Consonant g1a

University of Social Sciences & HumanitiesDepartment Of English Linguistics &

LiteratureEnglish Phonetics and Phonology

CONSONANTS

Instructor: Vo Thi Nu Anh, M.A

Group 1: Nguyễn Hương Anh 0857010012

Lê Thị Minh Châu 0857010026

Nguyễn Thị Hiền 0857010084

Lê Thi Hương Trầm 0857010293

OUTLINE

A. Definition

B. Places of Articulation

C. Manners of Articulation

D. Conclusion

A. Definition Sounds:

Consonants are produced with some restriction in the vocal tract that impedes the flow of air from the lungs.

Consonants (24)

Vowels(20)

The Vocal Tract

1. Nose

2&3. (upper/lower) lip

4&11. (lower/upper) teeth

5. Tongue

6. Larynx

7. Pharynx

8. Velum (soft palate)

9. Hard palate

10. Alveolar ridge

B. Places of Articulation

1. Bilabial ( labials): The lips against each other

[p], [m], [b],[w]

Places of Articulation

2. Labiodental: Placing the upper teeth

towards the lower lip.

[f], [v]

Places of Articulation

3. Dental(Interdental): The tongue between the teeth.

Places of Articulation

4. Alveolar: The tip of the tongue towards

the alveolar ridge.

[t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l]

5. Alveopalatal (post-alveolar): The front of the tongue towards the area between alveolar ridge and the hard palate ,

,

,

.

[r]

• 6. Palatal:The body of the tongue towards the hard palate.

[j]

• 7. Velar: The body of the tongue towards the velum.

[k], [g],

• 8. Glottal: produced by completely or partially constricting the glottis [h]

C/ Manner of Articulation

1. Plosives/ Oral stops

Sounds that are stopped completely in the oral cavity for a brief period.

[b], [p], [d], [t], [g], [k]

English plosives: •Bilabial: [p], [b]p], [b]•Alveolar: [t], [d]t], [d]•Velar: [k], [g]k], [g]

• Tips to distinguish between voiced & unvoiced sounds:1. Put your hands over your ears & say the sounds - you'll hear the voiced sounds.2. Put your hand on your throat while saying the sounds - you'll feel a vibration for the voiced sounds.3. Put a piece of paper in front of your mouth when saying the sounds - the paper will move when saying the unvoiced sounds.

Voiced and Voiceless Sounds

2. Fricatives

In the production of fricative consonant sounds, the airflow is so severely obstructed that it causes friction and the sounds are therefore called fricatives.

3. Affricates

Sounds which are produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a gradual release of the closure that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative.

4. Nasal The air pass through the nose. It is prevented by a complete closure in the mouth at some points. They are 3 types of closure:Bilabial (lips)Alveolar (tongue blade against alveolar ridge)Velar (back or tongue against the palate) So, we have 3 nasal consonants: m (bilabial), n (alveolar) and ŋ (velar)

• The consonants m & n are simple and straightforward with distributions like those of flosives.

• The articulation of ŋ is the same with k and g (Velar)

• In phonology, ŋ has the distribution unusual. This differ from m and n:

5.Consonant ŋ Initially: no occur Finally: occur frequently (E.g: long, hang, sing…) Medially: occur frequently but its pronounciation

is rather complex.

Rule: ŋ

Ex: ‘finger’ /fiŋgeǝr/ ‘anger’/æŋgǝ/

‘singer’ / siŋǝr/ ‘hanger’ /hæŋgǝ/

ŋg (word has 1 morpheme)

ŋ(word has 2 morphemes)

• Exception in comparative and superlative in the rule:

Ex: ‘longer’ /lɒŋgǝ/

‘longest’ /lɒŋgǝst/

ŋ never occurs after a dipthong or long vowel. Infact, it only occur after 5 vowels: e, æ, ɒ, ᴧ and i

6. Consonant l

• l is a lateral consonant• The way of air through the mouth does not go

inn the usual way along the centre of the tongue. The air escapes along the sides of the tongue.

• The position of l in a word: initially, medially and finally. So, its distribution is not limited.

• Another allophone of l is found when it follows p and k at the beginning of as stress syllable (e.g: placable, klanman …)

• However, consonant l has one unusual characteristic: the realization of l found before vowel sounds quite different from that found in other context

• Ex: ‘lea’ li: called “dark l”

‘eel’ i:l called “clear l”

Dark l : the front of tongue raised

Clear l : the back of tongue raised

7. Consonant r• Consonant r is an approximant.

• Consonant r is called retroflex : the tongue is in fact usually slightly curled backwards with the tips raised.

• The curling-back of r has a position further back t and d. So, it is called post-alveolar.

• A rather different r sound if it is precede by p, t, k. Ex: press, tress, cress…

• One finally characteristic of articulation of r is that is usual for the slips to be slightly rounded

In phonology

• r only is pronounced when it occurs before vowel. Ex: red, arrive, hearing…

non-rhotic• There is no r in pronunciation when it is follows by

a vowel. Ex: car, ever, here… rhotic • r in final position(before a pause) and before a

consonant, it is silent consonant.Ex: hard, verse, cares…

• rhotic

8. Consonants j and w

• They are approximants the same with r• They are phonetically like vowels but

phonologically like consonants: Like vowel: Articulation of j is the same with vowel /i:/ Articulation of w is the same with vowel /u:/ Like consonant: Only occur before vowel Occur at the beginning of the word Definite article “ a ” like other consonants

• j and w have mispronunciation the same with fricative or affricative.

• For place of articulation , we regard j as palatal and w as bilabial

D/ CONCLUSION

TABLE OF ENGLISH CONSONANTS

BilabiBilabialal

LabiLabio-o-dentdentalal

DentDentalal

AlveolAlveolarar

PalatoPalato--alveolalveolarar

PalatPalatalal

VelaVelarr

GlotaGlotall

PlosivePlosive bb dd gg

AffricatiAffricativeve

ʤʤ

FricativFricativee

vv ðð zz ƷƷ

NasalNasal mm nn ŋŋ

LateralLateral ll

ApproxiApproxi

mantmant((ww)) rr jj ww

Place of ArticulationFront Back

Man

ner

of

Art

icu

lati

on

ff

pp

θθ ss

ʧʧ

ʃʃ

kk

h

tt

Unvoiced phonemes are on shaded background. Voiced phonemes Unvoiced phonemes are on shaded background. Voiced phonemes are normalare normal

Chart of English consonant phonemeBilabial

Labiodental

Dental Alveolar

Post-Chart of English

lateral

Pala

tal

Velar Glottal

Flosive p b t d k g

Fricatives f v Ɵ ð

s z ʃ ʓ h

Affricates tʃ ʤ

Nasal m n ŋ

Lateral l

Aproximant w r j