Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carl P. Gabbard PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation revised by Alberto Cordova,
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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Carl P. GabbardPowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation revised by
Alberto Cordova, University of Texas at San Antonio
Chapter 3Chapter 3Physical Growth Changes
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Overview of Physical Growth and Development Overview of Physical Growth and Development
• Growth during the prenatal stage
• Changes through the first year
• Growth spurt in early adulthood
• Regression in later adulthood
Figure 1.2
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Physical Anthropology
The study of the nature, distribution, and significance of biological various in humans
Anthropometry
The study of biological growth and body measurement
General Terminology General Terminology
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Distance Curves for Change in Height Distance Curves for Change in Height
Figure 3.1
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Velocity Curve for Height Velocity Curve for Height
Figure 3.2
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• The prenatal period presents the greatest variation in human growth and development.
• Conception
• Germinal Period
• Embryonic Period
• Fetal Period
Prenatal Development Prenatal Development
Table 3.1
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• The pubescent growth spurt represents the life span’s most dramatic period of biological change.
• Females 10 –13 years (menarche)
• Males 12 – 15 years
The Pubescent (Adolescent) Growth SpurtThe Pubescent (Adolescent) Growth Spurt
Figure 3.3
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• Physical maturation and growth
• Motor performance
• Gender differences
Females mature earlier
Height and weight
Shoulder and hip width
Body fat
• Sexual maturation
The Pubescent (Adolescent) Growth SpurtThe Pubescent (Adolescent) Growth Spurt
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• Pituitary (produces GH)
• Thyroid (throxine)
• Pancreas (insulin)
• Adrenal
• Sex glands
Ovaries/testes
Hormonal Influence Hormonal Influence
Figure 3.4
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Hormonal Influence on the Body at PubertyHormonal Influence on the Body at Puberty
Figure 3.5
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Changes of Testosterone and Estrogen Levels Changes of Testosterone and Estrogen Levels with Agewith Age
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• Growth is relative to head size.
• At birth, the head is about ¼ the total length of the body.
Body Proportion Changes Body Proportion Changes
Figure 3.7
Figure 3.8
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Head Circumference for Boys
Figure 3.9
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Head Circumference for Girls
Figure 3.10
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Measuring Sitting Height
Figure 3.12
Figure 3.11
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Body Proportion Changes Body Proportion Changes
Table 3.14
Table 3.13
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Shoulder and Hip Width Ratios
Figure 3.15
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Somatotype
A person’s body build
Endomorphy
• Soft and round in contour
Mesomorphy
• Well-defined muscularity and balanced body
Ectomorphy
• Leanest body type
Physique Physique
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Height• Average length is 20 inches
at birth
• Average of 50% increase in the first year
• Growth accelerates before and during puberty.
• Females complete peak growth before males do.
Structural DevelopmentStructural Development
Figure 3.18
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Measuring LengthMeasuring Length \\
Figure 3.16
Figure 3.17
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Distance Curves for StatureDistance Curves for Stature
Figure 3.19
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Stature-for-Age Charts Stature-for-Age Charts (boys left, girls right)(boys left, girls right)
Figure 3.21
Figure 3.20
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Height Change in Men and Women
Figure 3.24
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Dark areas denote ossified portions and spaces between cartilage models
Fetal Skeleton at 18 WeeksFetal Skeleton at 18 Weeks
Figure 3.22
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Skeletal GrowthSkeletal Growth
Figure 3.23
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Ossification (bone development)
mesoderm cell cartilage bone
• 800 ossification centers at birth
• Epiphyseal plate, growth plate
• Osteoblasts
• Osteocytes
• Modeling resorption
Skeletal GrowthSkeletal Growth
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• Bone loss in women begins slowly during the third decade and can increase shortly before or after menopause.
• The total bone loss by age 70 is approx. 25–30%.
• Bone loss estimates for men at age 70 are about half of what women experience (12–15% by age 70).
Bone LossBone Loss
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Age Changes in Width of Cortical Bone Age Changes in Width of Cortical Bone (2nd (2nd Metacarpal)Metacarpal)
Figure 3.25
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Loss of Bone Density in FemalesLoss of Bone Density in Females
Figure 3.26
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Body weight• Total body mass (all tissue components)
Body composition
• Tissues
• Lean body mass (muscle tissue, fat-free)
• Body fat
Body MassBody Mass
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Body Weight-Distance CurveBody Weight-Distance Curve
Figure 3.27
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Weight Charts Weight Charts (boys left, girls right)(boys left, girls right)
Figure 3.29
Figure 3.28
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BMI Charts BMI Charts (boys left, girls right)(boys left, girls right)
Figure 3.31
Figure 3.30
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Body CompositionBody Composition
• Body Fat Growth
• Skeletal Muscle
Hyperplasia / Hypertrophy
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Body Composition Change as a Function of Body Composition Change as a Function of AgeAge
Figure 3.32
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Body FatBody Fat
Figure 3.33
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Body FatBody Fat
Figure 3.34
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• After the 16th week of fetal development, the first muscle fibers can be identified.
• Fiber Type (at birth):
Type I (slow-twitch) 50%
Type II (fast-twitch) 25%
Transitional Fibers 25%
Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle
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Sexual DevelopmentSexual Development
Table 3.36
Table 3.35
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• Chronological Age
• Biological Age
• Morphological Age
• Dental Age
• Sexual Age
• Skeletal Age
• Best indicator of maturity
Maturity EstimatesMaturity Estimates
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Figure 3.37
Figure 3.38
Male hand at 156 monthsFemale hand at 128 months
Male hand at 48 monthsFemale hand at 37 months
X Ray of the HandX Ray of the Hand
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• Biological clock
• Early maturers / late maturers
• Secular trend
Maturity VariationsMaturity Variations
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Comparison of generations
• Faster rate of maturation
• Negative trend: children have more body fat and are less active
Figure 3.39
Secular Trend for MenarcheSecular Trend for Menarche
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• Body length and weight at birth: walking
• Body fat: locomotor performance
• Somatotype: strength performance
• Gender differences
Implications for Motor PerformanceImplications for Motor Performance
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SummarySummary
• The Developmental Continuum includes all changes from conception to death, “Although the first two decades of life are a period of significant growth increases, marked changes also occur during later stages of the aging process. In comparison to the other developmental stages of life, the prenatal period represents the greatest variation in human growth and development.” (Gabbard)
• In the later years of life, as we get older, people generally get shorter (bone mass) and lose muscle mass.
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