CONTEMPORARY ASIA AND AFRICA
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JAPAN, CHINA, KOREA, VIETNAM, PHILIPPINES, INDIA AND AFRICA
Douglas MacArthur assigned to the rebuilding of Japan
Democracy established
Sun Yat-sen: founder of the Guomintang (nationalist party of China)
Chiang Kai-shek: takes over for Sun Yat-sen in 1925, but was opposed to land reform and peasants flocked to his opponent
Mao Zedong: communist leader of the peasants and used the Long March to unite all communists; pushed Chiang Kai-shek off the mainland to the island of Taiwan; Mao made China communist in 1949
Sun Yat-sen
Chiang Kai-shek
Mao Zedong
5 Year Economic Plan established by Mao Zedong
1959-1963- the plan was to focus on industry and agriculture and the hope was to rival the United States
Unfortunately, 1959 was a bad year and it is thought that 9 million starved that year, and by 1963, 20 million starved
Led after Mao ZedongFour Modernizations—focused on agriculture,
industry, science and military*allowed for some free enterprise*led to rapid economic growth in China--these reforms led some people to want
more freedoms, which led to protests like the Tiananmen Square Massacre
Pro-democratic demonstration against the Communist government in China
June 5, 1989: worst day of violence Total of 3,000 deaths
1945- The U.N. split the peninsula at the 38th Parallel
June 1950: Communist North Korea crossed the 38th Parallel into South Korea
United States troops under the leadership of Douglas MacArthur and United Nations forces responded to the invasion
Allied forces were pushed to the Pusan Perimeter by September 1950
MacArthur called for an amphibious invasion at Inchon to take pressure off Allied forces and to cut supply lines of the North Koreans
By November 1950 Allied forces had pushed the North Koreans almost to the Yalu River (boundary between North Korea and China)
Chinese forces crossed over the Yalu River to help N. Korea
MacArthur wanted to invade China, but Truman advised against it. MacArthur and Truman exchanged words and eventually MacArthur was fired.
Chinese and N. Korean forces were able to cross back across the 38th Parallel
Allied forces pushed back
Fighting stopped in 1951
Armistice signed in 1953 and the 38th Parallel was used to divide North and South Korea
Vietnam was part of French Indochina Area was taken over by the Japanese in
WWII, but reclaimed by the French after the war was over
Nationalist movement in the region against the French
Leader of the Nationalists- Ho Chi Minh Led the war against the French in the late
1940’s; influenced by communism Ho Chi Minh’s followers in North Vietnam
were called the Vietminh Ho Chi Minh was supported and financially
backed by the Soviet Union The United States backed the French
The Geneva Conference- divided Vietnam at the 17th Parallel
North was now communist and leader was Ho Chi Minh (capital=Hanoi) – ties to China and USSR
South was democratic and president was Ngo Dinh Diem (capital=Saigon)
1954- SUPPORTIVE OF THE FRENCH 1956-1964- SENT MILITARY ADVISORS AND
FINANCIAL AID 1964- GULF OF TONKIN INCIDENT AND
PRESIDENT JOHNSON GETS PERMISSION TO SEND IN COMBAT TROOPS WITH THE GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION
1965- 1ST COMBAT TROOPS ARRIVE 1965-1973- AMERICAN COMBAT TROOPS IN
VIETNAM PRESIDENT NIXON RESPONSIBLE FOR
VIETNAMIZATION
By 1957 Eisenhower sent in military advisors to help train South Vietnamese military
President Kennedy increased American involvement (financial aid)
South Vietnam’s army was ineffective against the Vietcong (South Vietnamese guerillas- also known as Charlie) which put pressure on the U.S. to increase its involvement
Diem turned out to be corrupt Believed he pocketed much of the aid
sent to them from US US continued to support him Openly persecuted Buddhists Monks protesting persecution set selves
on fire in public square United States finally supported a coup to
overthrow Diem in 1963
1964-Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – US spy boat torpedoed, but US claimed two had been attacked, LB Johnson urged Congress to write “blank check”
President Johnson sent over troops to take on a lead military role
By 1967 – war at a stalemate North planned attack on Saigon on Tet,
Vietnamese holiday (Tet Offensive) North actually failed, lasted several weeks but
they did not win North used propaganda to create image of
victory However, US opinion of the war dropped
dramatically because we suffered less casualties, but gained no land
