Coral Reef Restoration Project - South China Sea · Coral Reef Restoration Project Thamasak Yeemin Ramkhamhaeng University, Thailand MMS-CRS Threats ... Research Institute, Meio University,
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Coral Reef Restoration ProjectCoral Reef Restoration Project
ThamasakThamasak YeeminYeeminRamkhamhaengRamkhamhaeng University, ThailandUniversity, Thailand
MMSMMS--CRS CRS
Threats
? sedimentation from infrastructure development? impacts from expansion of tourism business? unskilled divers? illegal fishing
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Threats
• Storm and Tsunami • Coral predators• Coral Diseases • Coral bleaching
Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction
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Coral Recruitment on Natural SubstrateCoral Recruitment on Natural Substrate
Settlement Plate Settlement Plate ExperimentExperiment
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Cost effectiveness analysis for restoration to accelerate natural recoverySource: Precht, 2006
Source: Edwards and Gomez, 2006
Cost of Coral TransplantationCost of Coral Transplantation
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Chamber types for coral larvae culture in the field
Source: Miller and Szmant, 2006
? Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of anecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed.
? Coral reef restoration is in its infancy. We cannot create fully functional reefs.
? Although restoration can enhance conservation efforts, restoration isalways a poor second to the preservation of original habitats.
? Coral reefs that are relatively unstressed by anthropogenic impactscan often recover naturally from disturbances without humanintervention.
Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Source: Edwards and Gomez, 2006
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? Active coral reef restoration has been carried out with some success at scales of up to a few hectares only.
? Restoration includes passive or indirect management measures to remove impediments to natural recovery, as well as active or directinterventions such as transplantation.
? Active restoration is not a magic bullet. Improved management ofreef areas is the key.
Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Source: Edwards and Gomez, 2006
? The aims of reef restoration are likely to be dictated by economic, legal,social and political constraints as well as ecological realities. However,ignoring the latter means a high risk of failure.
? Targets or measurable indicators should be set that allow both theprogress towards restoration goals to be assessed over time andadaptive management of the restoration project.
? Monitoring of progress towards targets should be undertaken atregular intervals over several years.
? Successes, failures and lessons learnt should be widely disseminatedso that others can benefit from your experiences.
Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Source: Edwards and Gomez, 2006
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? Major physical restoration of reefs is for experts only. Seek expertcivil engineering advice.
? Some physical restoration may be a prerequisite for any chance ofsuccessful biological restoration.
? There are at least 300,000 km2 of coral reefs in the world. Lack ofhard substrate is not a critical issue. Management of degradation
of natural reefs is the critical issue.
? Use of artificial reefs in restoration needs to be considered carefullyand critically in terms of need, ecological impact, cost-effectivenessand aesthetics.
Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Source: Edwards and Gomez, 2006
? Consider restoration not as a one-off event but as an ongoing processover a time-scale of years which is likely to need adaptive management.
? Major physical restoration of reefs costs in the order of US$100,000-1,000,000’s per hectare.
? Low-cost transplantation appears to cost about US$ 2,000 –13,000
per hectare. With more ambitious goals this rises to about US$40,000 per hectare.
? For comparison, a global ball-park estimate of the average total
annual value of coral reef goods and services is US$ 6,075 per hectare.
Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Source: Edwards and Gomez, 2006
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Lessons Learned from Coral Transplantation Lessons Learned from Coral Transplantation TechniquesTechniques inin Krabi Province, Krabi Province,
the Andaman Seathe Andaman Sea
ThamasakThamasak YeeminYeemin and and RattikaRattika PetthongmaPetthongmaDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng UniversiDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, ty,
Huamark, Huamark, Bangkok 10240, THAILANDBangkok 10240, THAILAND
Study SitesStudy SitesStudy Sites
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Fragmentation
Density of Coral Fragments Density of Coral Fragments
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
?????? 2546 ?????? 2546 ?????? 2547 ?????????? 2548
?????????????????? (???????)
????
????
??? (
??????
??????
???/ ??
