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Sahyadri Conservation Series 20
Conservation and Management of Mangroves
in Uttara Kannada, Central Western Ghats
Subash Chandran M.D Ramachandra T.V. Joshi N.V.
Prakash N. Mesta Bharath Settur Vishnu D. Mukri
Karnataka Forest Department, Honavar Forest Division
Western Ghats Task Force, Government of Karnataka
Karnataka Biodiversity Board, Government of Karnataka
The Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India
The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India
ENVIS Technical Report: 50 November 2012
Environmental Information System [ENVIS] Centre for Ecological Sciences,
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012, INDIA
Web: http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/ http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity Email: cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in,
energy@ces.iisc.ernet.in
Sahyadri Conservation Series 20 ����
Conservation and Management of Mangroves in
Uttara Kannada, Central Western Ghats
Subash Chandran M.D Ramachandra T.V. Joshi N.V.
Prakash N. Mesta Bharath Settur Vishnu D. Mukri
Karnataka Forest Department, Honavar Forest Division
Western Ghats Task Force, Government of Karnataka
Karnataka Biodiversity Board, Government of Karnataka
The Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India
The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India
ENVIS Technical Report: 50
November 2012
Environmental Information System [ENVIS] Centre for Ecological Sciences,
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012, INDIA Web: http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/envis
http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/ http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity
Email: cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in, energy@ces.iisc.ernet.in sahyadri@ces.iisc.ernet.in
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
i
Conservation and Management of Mangroves in
Uttara Kannada district, Central Western Ghats
C O N T E N T S
PAGE NO.
Contents i
Executive Summary iv
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
Importance of Mangroves 2
Mangroves – Global scenario 11
Distribution of Mangroves in India 12
Mangrove Scenario in Karnataka 14
Mangrove Scenario in Uttara Kannada District
15
Forest Administration 17
Methods adopted 18
CHAPTER 2. IDENTIFICATION OF MANGROVES
19
I. True mangroves 19
II. Mangrove associates 23
CHAPTER 3. MAGROVES OF HONAVAR FOREST DIVISION
30
3.1 ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION FOR MANGROVES
30
Introduction 32
Honavar Forest Division: Salient Features 32
Mangrove area distribution and suitable areas for planting
32
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
ii
3.2 ESTUARY-WISE MANGROVE SITUATION IN HONAVAR FOREST DIVISION
39
Estuary and creek-wise mangrove areas and potential areas
39
Mangroves in relation to salinity 41
A. MANGROVES OF GANGAVALI ESTUARY
41
Waterscape/landscape elements 42
Mangroves and potential mangrove areas: village-wise distribution
42
Mangrove associates 50
Some notable mangrove localities 50
Remote sensing applications 52
B. MANGROVES OF AGHANASHINI ESTUARY
55
Introduction 56
Mangrove areas and potential areas for planting
56
Site-wise presence of mangroves and associates
59
Notable localities studied for mangroves 61
Applications remote sensing for mangrove studies in Aghnashini
65
C. MANGROVES OF SHARAVATHI -BADGANI ESTUARINE COMPLEX
69
Salinity decline in Sharavathi 70
Details of mangroves and associates: site-wise
71
Locality-wise details: Sharavathi 72
Factors affecting mangrove community 74
Badgani estuary 74
Remote sensing for mangrove species/land cover-land-use prospecting
75
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
iii
D. MANGROVES OF VENKTAPUR RIVER 78
E. ALVEKODI CREEK 84
3.3 MANGROVE SITUATION: RANGEWISE
86
Mangroves of Bhatkal forest range 86
Mangroves of Manki Range 89
Mangroves of Honavar Range 92
Mangroves of Kumta Forest Range 97
Mangroves of Katgal Forest Range 100
Mangroves of Hiregutti Forest Range 102
ANNEXURE-I Location and Area (ha) of mangrove patches in Bhatkal Range
106
ANNEXURE-II Location and Area (ha) of mangrove patches in Manki Range
112
ANNEXURE-III Location and Area (ha) of mangrove patches in Honavar Range
113
ANNEXURE-IV Location and Area (ha) of mangrove patches in Kumta Range
125
ANNEXURE-V Location and Area (ha) of mangrove patches in Katgal Range
137
ANNEXURE-VI Location and Area (ha) of mangrove patches in Hiregutti Range
141
ANNEXURE-VII Availability of potential Area (ha) for Mangrove planting in Bhatkal Range
148
ANNEXURE-VIII Availability of potential Area (ha) for Mangrove planting in Manki Range
149
ANNEXURE-IX Availability of potential Area (ha) for Mangrove planting in Honavar Range
150
ANNEXURE-X Availability of potential Area (ha) for Mangrove planting in Kumta Range
154
ANNEXURE-XI
Availability of potential Area (ha) for Mangrove planting in Katgal Range
156
ANNEXURE-XII Availability of potential Area (ha) for Mangrove planting in Hiregutti Range
157
REFERENCES 158
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
iv
Conservation and Management of Mangroves in
Uttara Kannada district, Central Western Ghats
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The mangroves constitute a community of usually woody, evergreen, salt tolerant plants of soft
and swampy mud of tropical sub-tropical coastal zones preferring river mouths, lagoons and
creeks. Mostly found in intertidal zones and stagnant swampy coastal waters they have special
adaptations like physiological and structural mechanisms to combat excessive salt in the
medium, special aerial root systems for support in unstable slushy substratum and for gaseous
exchange as they are anchored in anoxic water-logged conditions. Some, especially members of
Rhizophoraceae have their seeds germinating into seedlings while the fruits are still attached to
parent plant. These juvenile seedlings fall vertically into the mud, get stuck there and develop
into new plants.
Till about 1960s, mangroves were largely viewed as “economically unproductive areas” and
were cut down for meeting a variety of human needs and the swamps reclaimed for human
habitations. Mangrove areas today rated among the most productive ecosystems on this planet.
They generate nutritionally important detritus for fishes, prawns, crabs, oysters etc. and shelter
estuarine and marine organisms and provide safe breeding grounds for many, as well as provide
home for numerous kinds of birds.
Mangroves play important role in ecosystem functioning and are of great economic importance
for fisheries. Detritus is also transported a food by tides to near-shore organisms. Mangroves
contribute to the stabilization of the shoreline and prevention of shore erosion. They serve as a
barrier against storms so as to lessen damage to coastal land and residents. The dense network of
supporting roots and breathing roots give mechanical support to the tree and trap the sediments.
Without mangroves, all silt will be carried into the sea, where turbid water might cause corals to
die. Mangrove trees act as sinks, which concentrate pollutants such as sewage, toxic minerals,
pesticide, herbicides, etc. They sequester much more carbon per unit area than even tropical rain
forests. Wherever mangroves are rich livelihood opportunities for humans are great, including
promotion of tourism.
Among the various direct uses of mangrove products are edible fruits and fronds, honey,
medicine, timber, fuel wood, manure, tannin, bio chemicals, paper-pulp, genes for salt tolerance
in crop plants, dyes, bio-fuel for blending with petroleum, fibre, perfume, fish feed etc.
By far tropical Asian countries account for highest area under mangroves. The Sunderbans, along
the shores of West Bengal and Bangladesh have the richest and largest mangrove community in
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
v
the world. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Orissa, estuaries of Andhra Tamil Nadu and Gujarat
have large areas of mangroves.
Mangrove vegetation was neglected totally in Karnataka State and national level surveys hitherto
showed no mangroves or only negligible areas under it (just 1 or 2 sq.km), which is far from the
reality. As mangroves are inevitable for integrity of estuarine ecosystems and maintaining their
high productivity a detailed micro level survey was found to be necessary in every and estuary
and creek.
Karnataka estuarine regions are densely populated by humans because of high productivity and
transportation facilities that these areas provided in continuity with the Arabian Sea. Bulk of the
shallow water coastal swamps areas were presumably cleared for growing salt tolerant rice in
reclaimed fields protected from salt water entry by making embankments. Traditionally the
farmers planted mangrove trees alongside these bunds. Later when stone bunds were built by the
Government, mangroves were cut down in large scale.
The start of Linganmakki dam for power generation in the Sharavathi River would have caused
obvious decline in estuarine salinity on account of continuous release of fresh water affecting
adversely estuarine ecosystem, particularly mangroves. Such changes went practically
unrecorded in science. The arrival of one more dam at Gersoppa in the same river caused still
further dilution so much so most of the time estuarine salinity is in near fresh water conditions.
The mangrove diversity declined as a consequence leaving behind very few species, especially
the tree Sonneratia caseolaris, tolerant of nearly fresh water conditions.
Recent decades witnessed spurt of shrimp farming activities in specially prepared shrimp ponds
from which every trace of mangroves were removed.
At present there is increased awareness on the importance of mangroves. Under various schemes
sponsored by State and Central Governments mangrove plantings have been made in the
estuaries of Karnataka. The Honavar Forest Division achieved spectacular progress in mangrove
afforestation, especially in Aghanashini estuary and Kumta creek. Increased area under
mangroves is bound to have beneficial effects on estuarine productivity and biodiversity as well
as causing increased nutrient flow into the Arabian Sea itself.
In spite of such progress, in the absence of overall evaluation and mapping of the mangrove
situation it has become difficult to take up the cause for further afforestation of Karnataka’s
estuaries with mangroves. As evaluation requires mapping of existing mangroves and depiction
of suitable areas for further planting a detailed estuary and creek-wise survey is found necessary.
Moreover estuaries need to be demarcated into different salinity zones for making appropriate
combination of species for planting in high, medium and low salinity zones. The current study
was carried out at the behest of Honavar Forest Division of Kanara Forest Circle.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
vi
Of the methods used for the survey were all out field studies, physically visiting all the estuaries
and creeks and noting down mangrove species present in different patches through sampling, and
finding out the geo-locations by using GPS. Google imageries have been very useful in locating
mangrove patches and in estimating the potential intertidal areas for future planting. Counts of
trees were made in selected locations to find out percentage composition of species. Salinity
levels were noted down to classify mangroves into high, medium and low salinity species.
Remote sensing imageries had only limited applications for identifying mangrove trees on the
substratum, but nevertheless estimates were done of the area under frequently occurring tree
mangroves. RS data of 1989, 2000, 2003 and 2010 helped in finding out changes in land use land
cover in the estuaries, including one km buffer zone outside.
