Content Area 2: Ancient Mediterranean part 2

Content Area 2:

Ancient Mediterranean

3500 BCE – 300 CE

PART TWO

APAH - Valenzuela36 Works

Sub Units:

a. Ancient Near East (Stokstad Ch. 2)

b. Ancient Egypt (Stokstad Ch. 3)

c. Aegean / Ancient Greek (Stokstad Ch. 4 & 5)

d. Etruscan / Ancient Roman (Stokstad Ch. 6)

Part III

Aegean Art & The Art of Ancient Greece

Stokstad Chapters 4 & 5

Required Images from AP: 11

The Aegean in The Bronze Age...

Since AP doesn’t include Aegean art in your image set, this will be a BRIEF overview of the art of the Aegean. I would encourage you to READ chapter four so you have some background, as it is the foundation for Greek art. It WILL be on your next test.

Aegean Cultures & Periods:

Cycladic: 3000-1600 BCE (Cycladic islands in the Aegean Sea) *Produced stylized statuettes of nude standing females and nude males playing musical instruments

Minoan: 1900-1375 BCE (Island of Crete) *Built mixed-use palaces with complex ground plans

Mycenaean: 1600-1100 BCE (Greece) *Built massive citadels marked by cyclopean masonry and corbelled vaulting Aegean art’s three main civilizations:

Fresco Secco - Dry (Egypt)

Buon Fresco - Wet (Aegean)

Mask of Agememnon; Mycenae, Gold, National Museum in Athens

The Cyclades

The Minoans: Crete

Minoan Architecture:

Palace Complex at Knossos c. 2000-1375 BCE

Minoan Sculpture

Mycenaean Art & Architecture

Art of Ancient Greece

Stokstad Chapter 5

AP Required Works: 10

Greek Artistic Periods:

Archaic (600-480 BCE)

Classical (480-323 BCE)

Hellenistic (323 - 30 BCE)

HISTORY

EU: Greek art is characterized by pantheon of gods (particular set of gods; literally a pantheon is a temple or house of worship) that are represented by intricately done images of them decorating large civic or religious buildings.

● Greek art is studied chronologically according to changes in styles● Greek works are not studied according to dynastic rule, as in Egypt, but

according to broad changes in stylistic patterns● Greek art is most known for idealization and harmonic proportions, both in

sculpture and in architecture. ● Greek art has had an important impact on European art, particularly in the

18th century.

EU: Much ancient writing survives in the fields of literature, law, politics and business. These documents shed light on Greek civilization as a whole, and on Greek art in particular.

● Greek writing contains some of the earliest contemporary accounts about art and artists.

● Epics form the foundation of Greek writing. The texts were at first transmitted orally, but later recorded in writing.

Greek Art & Periods

Geometric Period

The Orientalizing Period

The Archaic Period

The Early Classical Period

The High Classical Period

The Late Classical Period

The Hellenistic Period

The Classical Period

Greek Pottery

Tomb Pottery:

Geometric Period

Orientalizing Period

Archaic Period600 - 480 BCE

Ajax and Achilles Playing a Game, Exekias, black figure amphora, later 6th century, 61cm, Vatican CIty Museum

archaic sculpture

Statue of a kouros (youth), ca. 590–580 b.c.; Archaic

Greek, Attic

Naxian marble; H. without plinth 76 in. (193.04 cm)

A cast and painted cast of the Peplos Kore in the Museum of Classical Archaeology in Cambridge, England.

The original is in the Acropolis Museum.

Classical Period(c.480-323 BCE)

Early ClassicalHigh Classical

Late Classical Hellenistic Period

THE CHIASTIC PRINCIPLE

Doric + Ionic

The Erechtheion

Side A

Side B

Aphrodite of Knidios Late Classical -350 BCEmarbleArtist: Praxiteles

Hellenistic Period of Greece: Art & Architecture

323 - 31 BCE

Important to Note:

● Hellenistic Greek States were governed by Kings unlike previous periods where they were democratically ruled by their citizens.

● These rulers were specifically interested in exotic goods and amassed a great deal of them through building commercial relationships with cultures from all over Eurasia

● People moved freely throughout the Hellenistic world and everyone spoke a common language, koine, a kind of colloquial Greek.