. ?.) Koh Phai
Koh Phi Phi Don
Frag
men
ts/m
2
Jan. 2003 Apr. 2003 Jan. 2004 Feb. 2005
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Partial Mortality of Coral FragmentsPartial Mortality of Coral Fragments
0-25%
26-50%
51-75%
76-100%
Reattachment of Coral Fragments on Artificial SubstrateReattachment of Coral Fragments on Artificial Substrate
KohKoh PhaiPhai, THAILAND, THAILAND
• Using coral fragments from reefs
• Providing substrate for coral settlement
• A demonstration site for ecotourism
Survival Rate = 78%
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January 2004
April 2004
Change of Reattached Coral Fragments on Cement BlocksChange of Reattached Coral Fragments on Cement Blocks
Acroporanobilis
Acroporaaspera
Acroporaformos
Growth of Reattached Coral FragmentsGrowth of Reattached Coral Fragments
Growth rates = 30 – 90 mm/yr.
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Impacts of the Tsunami on CoralsImpacts of the Tsunami on Corals
Turning over of coral colonies
Smothering of coral surfaces or sand completely burying corals caused by sand-sliding along the reef slope or heavy erosion of shallow sandy seabeds.
Impacts of the Tsunami on Corals Impacts of the Tsunami on Corals
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Breaking of branches or portions of coral colonies caused by the waves or heavy drifting objects or debris washed off the land
Impacts of the Tsunami on Corals
(DCMR, 2005)
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0.21
3.13
3.883.37
0.59 0.34
0
1
2
3
4
5 Before tsunami
After tsunami
Koh Phai Ao Ling Ao Lohsama
Dens
ities (
fragm
ents/m
2 )
Density of Coral Fragments at Phi Phi Islands
Processes of branching coral restoration
Processes of branching coral restoration
Reattachment of Coral Fragments on Natural SubstratesReattachment of Coral Fragments on Natural Substrates
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Reattachment of Coral Fragments on Reattachment of Coral Fragments on Natural Substrates After the TsunamiNatural Substrates After the Tsunami
Survival Rates Survival Rates
? after 3 months ? 94.6 %
? after 1 year ? 64.3 %
Survival of Reattached Coral Fragments Survival of Reattached Coral Fragments
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Sur
viva
l rat
e (%
)
0-25% 26-50% 51-75% >76%
Partial mortality of coral fragment
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Reattachment of Coral Fragments on Natural SubstratesReattachment of Coral Fragments on Natural Substrates
Change of live tissue after reattachment
66
6
23
5
0
20
40
60
80
100
Live tissueincrease
No change Live tissuedecrease
Lost all livetissue
No
. of c
ora
l fra
gm
ents
(%)
Growth Rates of Reattached FragmentsGrowth Rates of Reattached Fragments
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Acropora formosa Acropora nobilis Acropora aspera
????????
????????
???????????
??????
??????
??????
? ( ??./??)
Grow
th r
ate
(mm
./yr
.) Small fragments (< 10 cm.)
Large fragments (> 10 cm.)
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Coral Reef Restoration ProjectCoral Reef Restoration Project
?? Participation and support of volunteer diversParticipation and support of volunteer divers
?? Raising public awareness on coral reef conservationRaising public awareness on coral reef conservation
A Demonstration Site for Coral Reef Restoration at
Mu Koh Chang,Thailand
Thamasak Yeemin, Mickmin Charuchinda, Ronawan Boonprakob, Nisit Ruengsawang, Prasan Sangpaiboon, Udomporn Motega,
Nipat Somkleeb,Se Songploy,Jamrearn Buaruang
A CASE STUDYA CASE STUDY
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Mu Koh Chang• located in Trat Province, the eastern part of the
Gulf of Thailand• comprises of 60 islands, approximately 16 km2 of
coral reef area• declared as a national park in 1982• established as a special administrative zone for
sustainable tourism development since 2002 • selected as one of the demonstration sites for
coral reef subcomponent under “The UNEP/GEF Project on Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand”
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• Public awareness and education• Networking among agencies• Sustainable tourism development• Capacity building• Sustainable livelihoods• Improvement of site management to support coral reef rehabilitation
Six components of activities are required to solve the problems:-
Coordination among government and private agencies:--Department of Marine and Coastal Resources-Mu Koh Chang National Park-Rambhai Barni Rajabhat University-Ramkhamhaeng University-Bangkok Technical Campus, Rajamankala Institute Technology -Association of Marine Biodiversity Conservation and Education-Kon Rak Bangbao Conservation Group-Marine Science Activities and Conservation Foundation-Koh Wai Pakarang Resort
The demonstration site for coral reef restoration The demonstration site for coral reef restoration at at MuMu KohKoh Chang Chang
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- Limited demonstration areas where they can be easily controlled and managed for the benefit of ecotourism, education, raising public awareness, ecosystem restoration and research
- Natural coral fragments were used in order to increase the survival of natural coral fragments that might otherwise have had low survival because they were susceptible to being buried.