Honavar Division has four estuaries towards the river mouths of Aghanashini, Sharavathi,
Venktapur and part of Gangavali. The Badgani River merges with the Sharavathi estuary towards
its mouth. All the estuaries have normal rise and fall of marine tides and normal ranges of
salinity expected of local estuaries except the Sharavathi estuary which has minimal salinity
(<0.5 ppt) most of the time due to constant release of fresh water from hydro-electric projects
from upstream areas. This has caused major decline in mangrove diversity as high salinity
mangroves have totally vanished and medium salinity ones turned minimal and low salinity ones,
mainly Sonneratia caseolaris favoured.
A detailed distribution map of Honavar Forest Division will be help in assessing range-wise,
section-wise and beat-wise and estuary and creek-wise mapping of mangroves. This is expected
to facilitate more efficient management of mangroves. The mapping also covered mangrove
associates. The true mangroves (confined to estuaries and creeks) of Honavar Division belong to
6 families, 8 genera and 11 species. If we exclude the exclusive estuarine grass Porteresia
coarctata the species number will decline to 10. In addition, a fern, Acrostichum aureum also
occurs in mangrove habitats of less brackish habitats. Rhizophoraceae members Rhizophora
mucronata, R. apiculata, Kandelia kandel and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza are typical mangroves
with stilt roots and viviparous seeds. Bruguiera occurs nowhere except sparingly in Venktapur
estuary.
The study covered also about 32 species of notable mangrove associate species which have also
distribution beyond the mangrove areas in the lands away from estuaries.
Mangroves of the estuaries and creeks are in high state of fragmentation due to high degree of
human impacts through centuries, which include reclamation of estuaries for rice and coconut
cultivation, expansion of human settlements, shrimp farming, salt production, shell and sand
mining, cutting for fuel and minor timber etc. Altogether 1549 patches were recognized in the
Forest Division. These also include linear patches along the borders of estuaries.
We have estimated 391 ha of mangrove areas and 1019 ha suitable for planting. If we consider
rangewise mangrove area highest (128 ha) is in Honavar Range, followed by Hiregutti Range (88
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
vii
ha) and the least occurs in Manki Range (4 ha). Manki also does not have any area for mangrove
planting. Hiregutti Range also has largest area (708 ha) suitable for mangrove planting. Honavar
Range has 161 ha for mangrove planting while Kumta has 91 ha. In Chapter 3 (section 3.1) is
provided all the details regarding administrative unitwise (range, section and beat) area under
mangroves and suitable areas for planting.
In Chapter 3 (section 3.2) estuary-wise and creekwise mangrove area and potential area for
planting are given. Area under mangroves is highest (169 ha) in Aghanashini estuary, followed
by Sharavathi-Badgani (136 ha) and Gangavali (46 ha). Considering estuary-wise suitable area
for mangrove planting Aghanashini has highest (711 ha), followed by Sharavathi-Badgani (184
ha), Gangavali (95 ha) and Kumta creek (42 ha). Even the smallest creeks of less than 1 ha are
considered in this study.
Whereas Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina are high salinity mangroves (>15 ppt.),
Aegiceras corniculatum prefers medium salinity zones (5-15 ppt). Rhizophora mucronata,
Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia alba, Kandelia kandel and Excoecaria agallocha are seen in
high and medium salinity zones. Acanthus ilicifolius occurs in all salinity zones, but Sonneratia
caseolaris has presence in medium to very low salinity (< 0.5 ppt) conditions. Estuarywise and
villagewise details of mangrove species present are given in Chapter 3 (section 3.2).
During mangrove afforestation in the estuaries care should be taken to avoid planting in bivalve
and oyster beds which are highly productive of food for humans and animals, including several
species of birds.
Rangewise and beat wise mangrove areas and potential areas for planting are shown in maps for
the convenience of forest department staff involved in mangrove protection and planting
(Chapter 3, Section 3.3). The annexures contain very detailed information on sectionwise and
beat area under mangroves and suitable areas for planting.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
viii
RECOMMENDATIONS
The exercise carried out in minute details could be of great help to the Forest Department in
mangrove management. Mangroves are classified under CRZ-I area and therefore mangrove
maps could be used for delineating CRZ I areas.
It is recommended that similar exercises be carried out in other
estuaries of Karnataka as well, considering the tremendous
ecological and economic uses of mangroves
As Rhizophora mucronata is the main species used for mangrove
afforestation, such monoculturing has to be avoided in future
giving way to fair mixing of other species. More importance
should be given to Avicennia spp. and Sonneratia spp.
The rare population of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza in Venktapur
estuary should be protected and more number of seedlings should
be introduced here from Kali or Kundapur estuaries, as local
regeneration is poor.
Many aquaculture ponds are abandoned due to losses suffered by
shrimp farmers. They are also unfit for rice cultivation.
Government may formulate a scheme to acquire such areas for
planting with mangroves.
Honey production in mangrove areas is a totally neglected
economic activity in Honavar Division as well as in the entire
coastal Karnataka. As mangrove honey with rare mix of salts can
have greater value bee keeping experiments should be carried out
in the estuarine areas.
Mangrove based tourism for bird watching and for scenic
enjoyment should be promoted as a good income generating
activity for the local VFCs (Village Forest Committees).
Appropriate training for local youth in arranging such mangrove
tours will provide newer livelihood opportunites.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
1
1.0 INTRODUCTION Mangroves are a group of plants that occur in the coastal intertidal zones of tropics and the sub-
tropics. The mangrove community as a whole consists of salt tolerant plants of soft and swampy
mud, mostly trees and shrubs, with broad, leathery, evergreen leaves. In some trees roots from
the main stem and branches grow vertically down and provide additional support like stilts in an
unstable, slippery substratum. In many others roots protrude into the air like sticks, knobs or
loops, or creep in serpentine manner all around the tree, exposed fully during the low tide. These
roots are meant for taking in air for respiration, as the water-logged soil is deficient in oxygen. In
some trees the seeds germinate while the fruits are still attached to the plant, and green seedlings
of varied lengths hang from the parent plants until they achieve appropriate length, specific to the
species, drop vertically down into the soft mud. Soon they develop the root system and become
independent plants. This nature of certain mangroves to ‘give birth’ to live seedlings instead of
shedding their fruits or seeds is known as vivipary (Woodroffe, 1987; Blasco et al., 1996; Duke
et al., 1998). The term mangroves refer to an ecological group of halophytic plant species which
is known as the salt tolerant forest ecosystem and provides a wide range of ecological and
economic products and services, and also supports a variety of other coastal and marine
ecosystems. Mangroves occupy less than 1% of the world’s surface (Saenger et.al, 1983) and are
mainly found between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn on all continents
covering an estimated 75 percent of the tropical coastline worldwide.
Mangroves make special type of vegetation that exists at the boundary of two environments
using a variety of survival and reproductive strategies. Till about 1960s, mangroves were largely
viewed as “economically unproductive areas” and were therefore destroyed for reclaiming land
for various economic activities. Gradually, however, the economic and ecological advantages of
mangroves have become visible and their importance is appreciated. Every ecosystem supports
human life by giving direct or indirect benefits and services. Mangrove areas today rated among
the most productive ecosystems on this planet (Odum 1971).
Mangroves constitute one of the important parts of an estuarine ecosystem and in fact form an
icon for the estuarine ecosystem. A layer of earth or sand, usually deposited by rivers and flood
tides and shore free of strong wave and tidal action promotes extensive development of
mangroves. They also require salt and brackish water. Mangroves are best developed on tropical
shorelines where there are large areas available between high and low tide points. Large
mangrove formations are typically found in sheltered muddy shorelines that are often associated
with the formation of deltas at the mouth of a riverine system. Mangroves can also be found
growing on sandy and rocky shores, coral reefs and oceanic islands. There are instances where
islands can be completely covered by mangroves. It is impossible to describe a typical mangrove,
as the variation in height and girth, even for the same species, is immense, depending on the
many factors that control growth.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
2
Importance of Mangroves: Mangroves forests, in their well developed state, constitute one of
the most productive features of coastal ecosystems across tropical and subtropical regions of the
world. By generating nutritionally important detritus, used by fishes, prawns, crabs, oysters etc.
for reproduction and growth and by sheltering of various kinds of animals such as fish,
crustaceans, birds, reptiles, and mammals mangroves play an important role in the ecosystem
functioning and are considered of great economic importance for capture and captive fisheries.
Detritus is also transported, distributed and consumed as food by various detritivorous estuarine
and near-shore organisms. A rich biodiversity is observed in the mangroves with plants and
animals, which are irreplicable, and forms a good genetic treasure house. Mangrove wetlands are
a multiple use ecosystem that provides protective, productive and economic benefits to coastal
communities. Mangroves contribute to the stabilization of the shoreline and prevention of shore
erosion. They serve as a barrier against storms so as to lessen damage to coastal land and
residents. The dense network of supporting roots and breathing roots give mechanical support to
the tree and trap the sediments. Without mangroves, all silt will be carried into the sea, where
turbid water might cause corals to die. Mangrove trees act as sinks, which concentrate pollutants
such as sewage, toxic minerals, pesticide, herbicides, etc. (FAO, 1982; Saenger et al., 1983;
Hamilton and Snedaker, 1984; Alongi, 2002).
The mangrove ecosystems are associated with rich diversity of organisms and are also the
nursery and breeding ground of several marine fauna like prawns, crabs, fishes and molluscs.
They enhance the fishery production of nearby coastal waters by storing nutrients and detritus.
Through shedding of their leaves mangroves tend to remove salt accumulated in them. However,
most land plants, except the halophytes, are incapable of such tolerance to salty environments.
The shed leaves of mangroves turn into detritus, which is colonized by fungi and bacteria and
this detritus turn into a valuable pool of nutrients. This detritus is consumed by variety of
bivalves, shrimps and fishes, many of which migrate into the mangrove areas for better feeding
and protection. Birds are a prominent part of most mangrove forests and they are often present in
large numbers. Almost 120 birds are found in the Aghanashini estuary of Kumta taluk in the
Honavar Forest Division. They use mangrove environs as breeding and feeding grounds. The
Royal Bengal Tiger is one of the unique resident species of mangroves of the Sunderbans.
Mangroves sustain the ecological security of the coastal areas as well as livelihood security of
the thousands of fishing people of estuarine and coastal villages. Nevertheless, because
mangroves grow where nothing else grows, they are always useful, even where they cannot be
managed as productive forests. The enrichment of brackish and coastal waters provided by the
mangrove vegetation may be substantial and should not be overlooked.
Good mangrove vegetation is an excellent indicator of the health of coastal ecosystems.
Mangrove ecosystem traps and cycles various organic materials, chemical elements and
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
3
important nutrients. The roots provide attachment surfaces for many organisms. Many of these
attached animals filter water through their bodies and, in turn, trap and cycle nutrients.
