Considerations for Terminating Cover Cropspss.uvm.edu/pat/2015_Handouts/Cover_Crops_Hudson.pdf · Considerations for Terminating Cover Crops Daniel Hudson UVM Extension Agronomist

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Considerations for Terminating Cover Crops

Daniel HudsonUVM Extension Agronomist

Photo: University of Tennessee

A time to killTo everything there is a season,A time for every purpose under heaven:….A time to plant,And a time to pluck what is planted;

A time to kill,And a time to heal……

‐King Solomon (Ecclesiastes 3)

Photo: University of Tennessee

Major Cover Crop Species in the Northeast?

• Which species do you deal with?

• Which are most beneficial?

• What do they do?

• Trouble terminating the cover crop?

Why do farmers plant cover crops?

Slide credit: Kevin Bradley, U MO

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When should the cover crop be terminated?

Is it risky to plant cover crops if you can’t kill them when you ‘need’ to?

Considerations• Window of opportunity – weather and soil conditions

• Nitrogen immobilization

– What is the cost if it is too late? How much N can be tied up?

– 4000 X 0.16 X .0625 = 40 lb (taken up), more immobilized

Ideal C:N ~24:1 to avoid longer‐term immobilization

• Cereal Rye C:N– Stems: 99:1– Leaves: 29:1– Whole plant vegetative: between 13 and 26:1– Whole plant boot: 40:1

• Reduction in plant‐available N + uncertainty

From: USDA NRCS Publication Carbon to nitrogen ratios in cropping systems

Cover Crop C/N % N mineralized in 160 days

Crimson Clover leaves 10.1 61.4 stems 31.9 29

Cereal Rye leaves 28.9 32.6 stems 98.9 -32.3

Oat leaves 12.8 46.8 stems 78.8 -33.2

Quemada and Cabrera (1995)

Other Potential Secondary Problems

• Excessive rye biomass• Allelopathy

Byproducts with allelopathic activity

(and many others)

Killing Cereal Rye: Temperature considerations (OSU)

• Several days of ‘warm’ weather– Days in high 50s or low 60s– Nights above 40 F

• If nights below 40s, daytime temps need to be in the 60s (NDSU)

Slides attributed to Kevin Bradley are from: A Weed Scientist’s Perspective on Cover Crops in Missouri

This publication can be found at: http://extension.missouri.edu/sare/documents/cover04BRADLEYHerbicide14.pdf

Other experiences?

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Ryegrasses

• Annual and Italian

• Potential tool

• Like a sharp knife…

XXX

From: http://www.ryegrass.com/publications/2014‐ARG‐Mgmt‐Guide.pdf

Annual or Italian Ryegrass: Termination Considerations

• 5‐7 days of good growing conditions– Minimum 55 degrees, above 60 better– If night temp drops below 38 F, wait three more days.

• Soil temperature above 45 degrees

• Be careful!

Annual or Italian Ryegrass: Termination Considerations

• Spray at least 4 hours prior to sunset (translocation)

• Herbicide antagonism very important• Be careful!!• More very relevant details:

– http://www.ryegrass.com/publications/2014‐ARG‐Mgmt‐Guide.pdf

Dr. Kevin Bradley, University of Missouri

Some of these herbicides have cereal rye replant restrictions of up to 18 months!

Terminate when…

• Weather: period of warmer weather• Active growth• Stage of development: vegetative• Window of opportunity: watch forecast• Err on the early side if you must err

Other considerations

• Timeframe of herbicide effectiveness• Could excessive biomass complicate planting process?

• Excessive water removal from soil (rare here)• Management complexity and risk varies with species

• Replant restrictions• Allelopathy??

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