- Techniques and methods used in this project were kept simple, use cheap materials available in local areas and providing hard substrate for coral recruitment.
Key ideas: Key ideas:
Four methods showed at the Four methods showed at the demonstration sitedemonstration site:
i) additional substrate for coral recruitment by using clusters of cylindrical concretes lay in triangle model;
ii) attaching branching Acropora spp. with screws to designed PVC pipe frames in the coral nursery area;
iii) additional substrate for coral recruitment and attaching coral fragments by using clusters of concrete blocks fused in horizontal and vertical directions; and
iv) attaching branching fragments to dead branching corals by means of plastic straps
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? additional substrate for coral recruitment by using clusters of cylindrical concretes lay in triangle model
- Cylindical congrete: diameter = 10 cm.
length = 50 cm.
-Triangle model: width = 57 cm.
length = 50 cm.
height = 50 cm.
Cost for one triangle model ~ 37 US$
? additional substrate for coral recruitment by using clusters of cylindrical concretes lay in triangle model
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? attaching branching Acropora spp. with screws to designed PVC pipe frames in the coral nursery area
-collect coral fragments caused by strong wave and tourists from coral reefs?Acropora formosa , A. nobilis, A. aspera
-cut the coral fragments into 8-10 cm. in length-put coral fragments in the nursery area, made of PVC pipes (one inch in diameter) to form a square (60x120 cm.)
-The coral fragments were fixed to PVC pipes with screws.
- 14 coral fragments per square
-The nursery area is on sandy bottom at the deep coral reef area.
? attaching branching Acropora spp. with screws to designed PVC pipe frames in the coral nursery area
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- CostCost: 14 US$ per one square of PVC pipe or 1 US$ per one coral fragment
? attaching branching Acropora spp. with screws to designed PVC pipe frames in the coral nursery area
Coral Fragment GrowthCoral Fragment Growth
? attaching branching Acropora spp. with screws to designed PVC pipe frames in the coral nursery area
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Coral fragment growth: 2 months
? attaching branching Acropora spp. with screws to designed PVC pipe frames in the coral nursery area
Coral fragment growth: 5 months
? attaching branching Acropora spp. with screws to designed PVC pipe frames in the coral nursery area
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Coral fragment growth: 10 months
? attaching branching Acropora spp. with screws to designed PVC pipe frames in the coral nursery area
Coral fragment growth: 14 months
? attaching branching Acropora spp. with screws to designed PVC pipe frames in the coral nursery area
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- The nursery area was also used for education and raising public awareness.
? attaching branching Acropora spp. with screws to designed PVC pipe frames in the coral nursery area
? additional substrate for coral recruitment and attaching coral fragments by using clusters of concrete blocks fused in horizontal and vertical directions
-concrete block size: 18x38x6.5 cm.
-one cluster consists of 12 concrete blocks= : 72 x 85 cm.
8 horizontal blocks, 4 vertical blocks
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- Branching coral fragments were fixed on vertical concrete blocks by plastic straps
? additional substrate for coral recruitment and attaching coral fragments by using clusters of concrete blocks fused in horizontal and vertical directions
Acropora formosa, A. nobilis, Pocillopora damicornis
? additional substrate for coral recruitment and attaching coral fragments by using clusters of concrete blocks fused in horizontal and vertical directions
-Some massive and foliaceous coral fragments were fixed on horizontal concrete blocks by underwater cement.? Porites lutea, Astreopora myriophthalma, Favites abdita,
Favia speciosa, Pavona decussata
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? additional substrate for coral recruitment and attaching coral fragments by using clusters of concrete blocks fused in horizontal and vertical directions
Cost: 2 US$ per cluster
? attaching branching fragments to dead branching corals by means of plastic straps
- Acropora formosa , A. nobilis, A. aspera
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Conclusion
• The cheapest method is attaching branching fragments to dead branching corals by means of plastic straps but it has low rate of survival.