Mangroves provide protected nursery areas for fishes, prawns, crabs and shellfish. They provide
food for multitudes of marine and estuarine animals, such as various fishes and prawns of diverse
species, oysters etc. Many animals find shelter amidst the network of roots, where fisherman
cannot cast his nest nor the boatman ferry through it. The general importance of mangroves at
many levels is provided in Table 1.1
Table-1.1: The general uses of mangroves and mangrove associates Ecological uses Economical uses Social uses
Erosion control Fishing Education
Protection from damage Shrimp and crab industries Ecotourism
Indicator of climate change Charcoal production Food
Habitat provision Timber production Local employment
Water quality management Firewood Agriculture
Carbon Sequestration Traditional medicine
Mangroves for food security: Many nurture the misconception that mangroves are dreaded and
disease causing impenetrable swamps and they need to be cleared and reclaimed for the sake of
public health. In fact the value of mangroves as storehouses of food, directly in the form of
edible mangrove products and honey and indirectly in the form of enhanced fishery resources, is
more known to the inhabitants of estuarine villages. Today, there is rising global awareness on
the importance of mangroves. Crabs, clams, oysters, fish and other food are often collected there.
Mangrove trees grow well in their special conditions, and, like the tropical forest, produce a lot
of leaves and other organic matter. The leaves fall in the water, where they disintegrate due to
fungal and microbial action. This detritus becomes food for shrimps, crabs, oysters, shellfishes
and so on, which are of immense importance in human subsistence and commerce. An entire
detritus based food web of the coastal wetlands is mainly based on mangroves. This rich food is
not only eaten in the mangrove swamp, but much of it may be carried out into the lagoon or to
coral reefs and other coastal fisheries areas, where it helps to feed the fish. The areas near
mangroves are thus often very important for fishing.
A positive correlation between mangrove area and near-shore fish and shrimp catches was
reported demonstrated in the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia. Mangrove swamps
are critical nursery grounds and refugia from predation for commercially important shrimps of
Penaeus spp. and spiny lobster (Panulirus argus). It has been estimated that 60% of the
commercial catch in Fiji depends on mangroves (Hamilton & Snedaker, 1984). In the Matang
mangrove swamp of Malaysia the contribution of mangrove carbon to prawn tissues was as high
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
4
as 84% in the swamp. It decreased in the offshore direction, where the contribution of
phytoplankton became more important (Chong et al., 2001)
The study by Boominathan et al (2008) estimated that about 22,000 tons/year of edible bivalves,
worth Rs.66 crore at current market prices, were collected from the Aghanashini estuary alone in
the Honavar Forest Division. These bivalves are detritus feeders and obviously vegetation
resides, including from mangroves, feed them and also many fishes, crabs, crustaceans etc. The
shell deposits of these bivalves worth several millions of rupees are mined out annually from the
same estuary. This is apart from the rich fisheries that the estuary support year after year.
Mangroves are fish aggregating systems; they improve fish productivity. Fishes require a cool
area to breed in and mangroves provide that (Balasubramanian, 2006). Because the mangrove
swamps provide food security and the entanglement of roots shelter from fishing, many marine
and estuarine fishes come to the swamps for egg laying and for the sake of nursery for their
young ones before the parents depart to the oceans or into coral reefs and lagoons. The
mangroves are a critical habitat upon which these species depend for survival, and if something
happens to the mangroves, the future of these kinds of fish will be affected (Silas, 1986).
The breakdown of significant quantities of mainly the leaf litter in the mangrove swamp releases
significant amounts of nutrients and matter (Lu & Lin, 1990; Steinke et al., 1993) which supports
tree productivity and the mangrove food web. Mangrove forests tend to be net exporters of
organic matter. The nutritional value of detritus is increased by decomposing fungi and other
microbes. The fine particles of detritus form a food source for young ones of bivalves, shrimps
and fishes, which migrate into the mangrove environments for better feeding and protection.
Mangroves are, in short, breeding, feeding and nursery grounds for many estuarine and marine
organisms. More the mangroves better would be the catches of fishes, shrimps, and bivalves.
Honey is an important product obtained from the Sunderbans mangroves. Honeybees hold an
important position in the insect fauna of mangroves, for the production of large quantities of
honey and beeswax (Gopal and Chauhan, 2006). Flowers of Aegiceras corniculatum are good
sources of high quality white honey (Banerjee et al. 1989; Wealth of India, vol. I. 1985).
Avicennia marina & A. officinalis are also excellent sources of honey and bee wax (Banerjee et
al 1989).
Tender leaves of Acrostichum aureum are cooked and eaten (Wealth of India, vol. I., 1985).
Fruits of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza are considered edible (Kothari and Rao, 2002). Tender pods of
a leguminous climber Canavalia sp. are used as vegetable. Salvadora persica: Tender leaves and
shoots of Salvadora persica are used as salad; fermented drink is also made from fruits (Hajra
and Sanjappa, 1996). Fruits of Sonneratia caseolaris are edible, eaten raw or cooked; fruit juice
as a substitute for vinegar and as a condiment; tender leaves dressed with fish (-ibid-).
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
5
Mangroves for coastal protection: A number of studies have confirmed the function of mangroves in
terms of a green belt (Janssen & Padilla, 1999; IUCN, 2005). Among the most commonly known and
discussed roles of mangroves are those of providing coastal protection against storms, waves and
water currents, thus reducing erosion and flooding. Dense root system of mangroves, deeply
anchored in mud, help to reduce wave action, increase the sedimentation rate and enhance soil
consolidation and stability which provide a good form of natural coastal protection (Siddiqi,
1993).
The role of mangroves in protection of the life and property along the coast is being strongly
realized today after the 1999 super cyclone of Orissa and the tsunami of 2004. In October 1999,
a super cyclone, with wind speeds of 160 miles per hour struck Orissa and killed at least 10,000
people and rendered homeless 7.5 million. However, those human settlements located behind the
mangrove swamps suffered little loss. The villages in and around Bhitarkanika were spared much
of the cyclone’s fury because of the vast mangrove forest. Bhitarkanika is the second largest
mangrove formation in India, next only to the Sunderbans (Venkataraman, 2004).
Similar observations were made on December, 26, 2004 when the tsunami struck South-east
Asia and parts of south Asia. Those human settlements located behind the mangrove swamps
suffered little loss, according to observations from parts of Indonesia, Andaman and Nicobar, Sri
Lanka and Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Thirunal Thoppu, a fishing village of Tamil
Nadu coast having 172 families was saved from the wrath of this tsunami by the dense growth of
mangroves. In three other villages of Tamil Nadu coast also the tsunami damage was minimized
by mangroves. According to V. Selvum of M.S. Swaminathan Foundation: “Even though the
mechanical impact of a tsunami is enormous, and is bound to destroy the first line of mangroves,
the water suddenly slows down as it moves farther in” (Kremmer, 2006). In parts of South India,
with dense mangroves, fewer people suffered from this tsunami and less property was destroyed
compared to the areas without mangroves (Kathiresan and Rajendran, 2005).
That mangrove forests protect uplands from stormy winds, waves and floods had been well
known in the past. The amount of protection afforded depends upon the width of the forest.
Whereas very narrow fringe of mangroves offers only limited protection, a wider belt of
mangroves, with their entanglement of aerial roots, can considerably reduce wave and flood
damage to landward areas by absorbing the overflowing water. Mangroves can help prevent
erosion by stabilizing shorelines with their specialized root systems. This fact has been known to
the traditional gazni farmers of Aghanashini. Before the permanent stone bunds were built by the
State Government, the farmers used to prepare earthen bunds and fortify them on the tidal side
by planting of mangroves.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
6
Mangroves build land or keep it from being washed away, which can be very important on
islands where land is so limited. Mud and sediment are often washed down by the rivers and
streams. When there is a mangrove swamp at the river mouth, the water spreads out into the
mangroves, and the sediment settles to the bottom where it is trapped by the mangrove roots. As
the bottom gets shallower, the mangroves can grow further out, while those on the inside
eventually find themselves on dry land, where they are replaced by land plants. In this way the
mangrove forest advances slowly outward, leaving land behind. Even in areas where enough
sediment is not available to build new land, the mangroves protect the shoreline from being
washed away in storms. The roots and trunks break the force of the waves, and the leaves and
branches reduce the effects of the wind and rain. There are examples of islands which were built
by mangroves, and then washed away when the mangroves were cut.
Maintenance of water quality: Mangroves filter water and maintain water quality and clarity.
In many parts of the world, mangrove deforestation is causing not only fisheries declines but also
causing degradation of clean water supplies.
Fixation of carbon dioxide: Mangrove deforestation is causing release of more carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere. In fact mangrove forests fix more carbon dioxide per unit area than
phytoplankton in tropical oceans. M.S. Swaminathan (2005) states mangroves will serve as
carbon sink, helping to enhance carbon sequestration and thereby contributing to reduce the
growing imbalance between carbon emissions and absorption.
Source of salt resistant genes: Mangroves form a rare and unique group among flowering
plants because of their capacity to grow in flooded conditions and in their salt tolerance.
According to M.S.R. Foundation, Chennai they are genetic pools for salt resistant genes. The
Kagga rice variety of coastal Uttara Kannada, is one well known instance of certain amount of
salinity tolerance. The world is going to be in trouble soon because of the climate change. Sea
level is going to rise and seep into farming areas. The time comes soon we will need salt resistant
crops, and the mangroves could be potential sources of salt resistant genes for crop plants. The
Foundation has a genetic library of mangroves. The Foundation is involved in identifying and
transferring salt tolerance genes from mangroves to crops like rice and mustard
(Balasubramanian, 2006)
Medicine: Mangroves are a repository of unusual biochemicals on account of their modified
physiology to survive in stressful conditions of the intertidal zone. These include chemicals with
insecticidal and bactericidal properties. There are novel agrochemicals, gums and glues,
alkaloids, saponins, phenolics, steroids, terpenoids, amino acids, carbohydrates, proteins, fatty
acids, alkaloids, carotenoids, various mineral combinations etc. associated with tremendous
potential medical, agricultural, industrial, scientific importance. Presence of a ‘polysaccharide-
rich substance’ with antitumor activity in the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia, which also showed
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
7
anticancer and analgesic activity has been reported. Mangroves have A variety of potential
applications in the fields of cholesterol control, anticancer (antileukaemic, sarcoma, lung cancer)
and antiviral applications, HIV and human immunodeficiencies, fungal resistance etc.
(Bhandaranayake, 2002) open up exciting innovative fields which could stimulate conservation
and enrichment of mangrove vegetation.
