyy increases profitabilityy lowers production costsy enhances productivityy provides a rapid return on any capital or
operating investments requiredy increases product yieldy leads to the more efficient use of energy
and raw materials
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u s u all y (contin u a tion)y results in improved product qualityy increases staff motivationy relies on active worker participation in
idea generation and implementationy reduces consumer risksy reduces the risk of environmental
accidentsy is supported by employees, local
communities, customers and the public
Properly implemented CP :
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of ten
y avoids regulatory compliance costs
y leads to insurance savings
y provides enhanced access to capitalfrom financial institutions and lenders
y is fast and easy to implementy requires little capital investment
Properly implemented CP :
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Cleaner Production principles
precaution principle
preventive principle
integration principle
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How CP could be applied inpractice?
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Cleaner Production practices
1. Good housekeeping
take appropriate managerial andoperational actions to prevent:
- leaks
- spills
- to enforce existingoperationalinstructions
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Cleaner Production practices
2. Input substitution
substitute input materials
- by less toxic
- or by renewable materials
- or by adjunct materials which
have a longer service life-timein production
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Cleaner Production practices
3. Better process control
modify:- operational procedures
- equipment instructions
and process record keeping inorder to run the processes moreefficiently and at lower waste andemission generation rates
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Cleaner Production practices
4. Equipment modi f ication
modi f y the existing productionequipment and utilities in order:- run the processes at higher e ff iciency
- lower waste and emissiongeneration rates
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Cleaner Production practices
5. Technology change
replacement of:- the technology
- processing sequence
- synthesis pathway
in order to minimise wasteand emission generationduring production
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Cleaner Production practices
6. On-site recovery/reuse
- reuse of the wasted materialsin the same process for another useful application within thecompany
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Cleaner Production practices
7. Production o f a use f ul by-product
consider trans f orming waste intoa use f ul by-product, to be soldas input f or companies indi ff erent business sectors.
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Cleaner Production practices
8. Product modi f ication
modi f y the productcharacteristics in order:
- to minimise the environmentalimpacts o f the product duringor a f ter its use (disposal)
- to minimise the environmentalimpacts o f its production
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CP versus End-of-Pipeapproach
Cleaner Production
Continuous improvement
Progress to w ards use of closed loopor continuous cycle processes
Everyone in the community has arole to play; partnerships areessential
Active anticipation and avoidance of pollution and w aste
Elimination of environmentalproblems at their source
Involves ne w practices, attitudesand management techniques andstimulates technical advances
Pollution Control and WasteManagement
One-off solutions to individualproblems
Processes result in w aste materialsfor disposal a pipeline w ithresources in and w astes out
Solutions are developed by expertsoften in isolation
Reactive responses to pollution andw aste after they are created
Pollutants are controlled by w astetreatment equipment and methods
Relies mainly on technicalimprovements to existingtechnologies
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What is not CP?Off- site recyc l ing
Trans ferr ing haza rd o u sw ast e s
Wast e t re atm e nt
Conc e nt r ating haza rd o u so r toxic constit ue nts toredu c e vo l ume
Di l u ting constit ue nts toredu c e haza rd o r toxicity
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Wh a t a re t h e b enefi ts of C l e a ner P rodu ct ion?