• The method of additional substrate for coral recruitment and attaching coral fragments by using clusters of concrete blocks fused in horizontal and vertical directions seems to be cheap and simple.
Conclusion• The method of attaching branching
Acropora spp. with screws to designed PVC pipe frames in the coral nursery area has high survival rate.
• Selection of restoration method depends on objectives and area conditions.
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Conclusion• We recommend that coral restoration
should be in small scale for tourism, education, and raising public awareness with supports of stakeholders and local communities.
Recovery of coral community
Natural = Larval settlingPromotion= TransplantationNo pollutionNature conservation
Creation of model coral communities by transplanting coral pieces and their multi-purpose use
Moritaka NishihiraResearch Institute, Meio University, Nago,
Okinawa Japanmoritaka@mail.meio-u.ac.jp
Coral reef in healthy condition
COT
Bleaching
Devastated coral reef
A CASE STUDYA CASE STUDY
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CESECESECESE
Cheap: low cost transplantation worksEasy: easy transplantation worksSafe: safe transplantation worksEffective: effective transplantation works
For community-based long-lasting conservation and restoration efforts by transplantation, we need tools and techniques for:
Coral patch on a sand bottomPresence
AbsenceCorals
(Nishihira, 2007)
Transplantation methods of coral pieces1) Tie a coral piece to a holder on substrate with monofilament, wire, etc2) Fix a coral piece to substrate with monofilament, wire, wire coil, etc3) Fix a coral piece to substrate with underwater adhesive4) Fix a coral piece to substrate with a bamboo stick5) Insert a coral piece into a hole (with or without an adhesive) 6) Cover coral pieces arranged on substrate with a net7) T-type coral pin8) Spring method for limestone reef rocks7) Pre-scored ceramic bar for hard substrate including concrete structures
Fundamental 2 requirements of quick re-attachmentDirect contact of coral soft part to substrateImmobility of coral pieces Tight fixing
(Nishihira, 2007)
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40
60
80
100
120
140
Siz
e (m
m)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
A Pavona frondifera
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Siz
e (m
m)
0 100 200 300 400 500
B Acropora sp.
20
40
60
80
100
120
Siz
e (m
m)
0 100 200 300 400 500Days after transplantation
C Montipora sp.
700d
459d
459d
Size=sqrt(l*w)
1.7
3.1
2.2
5
Spring method is good enough (Nishihira, 2007a)
Pavona
w
l l
w
Acropora
Montipora
0 d 700 d
0 d 459 d
0 d 459 d
In the moat of Gushichan-hama coast, Okinawa Island, 3 species of corals were transplanted using spring method. In the first experiment, all of Acopora and some of Pavona died probably from disease. These were replaced by Acroporaand Montipora (the second experiment). In the second experiment, corals did no t detach, and well survived and showed good growths.
(Nishihira, 2007)
06.12.30
07.4.29
06.1.30
Acropora transplanted on the dead part of massive Porites.
2005.1.13.
2007.4.29.
Pavona corals transplanted on a huge natural reef rock.