Acanthus ilicifolius (Kan: Holechudi): A shrubby plant, common in mangrove
community. Leaves and bark useful in nervous disorders; leaf paste application or
fomentation of the plant parts are useful in alleviating rheumatic pains (Banerjee et al.,
1989; Kothari and Rao, 2002). Decoction of plant with sugar candy and cumin used in
indigestion and acidity; also promotes urine; cure for dropsy and bilious swellings; leaves
as expectorant; decoction of roots for gargling in sore mouth and toothache; roots also
used in asthma, paralysis, leucorrhoea and debility (Wealth of India, vol. I, 1985).
Acrosticum aureum: A fern in mangrove areas. The rhizome paste useful for boils
(Naskar and Mandal, 1999).
Avicennia officinalis: Mangrove tree. Dry leaves smoked by the people of Kutch and
Saurashtra for relief from asthma (Banerjee et al. 1989). Resin from bark used as a
contraceptive in Java; fruits and unripe seeds used as a maturative poultice and as
cicatrizant of ulcers and abscesses (Wealth of India, vol. I, 1985).
Barringtonia racemosa (Kan: Samudraphala): Mangrove associate tree. Fruit for
treatment of cough, asthma and diarrhoea; used in the preparation of skin ointment.
Aromatic seeds used in stomachache and ophthalmia; seed kernel with milk for treating
jaundice (Wealth of India, vol. 2, 1988).
Caesalpinia crista: Mangrove associate climber. Tender leaves eaten in liver disorders;
leaf paste in water as external application in inflammatory swellings (Kothari and Rao,
2002). Root has diuretic properties and is useful in gravel and stone in bladder. Powdered
seeds with sugar and goat’s milk reported to cure liver disorders; powder of baked
kernels with honey used in parts of Kerala to cure hernia and swellings (Wealth of India,
vol. 3, 1992).
Caesalpinia bonducella (Kan: Gajakakayi): Mangrove associate climber. Nuts have
diuretic and anti-fever properties; useful for treating diarrhoea; seeds used in ‘Ayush-64’
for treating malaria; seed infusion for cerbral haemorrhage and infantile convulsions;
seed oil is emollient and is used in cosmetics; it is antirheumatic (Wealth of India, vol. 3,
1992)
Calophyllum inophyllum (Kan: Honne): Mangrove associate tree. Paste of seeds to
relieve painful joints; oil for application on rheumatism and gout; oil cures scabies and
other skin diseases; soap from the oil has strong bactericidal and fungicidal properties;
camphor mixed oil for application on ringworm. Oil shows anti-bacterial activity against
several gram positive bacteria and used for treating burns (Wealth of India, vol. 3, 1992).
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
8
Excoecaria agallocha: Mangrove tree. Roots to cure hand and feet swellings (Kothari
and Rao, 2002).
Morinda citrifolia (Kan: Ainshe, Tagase): Mangrove associate tree. Roots applied to
gout; leaves applied to wounds and ulcers; juice of leaves externally applied to gout.
Fruits used for spongy gums, throat complains, dysentery etc (Wealth of India, vol. VI,
1962)
Phyllanthus reticulatus: Mangrove associate shrub. Leaf juice for bleeding gums;
powdered roots in sores and burns (Kothari and Rao, 2002).
Premna corymbosa: Mangrove associate climbing shrub. Root extract as cardiac tonic, in
stomachache and liver troubles (ibid).
Salvadora persica: Mangrove associate shrub. Fresh root applied as a vesicant (Hajra and
Sanjappa, 1996),
Sonneretia caseolaris: Mangrove tree. Fruits used in preparation of poultice for sprains
and swellings (Hajra and Sanjappa, 1996).
Thespesia populnea: Mangrove associate tree; very rare in Honavar Forest Division.
Leaves, flowers and fruits applied in skin diseases.
Vitex negundo: Mangrove associate shrub. Leaf juice in rheumatism, hair tonic; leaf
infusion anti-cancer; roots for piles; flowers in watery eyes (ibid).
Dyes: Avicennia officinalis bark yields a natural dye (Banerjee et al., 1989). Bruguiera
gymnorrhiza bark yields a black dye, which with treatment, turns orange-red, brown and violet
(Wealth of India vol. 2, 1988). Leaves of Clerodendron inerme, mangrove associate shrub yield
brown dye (Kothari and Rao, 2002). Kandelia candel bark is a source of dye used for dyeing
clothes red and brown (ibid.). Morinda citrifolia (Kan: Ainshe, Tagase, Noni), mangrove
associate tree, from the roots of 3-4years old trees natural dye extracted and used for dyeing silk,
cotton and wool into red, purple and chocolate shades; since the arrival of synthetic dyes this
traditional dyeing practice has almost stopped (Siva, 2007). Rhizophora mucronata bark is a
source of dye (Kothari and Rao, 2002) Vitex negundo plant ash for dyeing (ibid).
Fodder: Acanthus ilicifolius is cut before flowering, spines removed and used as fodder (Wealth
of India vol. I, 1985). Avicennia officinalis leaves, rich in protein (12.3% of dry weight) and
carbohydrates (56.7%) and various minerals, used as fodder (Wealth of India vol. I, 1985); often
the plants are lopped; used for feeding buffaloes. Cynodon dactylon (Karki grass): Used as a
fodder in coastal Uttara Kannada. Cyperus malaccensis, abundantly present in Sharavathi river
is collected in large quantities for local use as fodder. Porteresia coarctata, grass tolerant of high
salinity is good for fodder. Leaves of Kandelia kandel, Morinda citrifolia, Rhizophora apiculata,
R. mucronata etc. have fodder value. According to Bandaranayake (1998) mangrove fodder is
considered superior due to their high salt and iodine content.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
9
Timber, firewood: Aegiceras corniculatum has Reddish brown to black wood, streaked with
yellow or orange- pink used for knife handles and as stakes for oyster beds (Wealth of India,
vol.I, 1985). Avicennia officinalis yields durable timber; for construction and oil mills (Banerjee
et al, 1989). Bruguiera gymnorrhiza timber is good for construction; trees grow up to 36 m
found in Andamans. (ibid). Calophyllum inophyllum wood for furniture and boats. Light wood
of Excoecaria agallocha suitable for floats, toys etc. Morinda citrifolia is good for handicrafts.
Rhizophora apiculata, Sonneretia alba, Thespesia populnea etc. yield timber. Wood of S.
caseolaris is for making models, musical instruments and boats (Hajra and Sanjappa, 1996).
Paper pulp: Excoecaria agallocha wood is used for making paper pulp (Banerjee et al, 1989).
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza wood pulp used for blotting and corrugated paper (Wealth of India, vol.
2, 1988).
Seed oil for lighting, and as fuel: Seed oil of mangrove associates Cerbera manghas and
Calophyllum inophyllum were traditionally used for lighting. Today the latter species, a
mangrove associate, is emerging as an important biofuel source and saplings are prepared in
thousands in the coastal forest divisions of Karnataka to plant along the coastal zones. Seed oil of
Pongamia pinnata (mangrove associate) is also used as bio-fuel and is also being propagated in a
big way. This species is also a mangrove associate.
Manure: Acanthus ilicifolius is considered good manure for coconuts in coastal villages of
Honavar. Leaves of Pongamia pinnata, Kandelia candel are used as manure. Oil cake of
Calophyllum inophyllum used as fertilizer; it is also good to control nematicides (Wealth of
India, vol. 3, 1992).
Fibre: Hibiscus tiliaceus yields strong fiber from bark used for ropes, mats etc. (Kothari and
Rao, 2002). Derris trifoliata yields strong fiber from the stem (Banerjee et al., 1989).
Mat and basket weaving: The sedge Cyperus malaccensis and leaves of Pandanus fascicularis
are used for mat and basket weaving.
Ground water protection from salinity: Sharp changes have been noticed in salt
concentrations of groundwater at the interface between salt flats and mangroves implying that
the mangrove systems can modify the salinity of the groundwater by lowering it drastically (Ridd
and Sam, 1996).
Perfumes: Pandanus fascicularis flowers used as source of perfume. Acacia farnesiana (Kan:
Kasturi jali): a mangrove associate tree small tree, native of tropical America, from the bright
yellow bunch of flowers yields the famous Cassie perfume of Cannes in France (Wealth of India,
vol.2,1985).
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
10
Tannin: Mangroves are very rich in tannins used for leather tanning, wood preservation, anti-
microbial actions, manufacture of plastics, paints, ceramics and water softening agents etc. They
impart flavor to wines Members of the families Avicenniaceae, Rhizophoraceae, and
Sonneratiaceae are rich source of tannins (Bandaranayake, 2002). Bark of Aegiceras
corniculatum, Avicennia spp, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Calophyllum inophyllum, Kandelia
candel, Rhizophora spp. Sonneretia caseolaris; seed oil of Pongamia pinnata used for tanning
(Banerjee et al., 1989; Kothari and Rao, 2002; Wealth of India, vol-1; 1985; Vol. 2, 1988).
Netting thread is boiled with the stems and leaves of Bruguiera, to make it strong (Wealth of
India, vol-2, 1988). In Uttara Kannada traditional nets are boiled with bark of Rhizophora to
make them stronger.
Fish food: Decomposed leaves of Avicennia marina make good feed for fish (Banerjee et al.
1989). That fish comes to feed on decomposing Avicennia and Rhizophora leaves in mangrove
swamps has been experimentally proved by Rajendran and Kathiresan (2002). They found there
was about 3 times more catch near the mangrove vegetation traps than in control waters.
Powdered leaves of Acanthus ilicifolius used as feed for fish and prawns in aquaculture. Dry
weight of leaves contain 21% carbohydrates, 13.55% lipids and 1.87% protein nitrogen; leaves
are also rich in minerals (Wealth of India, vol-I; 1985).
Study, recreation and tourism: Mangroves, of late, are turning out to be important centres of
nature study. The scenic beauty and biodiversity of estuaries with mangroves being higher, they
are often centres of recreation and tourism, being used for boating and fishing, bird watching etc.
in Papua New Guinea (Paijmans and Rollet, 1977). India has tremendous potential in developing
coastal eco-tourism, in which well protected mangrove wetlands can play important role.
Sunderban wetlands have become a paradise for tourism. With the rich bird population, healthy
growth of mangroves furnishing emerald hue to the placid waters of Aghanashini during winter
and summer months there exist great potential for sustainable eco-tourism. Sharavati estuary
lined with mangroves has unexplored tourism potential.
