Controls many body functions –exerts control by releasing hormones into the bloodstream that are then delivered to cells –Hormones aid in cell communication.

• Controls many body functions

– exerts control by releasing hormones into the bloodstream that are then delivered to cells

– Hormones aid in cell communication and helps regulate cell function

– Hormones affect other endocrine glands or body systems

• Works with the nervous system

– Hormones can promote or inhibit nerve

impulses

Circulating hormones pass from the cells that make them into interstitial fluid

Local Hormones act on neighboring cells or the same cell that made it

• Water soluble hormones– Amine hormones

– Peptide hormones

– Protein hormones

• Lipid soluble hormones– Steroid hormones

– Sex hormones

– Prostaglandins

Estrogen & Testosterone

Estrogen & Testosterone

Regulate salt

Regulate saltRegulate blood pressureRegulate blood pressure

MetabolismMetabolismRegulate digestion

Regulate digestion

Regulate blood sugar Regulate blood sugar

• Exocrine glands – secrete their hormones to target tissues via ducts.

• Endocrine glands - secrete their hormones into interstitial fluid

Two types of glands

Metabolism

Energy balance

Immune system

Growth & developmentReproduction

Digestion

Thymus gland

The hypothalamus is the “master” of the pituitary gland

Secretes hormones that directly regulate many body functions and controls functions of other glands

Major connection between endocrine & nervous system

The Pituitary Gland is divided into two areas– structurally and

functionally different

– each area has separate types of hormone production.

The Thyroid Stimulating Hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones

Growth hormone (hGH)Growth of skeletal muscles and long bones of body, builds protein, stimulates cells to grow and divide,

breaks down fats

Folicle stimulating hormone & Luteinizing hormonestimulate maturation & release of eggs from ovary, Stimulates

sperm production

Oxytocin (OT) (the natural form of pitocin)stimulates uterine contractions during labor,causes “let down” of milk from the breast.

Prolactin (PRL)Initiates milk production from mammary glands

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones that

increases blood sugar

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Causes the kidneys to reabsorb water from the forming urine and adding it back to the

blood

Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3)When stimulated (by TSH or by cold), these are released

the metabolic rate, important for normal tissue growth and development esp reproductive and nervous systems

Lies in the anterior neck just below the larynx

Calcitonin Decreases blood calcium levels by

causing calcium to be deposited in the bones

•Small, pea-shaped glands, located in the neck near the thyroid

•Usually 4 - number can vary

•Produce parathyroid hormone - level of calcium in blood

Duodenum

•Located in the folds of the duodenum

•Both endocrine and exocrine functions

•Secretes several key digestive enzymes

Islets of Langerhans - include 3 cell types:•alpha ( ) release glucagon, essential for controlling blood glucose levels.•beta () release insulin (antagonistic to glucagon). •delta () produce somatostatin, which inhibits both glucagon and insulin

Adrenal Medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Adrenal Cortex secretes 3 classes of steroidal hormones – gluticocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and Androgens

The Ovaries are located in the abdominal cavity adjacent to the uterus.

Under the control of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary they manufacture

estrogenprotesterone

The Testes are located in the scrotum

Under the control of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary they manufacture

sperm testosterone

Growth hormone imbalance

Thyroxin imbalance

Increased blood pressure

Hypothalmus Pituitary releases ADH

Kidneys hold on to water

Pituitary is signaled

Blood pressure

decreases

Kidney

Adrenal gland

JuxtaGlomerular Apparatus

Stimulus Receptor

Receptor Effector

Effector Response OR act as a Stimulus Receptor