Model
A model community for gardening to make coral assemblages on bare rocks
Some trialsMortality factorsDetachmentPredationDiseaseSedimentationAlgal overgrowthetc
(Nishihira, 2007)
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Kuta, Bali(Nishihira, 2007)
First transplantation
Death /disappearance
Repeating successive transplantations
Second transplantation
(Nishihira, 2007)
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Cover an anchor block with corals by transplantation Pre-scored ceramic bar
(Nishihira, 2007)
St. 1
St. 2
St. 3
St. 4
St. 6
St. 7
St. 5
Small-scale transplantation in many places
Island
Concept, technique, system
Successive transplantation
Principally on natural reef substratesAlso on artificial concrete structures
(Nishihira, 2007)
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CORAL REEF CONDITIONCORAL REEF CONDITION
Length of intercept of coral and octocoral X 100
Total line intercept length – Length of intercept of sand
Live Coral Cover (%) =
81-100% = Very Good61-80% = Good41-60% = Fair21-40% = Poor0-20% = Very Poor
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Case StudiesCase Studies
- How to make decision on coral reef restoration project- Coral reef condition and basic data - Location: Koh Phai, Krabi Province, the Andaman Sea
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1.Providing additional substrates for coral recruitment
2.Reattach coral fragments on natural/artificial substrates
3. Natural recovery and Preventive measures to minimize tourism impacts
4.Demonstration site for coral reef restoration
RECOMMENDATION RECOMMENDATION
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Reduce Human Pressure on Reduce Human Pressure on Coral ReefsCoral Reefs
Special designed artificial reef Special designed artificial reef for tourism in for tourism in PhuketPhuket, Thailand, Thailand
Se Se Songploy,ThamasakSongploy,Thamasak YeeminYeemin, , PinsakPinsak SuraswadiSuraswadi
BackgroundBackground•• Tourism activity on natural coral reefs is Tourism activity on natural coral reefs is an important cause of coral reef an important cause of coral reef degradation.degradation.•• The Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 had The Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 had affected the coral reefs along the Andaman affected the coral reefs along the Andaman sea coast.sea coast.
ObjectivesObjectives•• To reduce impacts in natural reefsTo reduce impacts in natural reefs
•• To increase number of diving spotTo increase number of diving spot•• To increase growth and diversity of To increase growth and diversity of marine organismsmarine organisms
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Site Selection ProcessSite Selection ProcessIs there a socio-economic
incentive for the reef?Does the reef conflict with present activities?
Is the reef environmentally
feasible?
Consultation phase
Baseline information for area of development
Socio-Economic- Level of fishery- Dependency- Local industry- Unemployment
User Conflicts- Shipping Industry- Fishing Industry- Predators- Amenable to Users- Recreation- Protected Areas
Physical Environmental- Oceanography- Seabed characteristics- Depth- Distance from shore- Water quality
Biological Environment-Coral Reefs/Coral
communities - Benthos- Fisheries- Sea Mammals- Birds- Productivity
Exclusion Mapping
Region Selected
Further consultation with local agencies / people to select specific site
Final Site Selection
Reef SiteSocio-Economics of
Local Fishermen
Optimum Environmental Criteria
User Preferences
RachaRacha YaiYai island island was selected was selected because itbecause it’’s s natural coral natural coral reefs were reefs were visited by many visited by many touriststourists
Project AreaProject Area
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PhuketPhuket Diving ParkDiving Park
•• Thai identity showed as special Thai identity showed as special designed artificial reefsdesigned artificial reefs
Special DesignedSpecial Designed
•• Artificial reefs were made fromArtificial reefs were made fromfiberfiber
•• 20 meters in depth; Sand bottoms20 meters in depth; Sand bottoms
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Thai traditional art Thai traditional art arches with a pair of arches with a pair of Thai demonsThai demons
Thai PavilionThai Pavilion
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Long fin Long fin bannerfishbannerfish
BatfishBatfish
Three spot Three spot dascyllusdascyllus
StonefishStonefish
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ConclusionConclusion
•• Diving in artificial reef areas would reduce Diving in artificial reef areas would reduce impacts on natural reefs and support coral impacts on natural reefs and support coral recovery.recovery.
•• The artificial reefs also provide habitat for The artificial reefs also provide habitat for various marine organisms.various marine organisms.
•• The project supported many diving shops in The project supported many diving shops in PhuketPhuket Province.Province.
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LongLong--term Monitoring Programterm Monitoring Program
•• Coral recruitmentCoral recruitment
•• Reef fish assemblagesReef fish assemblages
•• Benthic organismsBenthic organisms
•• SocioSocio--economic aspectseconomic aspects
See You in See You in PhuketPhuket
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MARINE BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH GROUPMARINE BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY,FACULTY OF SCIENCEDEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY,FACULTY OF SCIENCE
RAMKHAMHAENG UNIVERSITYRAMKHAMHAENG UNIVERSITY
BANGKOK 10240, THAILANDBANGKOK 10240, THAILAND
TEL/FAX: +66TEL/FAX: +66--23102310--84158415
EE--MAIL: MAIL: thamasakyeemin@yahoo.comthamasakyeemin@yahoo.com
http://http://www.thaicoralreef.in.thwww.thaicoralreef.in.th
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