Potential donors of genes for salt resistance: Mangroves can be potential donors of genes for
salt tolerance in crop plants. Yensen (2006) considers the 21st Century likely to be the century of
halophyte agriculture expansion, as diminishing fresh water resources put pressure on
civilization to utilize the vast saline soils and aquifers. Trillions of dollars are lost annually even
in mildly saline fields that could be billions of dollars gained from new salt-loving crops. It has
been calculated that 1.0 - 1.5 billion hectares of land are salt-affected on the earth. While much
of this land occurs in the Middle East, Central Asia, Northern Africa and Australia it seems that
no country is free of salinity issues. The majority (90%) of salt-affected land is naturally saline
(primary salinization). Each year, approximately two million hectares still go out of productivity
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
11
due to salinity. The salt-affected lands world-wide, may be resource opportunities for
halotechnologies, such as halophyte crops and landscape plants, which grow better under high
salinities.
Miscellaneous: Acacia farnesiana, related to Karijali, is a source of gum; Avicennia officinalis:
Wood ash mixed with paints to make the latter adhere more firmly (Wealth of India, vol-I, 1985)
Barringtonia racemosa Seeds oil and bark for bio-insecticide (Wealth of India, vol-2).
Calophyllum inophyllum (Kan: Honne): Seed oil used as varnish; locally used for coating fishing
crafts. Used as a lubricant in place of castor oil; refined oil for soap making and for industries
(Wealth of India, vol-3, 1992). Pongamia pinnata: Seed oil used for soaps (Kothari and Rao,
2002). Salvadora persica: Twigs used as toothbrush. Soneretia caseolaris: Spongy
pneumatophores for corks and handicrafts.
1.2 Mangroves – Global scenario
The influences exerted by the environmental factors such as climate and hydrological as well as
other physico-chemical conditions determine the extent of mangrove distribution. One of the
important factors of mangrove distribution is temperature that determines the growth and
distribution of the mangroves (Chapman, 1977).
Mangroves dominate approximately 75% of the world’s tropical coastline (Table 1.2) between
250N and 250S latitude (Figure 1.1). This restricted distribution of mangroves is mainly due to
the sensitivity of the species to frost and cold temperature. The most northerly site of the
mangrove distribution are the top of the Red Sea in the Gulf of Aquba (300N) and South Japan
(320N); while the most southerly sites for mangrove distribution are Australia (380S) and
Chathan island east of New Zealand (440S). The total mangrove cover of the world is about
1,81,000 sq.kms. Over the period, there is significant decrease of mangrove cover in many
countries due to various manmade changes and natural consequences. The highest concentration
of mangrove species is, however found in the Indo-Malaysian region. The key mangrove species
belong to the families Rhizophoraceae, Avicenniaceae and Sonneratiaceae.
Mangroves of the world have been divided into two groups: Eastern group i.e. East Africa, India,
Southeast Asia, Australia and the Western Pacific and Western group comprises of West Africa,
South and North America and the Carribean Countries. Out of the ninety mangrove species of
the world, 63 occur in Indian Ocean & West-Pacific regions while only 16 species are recorded
in the Pacific-America, 16 species in Atlantic-America and 11 species in West Africa. In the
eastern group, there are in all 20 species belonging to 9 families whereas in the Western group
there are only four species belonging to 3 families. The species are Rhizophora mangal,
Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia nitida & A. tomentosa Approximately 43% of the World’s
mangroves are located in just four countries- Indonesia (42,550 sq.kms), Brazil (13,400 sq.kms),
Australia (11,500 sq.kms) & Nigeria (10,515 sq.kms).
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
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Table 1.2. Mangroves of the World (Source:Spalding et al, 1997)
Region Mangrove area(ha) % to Global area
South and Southeast Asia 75,17,300 41.0 Australia 18,78,900 10.4 Americas 49,09,600 27.1 West Africa 27,99,500 15.5 East Africa and the Middle East 10,02,400 5.5
Total 1,81,07,700 100
Figure 1.1: Global distribution of mangroves 1.3 Distribution of Mangroves in India
In India, mangrove vegetation is observed all along its 5,700 km coastline. The total area covered
by mangroves has been estimated to be about 700,000 ha which amounts to about 6% of the
world’s mangroves. However these fragile and sensitive trees and their ecosystem have been
abused, neglected and overexploited in India. The major threats to mangroves are deforestation,
reclamation and lately pollution also.
India’s coastline can be divided into two parts viz. Western coast on the Arabian Sea and the
Eastern coast on the Bay of Bengal. Western coastline includes five states, viz Gujarat,
Maharastra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala. The Eastern coastline consists of states of West Bengal,
Orissa, Andhra pradesh, Tamilnadu and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. However, the distribution,
extension and number of species in these areas differ according to the physiographic formation
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
13
of the coast. The west coast is more or less steeply shelved, lacks major deltas and river estuaries
and is dominated by sandy and rocky substratum. On the other hand, the east coast is shallow,
largely influenced by major deltas and river estuaries and mostly dominated by the deltaic
alluvium hence the extent of mangrove cover along the east coast of India is comparatively
larger (90%) than the west coast (10%). Mangroves in India comprise of 69 species (excluding
those of salt marshes and mangrove other associate species, under 42 genera and 27 families. Of
these, 63 species (41 genera under 27 families) are present on the East coast; 37 species (25
genera under 16 families) on the West coast; and 44 species (28 genera under 20 families) on the
Bay Islands. The East coast has 91% of mangrove species and the West coast has 53%. The most
dominant mangrove species found along the east and west coast of India are Rhizophora
mucronata , R. apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. parviflora,, Sonneratia alba, S.
caseolaris, Cariops tagal, Heretiera littoralis , Xylocarpus granatum, X. molluscensis, Avicennia
officinalis, A. marina, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa. The National Remote
Sensing Agency (NRSA) recorded a decline of 7,000 ha of mangroves in India within the six-
year period from 1975 to 1981. In Andaman and Nicobar Islands about 22,400 ha of mangroves
were lost between 1987 and 1997 (Table-1.3). Over the last two decades mangrove afforestation
is also being attempted, with reasonably good progress in Karnataka, more so in Uttara Kannada
and Kundapur.
Table. 1.3. State wise mangrove cover (in sq. km.)
Sr. No.
States/Union Territory
Estimated by Forest Survey of India Estimated by States
SAC, Ahmedabad
1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 1987 1992
1 Andaman & Nicobar
686 973 971 966 966 966 966 789 1190 771
2 Andhra Pradesh
495 405 399 378 383 383 397 333 200 372
3 Goa 0 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 200 6
4 Gujarat 427 412 397 419 689 901 1031 911 260 991
5 Karnataka 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 2 60 127
6 Maharashtra 140 114 113 155 155 124 108 118 330 0
7 Orissa 199 192 195 195 195 211 215 219 150 187
8 Tamil Nadu 23 47 47 21 21 21 21 23 150 30
9 West Bengal 2076 2109 2119 2119 2119 2123 2125 2081 4200 1619
Total 4046 4255 4244 4256 4533 4737 4871 4481@ 6740 4123
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
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1.4 Mangrove Scenario in Karnataka
The coastal Karnataka is divided into 3 Districts – Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Uttara
Kannada: The Dakshina Kannada and Udupi seaboard lies between 12°27’ and 13°58’ north
latitude and 74°35’ and 75°49’ east longitude. It is about 177 kilometer in lengths, about 80
kilometers at its widest part. From north to south, it is a narrow strip of territory and from east to
west it is a broken low plateau, which spreads from the Western Ghats to the Arabian Sea. The
major part of its length lies along the seaboard. The area is intersected by many coast parallel
rivers and streams and presents varied and most picturesque scenery. The length of the coastline
is almost straight, but broken at places with numerous splits by rivers, rivulets, creeks and sandy
ridges and bays.
Among the principle rivers of the two districts are the Netravati, Gurpur, Sitanadi, Swarnanadi,
Kollur, Haladi and Chakra; and a few rivulets like Udiyavara, Shiroor and Baindur. Major
estuarine complex of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts with sizable mangrove spread are
the Netravati-Gurpur estuary, the Mulki-Pavanju estuary, the Udayavara-Pangala estuary, the
Swarna-Sita-Kodi estuary, the Chakra-Hatadi-Kollur estuary, the Baindur hole estuary and the
Shiroor hole estuary (Rao & Suresh, 2001).
According to a report submitted by Chandran, M.D.S. (2007-unpublished) to EMPRI, Bangalore,
based on survey of 11 estuaries 14 mangrove species were observed (Table 1.4). The Table
shows that highest number of mangroves (14 sp.) is found in the Kali estuary, followed by
Haladi-Chakra-Kollur estuary (12 sp.) Aghanashini and Mulki-Pavanje (11 sp. each), Gangavali,
Venktapur and Udyavara (10 sp. each) and the remaining with lesser numbers. The bigger
estuaries tend to have more numbers, an exception being Netravati-Gurpur (7 sp.). In the
Sharavati estuary, because of constant release of fresh water from the hydel projects from
upstream the salinity level is very low and therefore we do not find high salinity tolerant species
like Avicennia marina and Rhizophora apiculata. Low salinity to nearly fresh water conditions
favour good growth of Sonneratia caseolaris throughout the estuary, except towards its very
mouth. All the estuaries of Honavar Forest Division do not have Lumnitzera racemosa and
Bruguiera cylindrica. A lone tree and few saplings of Bruguiera gymnorhiza were found
growing in Venktapur estuary, being absent in other estuaries of the Division. Some of the other
mangroves associated with lower salinity conditions are Kandelia candel, Acrostichum aureum
and Acanthus ilicifolius.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
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Table-1.4. Estuary-wise distribution of mangroves in Karnataka
Sn Mangrove species Name of estuary
NG MP UD SS HC BA VE SH AG GA KA
1 Acanthus ilicifolius P P P P P P P P P P P
2 Lumnitzera racemosa - - - - P - - - - - P
3 Excoecaria agallocha P P P P P P P P P P P
4 Aegiceras corniculatum - P P P P - - P P P P
5 Bruguiera cylindrica - - - - - P - - - - P
6 B. gymnorhiza - P P P P - P - - - P
7 Kandelia candel P P P P P - P P P P P
8 Rhizophora apiculata - - - - - - - - P P P
9 R. mucronata P P P P P P P P P P P
10 Sonneratia alba - P P P P P P P P P P
11 S. caseolaris P P - P P - P P P - P
12 Avicennia marina - P P P P - P - P P P
13 A. officinalis P P P P P - P P P P P
14 Acrostichum aureum P P P P P - P P P P P
Total 7 11 10 11 12 5 10 9 11 10 14
Dakshina Kannada: 1. NG: Netravati-Gurpur; 2. MP: Mulki-Pavanje. Udupi: UD: 1. Udyavara; 2. SS: Sita-Swarna-Kodi; 3. HC: Haladi-Chakra-Kollur; 4. BA: Baindur. Uttara Kannada VE: Venktapur; SH: Sharavati; AG: Aghanashini; GA: Gangavali; KA: Kali
1.5 Mangrove Scenario in Uttara Kannada District The Uttara Kannada District Sea Board lies between 74° 9’ to 75°10’ east longitude and 13° 55’
to 15° 31’ north latitude and extends over an area of 10,327 Sq. km. The district has three main
and distinctive regions: the Coastlands, the Sahyadri range and Eastern margin where the
tableland begins. Relief and climate have introduced these regional differences. The coastlines
are the best-developed area with a high degree of economic development and a high density of
population. It is in this region, Karwar, Ankola, Kumta, Honavar and Bhatkal taluks are located.