A Few More Notes: ● With this newfound modernity, people also felt alienated and alone. At one time,

they were in complete control of every detail of government and society, and now they were governed by bureaucrats.

● This feeling of alienation can be seen in the art of the time and read in both philosophy and literature.

● Both the art and the writing of the time reveals feelings of intensity, desperation, great emotion and toil, and even protest against commercialism and modernity.

● Art specifically expressed the importance of the individual and represented actual people as opposed to gods and ideal perfection.

by Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes Laocoön and his Sons, early first century C.E., marble, 7'10 1/2" high (in the Vatican Museum)

Photo byMrs. V

at The Louvre

Dying Gaul, ancient Roman marble copy of a lost bronze Greek sculpture, c. 220 B.C.E.

Acropolis of Pergamon

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING 2-4.The art of Ancient Greece and Rome isgrounded in civic ideals and polytheism. Etruscan and Roman artists and architectsaccumulated and creatively adapted Greek objects and forms to create buildings andartworks that appealed to their tastes for eclecticism and historicism.

Essential Knowledge 2-4a. Ancient Greek art was produced in Europe and westernAsia, primarily in the region of present-day Greece, Turkey, and southern Italy, from600 B.C.E. to 100 C.E. Etruscan art (c. 700–100 B.C.E., from the region of Etruriain central Italy) and ancient Roman art was produced in Europe and western Asiafrom c. 753 B.C.E. to 337 C.E. The arts of these early western artistic cultures aregenerally studied chronologically. Additionally, archaeological models and stylisticanalysis have identified periods based on stylistic changes. Artworks are assignedto periods according to styles (e.g., archaic Greek), governments, or dynasties (e.g.,the Roman Republic).

Essential Knowledge 2-4b.Art considered Ancient Greek includes works from thearchaic, classical, and Hellenistic periods, as defined according to artistic style,not by political units such as governments or dynasties. Etruscan art is typicallyconsidered as a single cultural unit even though Etruria was comprised of separatecity-states. Roman art includes works from the republican, early imperial, lateimperial, and late antique periods, as defined using governmental structures anddynasties rather than stylistic characteristics. Many Hellenistic works are in factRoman in origin, which favors presenting these traditions at the same time.

Essential Knowledge 2-4c.Ancient Greek, Etruscan, and Roman artists andarchitects were influenced by earlier Mediterranean cultures. Ancient Greekreligious and civic architecture and figural representation are characterized byidealized proportions and spatial relationships, expressing societal values ofharmony and order. Art from the Etruscan and Roman periods is typified by stylisticand iconographical eclecticism and portraiture. Etruscan and ancient Roman artexpress republican and imperial values, power, and preference for conspicuousdisplay. Etruscan and Roman architecture are characterized by investment inpublic structures. Roman architecture is also characterized by borrowing from itsimmediate predecessors (Greek and Etruscan) and by technical innovation.

Essential Knowledge 2-4d.Ancient Greek and Roman art provides the foundationfor the later development of European and Mediterranean artistic traditions. Fromthe 18th century onward, European and American observers admired ancient Greekand Roman ethical and governmental systems, which contributed to prioritizingart and architecture that could be associated with political elites and culturalcapitals (e.g., Rome). More recently, art historians have examined art produced bycontemporary subjects or “provincial” populations.

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING 2-5.Contextual information for ancient Greek andRoman art can be derived from contemporary literary, political, legal, and economicrecords as well as from archaeological excavations conducted from the mid-18thcentury onward. Etruscan art, by contrast, is illuminated primarily by modernarchaeological record and by descriptions of contemporary external observers.

Essential Knowledge 2-5a.Some of the earliest written statements about artistsand art making survive from the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. Little survives ofthe rich Etruscan literary tradition that is documented in Roman sources.

Essential Knowledge 2-5b.The Greek, Etruscan, and Roman cultures shared a richtradition of epic storytelling (first orally transmitted, later written) that glorifiedthe exploits of gods, goddesses, and heroes. The texts recorded a highly developedrhetorical tradition that prized public oratory and poetry. Religious rituals andprognostications were guided by oral tradition, not texts.

Πεπερασμένος! (Finished!)