Impro v ing en v ironmen t al s i t u a t ion
In c re a s ing e c onomi c al b enefi ts
In c re a s ing produ ct i v i ty
G a ining c ompe t i t i ve
a d v a n t a ge
Con t inuou s
en v ironmen t al impro v emen t
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CP barriers
In ter n a l t o t h e c omp a n ies:- Lack of info r m ati on a nd
ex p ertise- Lo w e n vir onm e n ta l
a w are n ess- C omp eti ng b u si n ess
p ri o rities, i n p artic u l ar, t h ep ress u re fo r a s h o rt ter m p r of its
- Fi n a n cia l o bstac l es- Lack of c ommun icati on in
f ir m s
- Mi dd l e m a n a g e m e n t i n ertia
- Lab ou r fo rce o bstac l es
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-Diffi c u l ty in
a cc e ss ing c l e a ner t e c h no l ogie s
-Diffi c u l ty in a cc e ss ing
e xt ern al fin a n c e
CP b a rrier s
Ext ern al t o t h e c omp a nie s:
T h e f a i l ure of e x i st ing regu la t or ya ppro a c h e s
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CP motivators and drivers
I nterna l to t h e com p anies:
- I m p rovements in p rod u ctivityand com p etitiveness
- Environmenta l mana g ementsystems and contin u o u sim p rovement
- Environmenta l l eaders h ip
- Cor p orate environmenta l re p orts
- Environmenta l acco u ntin g
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CP motivators and drivers
Externa l to t h e com p anies:
- I nnovativere gu l ation
- Economicincentives
- Ed u cationandtrainin g
- B u yer s upp l ier re l ations
- So f t l oansf romFinancia l instit u tions
- Comm u nityinvo l vement
- I nternationa l tradeincentives
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T h e ro l e of in t ern a t ion al org a ni z a t ion s in CP
de v e l opmen t
U ni t ed N a t ion s E n v ironmen t Progr a mme (U NEP)
U ni t ed N a t ion s Indu st ri al De v e l opmen tO rg a ni s a t ion (U NIDO)
Org a ni s a t ion for E c onomi c Co-oper a t ion a nd De v e l opmen t ( OECD)
W or l d B u s ine ss Coun c i l for S u st a in abl e De v e l opmen t ( WB CSD)
De v e l opmen t F in a n c e In st i t u t ion s ( DFI s )
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Team for CP success
Managers, engineers and finance people inindustry and commerce , in particular thoseresponsible for business strategy, productdevelopment, plant operations and finance
Government officials , both central andregional, who play an important role inpromoting CP
Media representatives who play animportant role in disseminating informationon good environmental practice
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C l e a ner Produ ct ion pro c edure sT h e re c ogni z ed need
t o minimi s e wa st e
P la nning a nd O rg a ni z a t ion
Ass e ss men tP h a s e
Fe a s i b i l i ty A n al ys i sP h a s e
Imp l emen t a t ion
Su cc e ss fu ll y imp l emen t ed CP proje cts
T h e fir stst ep
T h e s e c ond st ep
T h e t h ird st ep
T h e four t h st ep
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1 . P la nning & Org a ni z a t ion
O b t a in m a n a gemen tc ommi t men t
Iden t if y po t en t i al ba rrier sa nd s o l u t ion s
Se t p la n t - w ide go al s
Org a ni z e a proje ct t e a m
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2 . Ass e ss men t
Iden t if y s our c e s
Iden t if y wa st e /po ll u t ion c a u s e s
G ener a t e po ss i bl e
op t ion s
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M a t eri al a nd energ y bala n c e s
Th e Ind ust ri al P r oc e ss
H e a t Pow er Th e E nerg y
B ala n c e
Coo l ing
R a wM a t eri al s
P r o d ucts& W a st e
Th e M a ss
B ala n c e
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Wh y a re m a t eri al a nd energ ybala n c e s s o impor t a n t ? T h e m a t eri al a nd energ y bala n c e s a re no t on l yu s ed t o iden t if y t h e inpu ts a nd ou t pu ts of m a ssa nd energ y b u t t h eir e c onomi c s ignifi c a n c e i sre la t ed t o c o sts , s u c h a s:
c o st of r a w m a t eri al in w a st e
c o st of fin al produ ct in w a st e
c o st of energ y l o ss e s
c o st of h a nd l ing w a st e
c o st of h a nd l ing w a st e
c o st of t r a n s por t ing w a st e
c o st of s o l id w a st e s di s po s al
c o st of po ll u t ion c h a rge s a nd pen al t ie s
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Po ss i bl e c a u s e s for wa st e gener a t ion
Pro c e ss
M a n a ge m en tP la nning &Infor m a t ion
Syst e ms
Per s onne l Sk i ll s &
Mo t i v a t ion
Wa st e s &Em i ss ion s
Ch oi c e &Q u al i ty of
In p u t M a t eri al s
Te ch ni c al St a t u s of
Eq ui pm en t
Ch oi c e of Pro d u ct ion Te ch no l og y