The five important rivers of Uttara Kannada are Kalinadi, Gangavali, Aghanashini Sharavathi
and Venktapur. Notable rivulets/creeks are Belekeri, Ankola, Alvekodi and Badgani. The mouths
of rivers and rivulets have several mangrove habitats.
Uttara Kannada District experiences typical tropical climate. There are no cold months. Yet the
higher reaches of the Ghats [around 800M] experience a cooler climate than the coast. The
rainfall varies from about 300 cm or more along the coast and the Ghats, down to 100 cm along
the eastern fringes. Most of the rainfall is monsoonal & falls from June to August. Weather from
December to April will be invariably dry. Summer temperature can go beyond 40°C in some
places. The types of soils in these Taluks are Black cotton soil, Red loam, Black clay & forest
soil. Details of Division-wise area under forests are given in Table 1.6
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
16
The mangrove zone towards the river mouth, having higher salinity, is known as ‘euhaline’.
Along the coast of Uttara Kannada, the river mouths are rocky and with strong wave action, and
not suitable for mangroves. This is unlike the deltaic river mouths of the east coast, where
mangroves can grow luxuriantly. The euhaline zone has salinity range from 30 ppt to 40 ppt.
The zone behind is called ‘polyhaline’ where the wave action is less and salinity ranges from 18
ppt to 30 ppt. The substratum is sandy clay. This region is ideal for mangroves like Sonneratia
alba, Rhizophora spp., Avicennia spp., Bruguiera spp., Acanthus ilicifolius etc. The third zone,
still behind is ‘mesohaline’ where salinity ranges from 5 ppt to 18 ppt. It has silty clay bottom
and feeble wave action. The mangroves of this zone are Kandelia candel, A. ilicifolius,
Rhizophora spp., Aegiceras corniculatum, S. alba etc. (Rao and Suresh, 2001). The estuary-wise
list of mangroves in Honavar Forest Division is given in Table 1.5.
Table 1.5. Distribution of mangroves in Honavar Forest Division (*present)
No Species Gangavali Aghanashini Sharavathi-Badgani
Venktapur
True mangroves 1 Acanthus ilicifolius P P P P
2 Acrostichum aureum P P P P
3 Aegiceras corniculatum P P P P
4 Avicennia marina P P P P
5 A. officinalis P P P P
6 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza P 8 Excoecaria agallocha P P P P
9 Kandelia candel P P P P
10 Porteresia coarctata P P P P
11 Rhizophora apiculata P P P
12 R.. mucronata P P P P
13 Sonneratia alba P P P
14 S. caseolaris P P P
Mangrove associates 15 Barringtonia racemosa P 16 Caesalpinia bonducella P 17 Calophyllum inophyllum P P P
18 Capparis spp. P 19 Cerbera manghas P P 20 Clerodendrum inerme P P P P
21 Cyperus malaccensis P 22 Caesalpinia crista P P P P
23 Derris scandens P P 24 Derris trifoliata P P P P
25 Dolichandron spathacea P P
26 Erythrina indica P P P P
27 Ficus racemosa P P P
28 Pandanus fascicularis P P P
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
17
29 Pongamia pinnata P P P P
30 Premna corymbosa P P P P
31 Salvadora persica P
32 Sporobolus virginicus P
33 Thespesia populnea P
1.6 Forest Administration
Kanara Circle: The Kanara Circle came into existence on 1st January 1967 with headquarters at
Dharwad. The headquarters was shifted to Sirsi in 1993. Its territorial jurisdiction covers the
entire Uttara Kannada District. The Circle has 6 Territorial Forest Divisions, 1 Wild Life
Division and 1 Social Forestry Division with the headquarters respectively at Haliyal, Honavar,
Karwar, Sirsi, Yellapur, Dandeli & Karwar (Figure 1.2). The territorial divisions are divided
into 14 Sub-divisions. The Wild Life Division, Dandeli has 2 Sub-divisions, Dandeli & Anshi.
The Circle has 39 territorial Ranges and 10 S.F headed by Range Forest Officers. There are 155
Sections under Foresters & 477 Beats headed by Forest Guards. The Government Timber
Depots in the Circle are situated at Dandeli, Kirwatti, Mundgod, Kadra, Hattikeri, Katgal,
Idugunji, Kabbinhakkal, Chipgi & Manmane. The Govt. Timber Depot at Dandeli, Kirwatti &
Mundgod are managed by Asst. Conservator of Forests & others by Range Forest Officers.
Table. 1.6. Division-wise total forest in Kanara Circle
Sl. No.
Division Forest Area in Sq. Km.
% of the forest area to total forest area.
1. Haliyal 1183.4456 14.26
2. Honavar 1409.4286 16.99
3. Karwar 1419.5893 17.11
4. Sirsi 1718.2817 20.71
5. Yellapur 1689.8666 20.37
6. W.L.Dandeli 875.8451 10.56
Total 8296.4569 100.00
Source: ADM Report Kanara Circle 2010
1.6 Methods: Inventorying and mapping of mangroves involved
Field survey in estuaries and creeks of Honavar Forest Division for mangroves and
potential area available for planting with mangroves;
On field survey of estuary and creek-wise mangrove patches (both linear and patch-wise)
were studied for species composition;
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
18
Study of mangroves patches for basal area estimates using 10x10 sq m quadrats. Where
quadrat making was difficult point centred quarter method was used. Opportunistic
counting was attempted too.
GPS was used to locate mangrove patches, linear formations etc. and demarcate them on
the maps.
Intertidal areas were identified using Google imageries, field surveys and bathymetric
maps, so as to demarcate mangrove areas suitable for planting purposes
Data was collected from the Forest Department on forest administration details,
demarcation of Range, Section and Beat boundaries etc.
Remote sensing imageries of MODIS for years1989, 2000, 2003 and IRS p6L4 MX5
2010 were used for the major estuaries and their buffer zones of 1 km adjoining, to track
changes in land use land cover over a period of time. Higher resolution imageries of IRS
p6L4 MX5 2010 were useful in finding out distribution and area estimates of especially
tree mangroves.
Figure 1.2. Kanara Circle
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada 2012
19
Area calculation using GIS:
Step 1: Mangrove areas (areas under canopies of mangrove crowns) and Potential areas (exposed areas
during low tides, without mangrove crowns, excluding seasonal sand bars and bivalve beds) have been
digitized as separate vector polygon layers using Google Earth, Bing map & Geo-referenced IRS images.
Step2: These polygons (regions) are overlaid on forest ADM vector maps & village vector maps (based
on Census 2001) and split using polygon split into smaller units in correspondence with forest beat as an
ADM unit.
Step3: Each region’s spatial tables are updated with coordinate extractor, region area (in ha) and
perimeter. Data is converted in to GPX format and uploaded into GPS.
Step4: Using GPS, sample regions are surveyed for species distribution & some decisive hydro-biological
parameters, especially salinity and associated mangroves, incorporated in the region. Using this data
Isolines are created for possible distribution of such parameters in the estuaries and creeks studied.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
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2. IDENTIFICATION OF MANGROVES
Most mangroves are woody plants, shrubs and trees. There are also few herbs, mainly some
grasses and sedges. Among the woody plants one is a lower plant- a fern namely Acrostichum
aureum (Figure 2.1); this fern grows in colonies in swampy and marshy places where the tidal
force is low and salinity is not that high. The important mangrove families and their members
found in Honavar Forest Division are described here.
I. TRUE MANGROVES
Family: Rhizophoraceae
This is the most important family of mangroves. The members are woody plants, usually trees.
The family has spectacular development of aerial stilt roots. These roots spring from the main
stem and also the branches; they branch repeatedly and grow downwards and give additional
support to the tree in the soft mud. The aerial roots, studded with tiny air passing windows
known as lenticels, visible to the naked eye, also help in aeration.
The trees have opposite, simple, dark green leathery leaves. The terminal bud is protected by a
long cover made up of stipules. These stipules fall off when new leaves emerge. The members of
the family produce from the fruits long, green, cylindrical propagules. These on maturity detach
from the fruit and fall vertically into the mud, where they strike roots and become daughter
plants. If the propagules happen to fall when the substratum is flooded during high tides they
may be carried away by water currents; On reaching suitable swampy places they develop into
new plants. This interesting phenomenon of reproduction is called ‘vivipary’. Here apparently
the mother plant is giving birth to daughter plants.
Members of Rhizophoraceae can be identified using the following key:
Calyx 8-16 lobed; petals 2 lobed : 1. Bruguiera
Calyx 4-6 lobed; petals not lobed:
Calyx 4 lobed; petals without apical outgrowths : 2. Rhizophora
Calyx 5-lobed; petals with apical outgrowths;
Stamens more than 12 : 3. Kandelia
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
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1. Bruguiera:
We have only one species in the Honnavar Forest Division, namely B. gymnorrhiza. It is
a tree with rough corky bark; stem base may be flattened into buttresses. Leaves elliptic
to oblong elliptic with a narrow tip; but not ending in a narrow long point as in
Rhizophora. Leaf size 7-14 cm by 4 to 6 cm. Leaf stalks and midrib red coloured.
Flowers in singles, reddish coloured; calyx 10-16 lobed, red to pinkish; petals bilobed,
outer margin with silky hairs. The fruit produces a propagule of 10-15 cm. which is
slightly angled (Figures 2.2-2.3). Small trees were found at Hegle in Venktapur river of
Bhatkal. In Andamans it grows to 36 m, and is buttressed.
2. Rhizophora
R. mucronata: Trees reaching maximum height of 10 m in the Division. Numerous
branched stilt roots arise from the base of the stem. Some arise from the branches also.
Leaves 10-18 cm X 4-10 cm, broad and elliptic; the leaf tip is produced into a narrow
outgrowth called mucro; leaf base blunt to obtuse. Flowers are produced in long clusters,
each cluster having 4-8 flowers. Petals are hairy and stamens 8. The propagule, a long
green, smooth cylindrical structure, reaches a maximum length of 65 cm (Figure 2.4).