War portrayed as “unwinnable”
U.S. forces tried to bomb the Ho Chi Minh Trail- supply route through Cambodia and Laos
Sparked protests – Kent State and Jackson State– students were shot by national guard
Paris Accords – Jan 31, 1973 Brought US withdrawal and release of
POWs US pulls out- Vietnamization North continues to take South World watches dramatic rescue of US
Embassy workers from the embassy rooftop
February ’73 – South fell to communism, Laos went peacefully slowly after
NAPALM
MY LAI MASSACREHANOI
HILTON
JOHN McCAIN- POW HANOI JANE
As a result of the communist takeover of Vietnam and because of the Ho Chi Minh Trail, communism filtered into Cambodia
Pol Pot established the Khmer Rouge, a communist regime in Cambodia
Ruled from 1975-1979 He began a genocide against the
intelligencia and former political leaders of Cambodia
Killed approximately 1 million people before he was overthrown and placed under house arrest
Died in 1998 while still under house arrest
POL POT THE KILLING FIELDS
President Ferdinand Marcos was a corrupt leader who embezzled a huge amount of the national treasury for his own personal gain (1965-1986)
He was accused of having his political opponent, Benigno Aquino, murdered in 1983
In the 1986 election, the wife of the murdered opponent, Corazon Aquino, ran against Marcos and won. She became the first female democratically elected President of the Philippines. Stayed in power until 1992.
Marcos and his wife fled the Philippines and sought refuge in the U.S. They were arrested and served time in U.S prison. Ferdinand died in 1989 and Imelda returned to the Philippines.
Following WWII: desire for independence from the British and the concern of Muslims and their place in India dominated by Hindus
Mohandas Gandhi- leader of the INC had been fighting for independence for many years and WWII forced Britain to address the issue
The last British viceroy of India carried out a plan to create an independent India in 1947
The British were persuaded because of a nonviolent resistance movement (passive resistance) led by Gandhi, who was eventually given the name Mahatma (Great Soul)
The agreement that created an independent India also established a two-part Pakistan
A Hindu upset over the partition assassinated Gandhi in 1948
In 1971, the eastern section of Pakistan became Bangladesh
The island of Ceylon was also granted independence and was eventually renamed Sri Lanka
African independence efforts followed three general patterns:◦ Peaceful transition to independence◦ Violent transition to independence or violence
following the transition due to conflicts among Africans in the region
◦ Areas where large European populations had settled in the colony faced conflicts such as resisting the desires of natives and the colonial power’s plans to establish African majority rule
Common in colonies that had small European populations and minimal tension among African groups in the colony
British West Africa is a good example They were already using indirect rule so
they just handed power over to the Africans
Nigeria’s independence was delayed by complicated negotiations among African ethnic groups and eventually civil war erupted
Algeria- French simply refused to consider independence. Finally in 1962, following a war that killed thousands of French soldiers and hundreds of thousands of Algerians, the country gained independence
South Africa: gained independence after WWII, but by 1948 the government started apartheid (national policy of segregation). The policy ended in 1990.
Nelson Mandela led the movement against apartheid. He was imprisoned for several years.
President F.W. deKlerk ended apartheid and allowed for free elections which allowed Mandela to take over
Kenya: Europeans made up less than 1% of population, but had tremendous power
Jomo Kenyatta became the leader of the independence movement in Kenya
He was jailed by the British from 1953 to 1961 Became the Prime Minister of independent Kenya
in 1963 Encouraged Europeans to stay and invest in the
country Economically prosperous until mid-1970’s, when
the one-party system became corrupt. Corruption intensified after Kenyatta’s death in 1978.
Rwanda and Burundi were given to Belgium according to the Treaty of Versailles.
The Tutsi (ethnic minority) were given preferential treatment by the Belgians.
The 1994 genocide was the slaughter of approximately 1 million Tutsi by the Hutu
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