Pro c e ssE ffi c ien cy
Pro d u ctSp e c ifi c a t ion s
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Op t ion gener a t ion (1 ) Cre a t i v e Pro bl em So l v ing (CPS):
- Find f a cts- Iden t if y t h e pro bl em - G ener a t e ide a s t o s o l v e t h e pro bl em s- Define c ri t eri a t o b e u s ed t o s e l e ct s o l u t ion s/ ide a s
S c reening of ide a s / op t ion s : - Se l e ct all ide a s/ op t ion s t h a t m a y b e imp l emen t ed immedi a t e l y- T h e rem a ining op t ion s/ ide a s s h ou l d t h en b e di v ided in t o t h ree b o x e s :
- G ood h ou s ekeeping - In t ere st ing op t ion s b u t more a n al ys i s i s needed - W a i t ing b o x + R eje ct ed
W eig h t ed s um me t h od t o priori t i s e op t ion s in s e c ond group: - Wh a t a re t h e m a in b enefi ts t o b e g a ined b y imp l emen t ing t h i s op t ion? - Doe s t h e ne c e ss a r y t e c h no l og y e x i st t o imp l emen t t h e op t ion? - H o w mu c h doe s i t c o st ? Doe s i t a ppe a r t o b e c o st effe ct i v e , meri t ing
in dep t h e c onomi c fe a s i b i l i ty a ss e ss men t ? - C a n t h e op t ion b e imp l emen t ed w i t h in a re a s on abl e t imefr a me w i t h ou t
di s rup t ing produ ct ion?
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Op t ion gener a t ion (2 ) T
r a
di t ion al
b
r a
in st orming
Formu la t e pro bl em (pro bl em iden t ifi c a t ion)
Define o b je ct i ve of t h e b
r a
in st orming s e ss ion Fo ll o w t h e ru l e s of b r a in st orming:
- Se l e ct a s e c re t a r y t o w ri t e do w n all ide a s ( T h e s e c re t a r y c a n' t t a ke p a r t in t h e ide a gener a t ion)
- Se l e ct a group l e a der (t h e group l e a der s h all c on t ro l t h a t t h e four m a in ru l e s a re fo ll o w ed)
C l o s e t h e ide a gener a t ion a f t er 30-40 minu t e s
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3 . Fe a s i b i l i ty S t udie s
Pre l imin a r y e v al u a t ion T e c h ni c al e v al u a t ion E c onomi c e v al u a t ion En v ironmen t al e v al u a t ion
Se l e ct ion of fe a s i bl e op t ion s
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C a pi t al in ve st men tAnnu al oper a t ing c o st s a v ing s
P a y ba c k Period
- period of t ime (y e a r s ) needed t o gener a t e enoug h
c a s h f l o w t o re c o v er t h e ini t i al in v e st men t
P a y ba c k period = _____________________________
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4. Imp l emen t a t ion &
Con t inu a t ion
Prep a re a CP p la n Imp l emen t fe a s i bl e CP me a s ure sM oni t or CP progre ssSu st a in C l e a ner Produ ct ion
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CP a tt a c k s t h e pro bl em a t s e ver al l e v e l s a t on c e . T h e imp l emen t a t ion of a n indu st r y/ p la n t l e ve l progr a mme require s,
- t h e c ommi t men t of t op m a n a gemen t
- a syst em a t i c a ppro a c h t o CP in all a s pe cts of t h e produ ct ion pro c e ss e s
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Marketing
Top managementcommitment
Pre-assessment
CP policy
declaration
The continuousCP loop
Assessment
S tart CP pro j ect
Pro j ect organization
CP options
F easi b ility analysis
Assessment report
Pro j ect implementation
Measure progress
F inal report
Top Management revie w s
CP management system
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CP and main stakeholders
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How can governments
promote CP?
y A pp l y ing regu la t ion s
y Us ing e c onomi c in st rumen ts
y Pro v iding s uppor t me a s ure s
y O b t a ining e xt ern al a ss i st a n c e
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CP applicability for local
governmentsy Corpor a t e de c i s ion-m a king y Lo c al en v ironmen t al m a n a gemen t st r a t egie sy Communi ty a nd indu st r y p a r t ner s h ip sy Su st a in abl e e c onomi c de v e l opmen ty Pu bl i c en v ironmen t al edu c a t ion y Spe c ifi c l o c al en v ironmen t al
pro bl em sy Lo c al en v ironmen t al
moni t oring
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CP and financial institutionsEnvironmental evaluation can help:
Establish an exclusion list
Identify environmentalrisks in every project
Understand the financialinstitutions exposure toenvironmental risks andliabilities
Monitor the environmentalrisks of transactions andrespond
Evaluate risks andliabilities in foreclosure or re-structuring activities
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Wh a t a re t h e b enefi ts of C l e a ner Produ ct ion?