Note: Both Rhizophora mucronata and R. apiculata are found in the Division. The former is the commoner
and widely used for afforestation.
R. apiculata: A smaller tree, reaching 4-5 m in the Division. Stilt roots arising from main
stem as well as from branches form impenetrable barrier beneath the canopy. Leaves
elliptic lanceolate with a smaller narrow bristle like point towards the narrow tip. Size 10-
20 cm X 5-8 cm. Leaf base conical; leaf middle vein reddish. Flowers in pairs in upper
leaf axils, without stalks; petals not hairy; stamens 12. Propagules 30-50 cm long
(Figures 2.5, 2.6).
3. Kandelia candel
Small trees reaching 5-6 m high. Leaves narrower than Rhizophora, oblong shaped.
Flowers white, in dichotomously branched inflorescence axis. Calyx 5 lobed, reflexed;
petals 5, divided into numerous fine branches. Stamens numerous. Propagule cylindrical,
green, narrowed towards the tip, 30-40 cm long. The trees have flesh coloured base
flattened into buttresses; stilt roots closely adpressed to the stem base. Bark reddish
brown, peeling off into flakes (Figure: 2.7)
Note: Found commonly in all estuaries
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
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Family: Sonneratiaceae
Buttresses absent; pneumatophores (breathing roots) corky and soft, rising vertically into the
air from the mud. Leaves opposite, simple; flowers large with numerous free stamens.
Sonneratia alba: Small trees reaching maximum of 5 m. Many corky pneumatophores stick
out of the mud from all around the tree. Leaves opposite, elliptic, oblong, blunt at apex,
narrowed at base; Flowers 2-3 together; calyx has a cup shaped part and 6-8 lobes which are
distinct in fruit. Petals white, small; stamens numerous, free, white; ovary depressed globose.
Fruit somewhat spherical, many seeded with calyx remaining in the fruit. Natural regeneration
is plentiful especially in shallow places with low tidal effects (Figures 2.8-2.9).
Note: Found in all rivers except Sharavathi
Sonneratia caseolaris: Trees up to 12 m height; soft corky pneumatophores longer than S.
alba, reaching up to 1 m. Young stem 4-angled. Leaves almost without stalk, much narrowed
at base, opposite. Leaf tip has a pore known as hydathode through which excess salt is
secreted. Flowers reddish purple, in singles at the tip of branches; stamens numerous, reddish.
Fruits depressed globose (Figures 2.10-2.11)
Note: Most common mangrove tree in Sharavathi; Rare in other rivers; not found in Gnagavali, although Rao &
Suresh (2001) present it as a cpmmon species there. It prefers places with low salinity; the Sharavathi river,
where fresh water from the dams is constantly released appears to be ideal for it.
Family: Avicenniaceae
Shrubs or trees without buttresses. Breathing roots (pneumatophores) numerous and
protruding from the mud all around the tree. Leaves opposite, without stipules; flowers
yellow. Fruit one seeded, dry when mature.
Avicennia marina: Shrubs or small trees upto 4 m high. Bark smooth yellowish brown.
Leaves 3-6 X 2.2.5 cm, elliptic oblong or ovate, narrowing to an acute tip; leaf base rounded
or narrowing. Flowers small, stalkless, yellowish clustered towards tips of floral axis; stamens
not projecting out from the corolla. Fruit at maturity ovoid with a pointed tip, slightly
flattened (Figures 2.12, 2.13).
Note: Very common in Gangavali, rare in Aghanashini, common in Alvekodi creek, absent in Sharavathi and
Badgani, moderate in Venktapur.
Avicennia officinalis: Larger trees, reaches 8-10 meters in Honavar Forest Division;
exceptional individuals of 12 m are found in the sacred grove of Masurkurve in Aghanashini.
Smooth whitish gray bark; pneuatophores seen all around the tree. In addition masses of
branching stilt roots hang from the upper part of the trunk and base of large branches. Leaves
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
- 22 -
5-7.5 cm X 2.5- 3.25 cm, ovate, oblong with more or less rounded leaf tip. Small, yellow
stalkless flowers seen in clusters towards the tip of floral axis. Flowers distinguished from A.
marina by stamens seen projecting outside the corolla (Figures 2.13-2.14)
Note: Found in all the rivers of the Division.
Family: Myrsinaceae
Plants without pneumatophores; flowers with 4 sepals and 4 petals; and superior ovary.
Aegiceras corniculatum: Shrubs or small trees with slender stilt roots. Leaves 4-8 cm X 2-4
cm, alternate, ovate-oblong or obovate, may have a small notch at the blunt tip; leaf base cone
like. Flowers small, white, fragrant in umbellate bunches. Propagules which come out of the
fruits are 3-4 cm long and curved with pointed tips (Figures 2.15-2.16).
Notes: Found in all estuaries along edges and banks away from strong tides; notable for fragrant white flowers
Euphorbiaceae
Plants with latex. Male and female flowers in separate clusters
Excoecaria agallocha: Large shrubs or small trees occurring along the edges of the swamp,
on bunds and on wet soils. Acrid, blister causing latex present. Numerous serpentine roots
produced from base of stem. Leaves alternate, margins entire or mostly minutely toothed;
leaves turn red before shedding (Figures 2.17-2.18).
Acanthaceae
Family of herbs and shrubs. Flowers not regular in shape.
Acanthus ilicifolius: A shrubby plant growing in colonies in shallow parts of the swamp.
Leaves opposite, stiff, wavy and with sharp spines along the margin. Flowers large, blue
(Figure 2.19)
Poaceae
The members are grasses. In the estuaries these grasses are found often forming meadows
submerged during high tides and exposed during low tides.
Porteresia coarctata: A stiff erect grass growing in meadows in open shallow parts of the
estuaries (Figure 2.19)
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
- 23 -
II. MANGROVE ASSOCIATES
Numerous species of plants occur in association with the mangroves. These are not obligate
mangroves and higher salinity is not often a prerequisite for their growth. They may also be often
associated with inland habitats. These plants have certain degree of salinity tolerance. They often
grow along the margins of swamps, or on estuarine bunds. Details of notable mangrove
associates are found in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1. Details of notable mangrove associate species in Honavar Forest Division
Sn Name Family Remarks
1 Cerbera manghas
(Kan: Cande) Apocynaceae Shrub or small tree with white latex and
white flowers and mango sized green
fruits; old fruits fibrous
2 Barringtonia racemosa
(Kan: Samudraphala)
Barringtoniaceae Small to medium tree with 15-30 cm long
leaves, and pink flowers in long hanging
inflorescences.
3 Dolichandron spathacea Biganoniaceae Tree close to coastal swamps with white
fragrant flowers, and long bean like
compressed cylindrical pods
4 Capparis spp. Capparidaceae Spiny climber on bunds
5 Crateva magna
Capparidaceae Small trees on the bank of Aghanashini
near NH bridge; leaves 3 foliate;
yellowish flowers with hard fruit.
6 Calophyllum inophyllum
(Kan: Honne)
Clusiaceae Large evergreen tree; white fragrant
flowers and greenish yellow ripe fruits
with a single seed.
7 Cyperus malaccensis Cyperaceae Grass; abundant in Sharavathi
backwaters.
8 Diospyros embryopteris Ebenaceae Small evergreen tree with guava sized
gummy fruits.
9 Bridelia scandens Euphorbiaceae Climbing shrub with greenish yellow
flowers small bluish-black fruits.
10 Acacia farnesiana
(Kan: Kasturijali)
Fabaceae Thorny bush or small tree; leaves with
minute leaflets; flowers yellow, fragrant.;
pod dull brown & inflated.
11 Acacia nilotica Fabaceae Small trees, rare on the coast; leaflets
small; flowers golden yellow in globose
heads.
12 Caesalpinia bonducella
(Kan: Gajagakai)
Fabaceae Climber with curved sharp prickles;
compound leaves; yellow fragrant
flowers; dark brown dry pod 1-2 seeded.
13 Caesalpinia crista Fabaceae Large woody climber; stem and leaves
with sharp curved prickles; flowers
fragrant, yellow; pod one seeded.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
- 24 -
14 Derris scandens (Kan:
Handiballi)
Fabaceae Woody climber with rosy flowers
15 Derris trifoliate Fabaceae Woody climber common on the coast
16 Erythrina variegata
(Indian coral tree; Kan:
Varjipe)
Fabaceae Soft & light wooded tree, branches
covered with small black prickles; leaves
with 3 foliage; coral coloured flowers.
17 Pongamia pinnata
(Kan: Honge)
Fabaceae Medium sized tree with compressed pods,
growing often near water courses, sea
beaches and rarely on estuarine banks.
18 Prosopis juliflora Fabaceae Shrub or small trees with drought
resistance.
19 Hibiscus tiliaceous Malvaceae Shrub or small tree with yellow flowers
changing to pink in the evening.
20 Thespesia populnea
(Kan: Hoovarase)
Malvaceae A medium sized coastal tree with heart
shaped leaves on long stalks and yellow
flowers resembling cotton flowers.
21 Ficus racemosa
(Kan: Atti)
Moraceae Tree with milky latex and hollow, edible,
fleshy false fruits.
22 Morinda citrifolia
(Kan: Ainshe, Tagase)
Rubiaceae Small tree with large leaves, dense heads
of white flowers and glossy green fruit,
white when ripe.
23 Pandanus fascicularis
(Kan: Ketaki)
Pandanaceae A palm-like, but branched shrub with
narrow very long spinous leaves with
small flowers on dense axis covered with
white or light yellow, very fragrant bracts
24 Cynodon dactylon Poaceae Karki grass forming meadows in open
shallow part of estuaries
25 Sporobolus virginicus Poaceae Grass; perennial grass with good sand-
binding properties.
26 Salvadora persica
(Tooth-brush tree; Kan:
Gonimara)
Salvadoraceae Much branched shrub or small tree; rare
along the bunds of Aghanashini; small
round fruits dark red when ripe.
27 Clerodendrum inerme Verbenaceae Shrub with white flowers
28 Odina wodier
(Kan: Gojal)
Verbenaceae Medium sized deciduous tree with minute
flowers in panicles and small, reddish,
compressed fruits with one seed.