F in a n c i al a d v a n t a g e s:
Us u all y a s h or t P a y ba c k Period of on l y mon t h s
M a n y l o w - c o st op t ion sQui c k t o imp l emen tImpro v ed c a s h f l o w sGre a t er s h a re h o l der v al ue B e tt er a cc e ss t o c a pi t al a nd a ppe al t o fin a n c i al in st i t u t ion sIn h eren t pre v en t i v e a ppro a c h l e a d s t o in s ur a n c e s a v in gs
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Main factors affectingexposure to environmentally-
derived risks
y The nature of environmental risksinherent in business activity of theclient
y The size and term of, and the securityfor, the transaction
y The clients ability and commitmentto adequately manage these risks
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If a CP project is presented to a financialinstitution, it should be clear that the
company already undertook voluntary actionsaimed at:y rationalising the use of raw materials, water and energy
inputs, reducing the loss of valuable material inputs andtherefore reducing operational costs
y reducing the volume and/or toxicity of waste, wastewater and emissions related to production
y improving working conditions and occupational safety ina company
y making organisational improvementsy improving environmental performance by the
implementation of no-cost and low-cost measures fromthe companys funds
y reusing and/or recycling the maximum of primary inputsand packaging materials
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Environmental investment
opportunitiesy l o a n s t o en t erpri s e s t o fin a n c e required or de s ired
in v e st men ts in t e c h no l ogie s re s u l t ing in dire ct a nd indire ct en v ironmen t al b enefi ts
y l o a n s t o muni c ip al i t ie s t o fin a n c e in v e st men ts in en v ironmen t al infr a st ru ct ure
y l o a n gu a r a n t ee s t o b o t h en t erpri s e s a nd muni c ip al i t ie s for s of t c redi ts from n a t ion al or region al en v ironmen t al fund s for en v ironmen t al
in v e st men tsy l o a n s t o fin a n c e b u s ine ss e s pro v iding
en v ironmen t al good s a nd s er v i c e s
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Wh a t h a v e w e l e a rned? y T h e CP a ppro a c h redu c e s po ll u t a n t gener a t ion a t e v er y
st a ge of t h e produ ct ion pro c e ss
y CP c a n b e a c h ie v ed t h roug h : - good oper a t ing pr a ct i c e s- pro c e ss modifi c a t ion
- t e ch
no l og y c
h a nge s- r aw m a t eri al s u b st i t u t ion
- rede s ign a nd /or reformu la t ion of produ ct
y T h e e c onomi c a d v a n t a ge s of CP a re: - c o st effe ct i v ene ss- in c re a s ed pro c e ss effi c ien cy
- impro v ed produ ct qu al i ty a nd en t erpri s e c ompe t i t i v ene ss- c o st of fin al t re a t men t a nd di s po s al i s minimi s ed
y Eff l uen t t re a t men t, in c iner a t ion , a nd wa st e re cyc l ing ou ts ide t h e produ ct ion pro c e ss a re no t reg a rded a s CP
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Broader Application of CP
CP is closely linked to:
Environmental ManagementSystems
Total Quality Management
Health and SafetyManagement
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Cleaner Production andSustainable Development
ResponsibleEntrepreneurship
Eco-efficiency
Cleaner Production
Compliance
GovernmentAgenda
BusinessAgenda
ICC
Charter EMSEHS
Auditing
Sustainabledevelopment
Agenda 21
Factor X
Environmentalspace
Time
Sustainability
Economic Instruments
Co-regulatory agreements
Command & control
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!!!
CP isa journey
not adestination
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An understanding of the business value to begained from efficient useof natural resources is an
important first steptoward sustainability:
toward building a world in which resourcesare managed to meet the needs of allpeople now and in the future.
(J. L ash, P resident of the W orld Resources I nstitute )
top related