29 Premna corymbosa Verbenaceae Shrub
30 Vitex negundo
(Kan: Lakkigida; Nokki)
Verbenaceae Shrubs, young stem 4-angled; aromatic;
leaves 3-5 foliate; terminal leaflet longer
32 Vitex trifolia Verbenaceae Shrubs, young stem 4-angled; leaves 3-
foliate; leaflest without stalks
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
25
Plate 2.2 Porteresia coarctata – a
mangrove grass
Plate 2.3 Acrostichum aureum – a
Mangrove Species
Figure 2.1. Acrostichum aureum
Figure 2.2. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Figure 2.3 . B. gymnorrhiza - flower
Figure 2.4. Rhizophora mucronata
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
26
Figure 2.6. Rhizophora apiculata Figure 2.7. Kandelia kandel
Figure 2.5. Rhizophora apiculata
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
27
Figure 2.8. Sonneratia alba flower Figure 2.9. Sonneratia alba young fruits
Figure 2.9. Sonneratia caseolaris flower Figure 2.10. Sonneratia caseolaris young fruit
Figure 2.11. Avicennia marina flower Figure 2.12. Avicennia marina fruits (note: stamens do not protrude outside the corolla) Note narrowing leaf tips
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
28
Figure 2.13. Avicennia officinalis. Note rounded leaf tip Figure 2.14. A. officinalis
flowers. Note stamens coming out of corolla
Figure 2.15. Aegiceras corniculatum in flowers; Figure 2.16. A. corniculatum fruits
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
29
Figure 2.18. E. agallocha aerial roots
Figure 2.17. Excoecaria agallocha in flowers
Figure 2.19. Acanthus ilicifolius Figure 2.20. Porteresia coarctata in
Gangavali estuary
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
30
3. MAGROVES OF HONAVAR FOREST DIVISION
3.1. ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION FOR MAGROVES
Honavar Forest Division (lat.13º 56’ 15” to 14º 41’ 15”N and long.74º 26’ 0” to 74º 46’ 20”E), is
situated towards the Indian west coast and is one of the five forest divisions Kanara Forest
Circle, that has its jurisdiction over the entire Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka State (Figure
3.1.1). The division covers the forest areas of Kumta, Honavar and Bhatkal taluks and part of
Ankola taluk along the coastal Uttara Kannada. It is bounded by forest divisions of Kundapur to
the south,, Sirsi and Sagar toward east, Karwar to the north and the Arabian Sea on the western
side. There are four notable west flowing rivers with their respective estuaries that merge with
the Arabian Sea, viz. Gangavali, Aghanashini, Sharavathi and Venkatapur. The division receives
heavy rains from the South-west Monsoon averaging nearly 4000 mm per year. The mean
maximum & minimum temperature of the region lies in 27.33 (±5.86)ºC and % of relative
humidity is 87.5(±7.5). The division has three sub divisions at Kumta, Honavar and Bhatkal six
forest ranges namely Hiregutti, Katgal, Kumta, Honavar, Manki, Gersoppa and Bhatkal. It covers
134082 ha (Table.3.1.1) of forest area which is of tremendous ecological and environmental
importance being part of the Western Ghats. The forests are of evergreen, semi-evergreen and of
secondary moist deciduous types. Considerable areas of forest tree plantations, many of them
dating back to over one century are present here.
Table 3.1.1: Area-wise administrative categories of forests area in Honavar Forest Division (area in ha)
Range Reserved forest Protected forest
Village forest
Total forest area
Total geographical
area
% forest area
Proper forest
Minor forest Hakkal Betta
Bhatkal 9421 9846 759 0 0 20026 27066.6 73.99
Gersoppa 18084 2731
0 0 20815 23362 89.10
Hiregutti 13162 6679
371 444 20656 29294.4 70.51
Honavar 9258 9796
514 0 19568 24151.6 81.02
Katgal 16175 3700
58 0 19933 23455.5 84.98
Kumta 12942 5489
192 1956 20579 28088.7 73.26
Manki 11297 7640 253 0 0 19190 24151.6 79.46
Total 90339 45881 1012 1135 2400 140767 179570.4
Source: Working Plan for the Honavar Forest Division 2003 to 2013
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
31
Figure 3.1. 1: Honavar Forest Division administrative map
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
32
Honavar Forest Division: Salient Features: The human population of Kumta, Honavar and
Bhatkal talukas within the division was 482,482 as per 2011 census & as per 2007 livestock
census the cattle number was 108,338 and there were also 20,763 buffaloes. The rock formation
is granitic and lateritic type and soil is lateritic with several variations in color and texture. The
division has one hydroelectric power generation at Gersoppa, the Sharavathi Tailrace project,
which caused submergence 700 ha of forest area. The taluk-wise rainfall details are given in
Figure 3.1.2
Figure 3.1.2. Taluk-wise annual rainfall in Honavar Forest Division (1989 to 1998)
Mangrove area distribution and suitable areas for planting: Areas under mangroves were
estimated estuary-wise and total area given in Table 3.1.2. The same table also contains the
number of mangrove patches for Honavar Division (1549 patches). Range-wise mangrove areas
are given in Figure 3.1.3. Mangrove forests cover about 391 ha only, which makes just 0.28% of
total forest area in the district. Suitable areas for mangrove planting constitute about 1019 ha, of
which range-wise details are given in Figure 3.1.4. Despite small area mangroves they are
highly integral to coastal ecology and productivity, fisheries and bird conservation as well as
carbon sequestration and needs to be protected and enhanced with great care. While making this
estimate we have not taken private holdings suitable for mangrove planting. If unused estuarine
rice fields and abandoned shrimp farms are brought under mangroves, through the Government
purchasing such areas from owners or through any other schemes mangroves in the division
could be increased several times more. Range-wise estimates show that Honavar Range with an
estimated 129 ha of mangroves leads in area while least was in Manki Range with just 4 ha.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
33
Hiregutti Range with 708 ha leads in suitable area for mangrove planting whereas it was
practically nil in Manki Range.
Table 3.1.2. Area estimates for mangroves and suitable areas for planting in Honavar
Forest Division
Table 3.1.3. Range-wise area estimates for mangroves and suitable area for planting in Honavar
Forest Division
Sn. Range Mangrove area (ha)
Suitable area for planting
(ha)
No. of mangrove
patches
No. of potential areas for planting
1 Bhatkal 36.4 22.8 231 40
2 Manki 4.0 0.5 22 3
3 Honavar 127.8 161.1 449 136
4 Kumta 50.4 90.7 468 82
5 Katgal 84.1 35.7 133 19
6 Hiregutti 88.2 708.4 246 50
Total Div 390.74 1019.10 1549.00 330.00
To enable mangrove management at grassroots level of forest administration Section-wise and
Beat-wise details of areas under mangroves were estimated as well as suitable area available for
planting (details in Table 3.1.4 & 3.1.5 & Figures 3.1.5 -3.1.8. See also Annexures I-XI)
Division Name Honavar
Total Geographical area (ha) 179,570.40
Forest area (ha) 140,767.00
No. of mangrove patches 1549
Mangrove area (ha) 390.74
Total area for planting (ha) 1019.10
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
34
Figure 3.1.3. Range-wise division of mangrove area in Honavar Forest Division
Figure 3.1.4. Rangewise % of potential area for mangrove planting in Honavar Forest Division
2%
0.5%
16%
9% 3%
70% Bhatkal
Manki
Honavar
Kumta
Katgal
Hiregutti
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
35
Table 3.1.4: Forest Section-wise area under mangroves and potential area for mangrove planting
in Honavar Forest Division
Sl.No. Section Section
geographical area (ha)
No. of mangrove
areas
Mangrove area (ha)
No. of potential
areas for
planting
Total area for
planting (ha)
Range
1 Belke 6294.0 4 0.2 0 0.0 Bhatkal
2 Bhatkal 8074.0 103 25.4 21 8.7 Bhatkal
3 Shirali 8584.0 124 10.8 19 14.1 Bhatkal
4 Mavalli 6405.0 17 3.4 NA NA Manki
5 Manki 6314.0 5 0.6 3 0.5 Manki
6 Hadinbal 4831.0 6 0.8 1 0.5 Honavar
7 Honavar 13440.0 407 117.1 129 156.1 Honavar
8 Salkod 7332.0 36 10.0 6 4.5 Honavar
9 Chandavar 15410.0 468 50.4 82 90.7 Kumta
10 Katgal 5907.0 4 0.2 NA NA Katgal
11 Mirjan 3287.0 129 83.9 19 35.7 Katgal
12 Hiregutti 5894.0 50 21.9 7 157.7 Hiregutti
13 Madangeri 7233.0 190 61.9 38 549.3 Hiregutti
14 Gundubala 8533.0 6 4.3 5 1.4 Hiregutti
Total 107538.0 1549 390.7 330 1019.1
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
36
Figure 3.1.5: Sectionwise area (ha) under mangroves
Figure 3.1.6: Sectionwise number of mangrove patches
Figure 3.1.7: Sectionwise total area (ha) suitable for mangroves planting
Figure 3.1.8: Sectionwise number of potential areas for mangrove planting
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
37
Table 3.1.5: Beat-wise details of number of mangrove areas, total area, and area suitable
for planting
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
38
Figure. 3.1.9: Beat-wise mangrove area vs number of patches
Fig 3.1.10: Beat-wise potential area for plantation vs no. of suitable areas available for
planting
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
39
3.2. ESTUARY-WISE MANGROVE SITUATION IN HONAVAR FOREST DIVISION Mangrove vegetation is found associated with the estuaries and creeks of the Division.
Obviously, before any kind of agricultural interventions by humans, over 3000 years ago,
mangrove vegetation, expectedly, would have been intact in all suitable habitats. With the
introduction of agriculture good portions of shallow estuarine areas were reclaimed by
preparing earthen embankments to protect large stretches shallow estuarine portions for
raising salinity tolerant rice varieties like Kagga. Cleared of mangroves these estuarine fields
or ‘gaznis’ were cultivated with Kagga variety of rice especially during the rainy season,
when the fields get flooded and salinity levels decline substantially. The farmers also adopted
the practice of planting rows of mangrove trees, just outside these bunds to fortify them from
collapse. After the harvest of rice towards the end of the rainy season the bunds were opened
to allow the tidal waters inside, through sluice gates, and fisher-folks were allowed to fish in
the ‘kodis’ or tidal channels within these gaznis.
This traditional system of estuarine cultivation with mangrove planting was a sustainable
system. Maintenance of some patches of mangrove forests as sacred, as in the Masurkurve
island in the Aghanashini estuary, dedicated the deity Babrudevaru, is a notable example of
traditional conservation. This traditional system suffered a severe setback with the
replacement of earthen embankments for gazni fields with permanent stone bunds, beginning
in 1960’s. As these bunds are stronger the farmers felt no need to fortify them further with
planting of mangroves alongside. On the contrary, in many places the existing mangroves
were cut down or domestic use. Moreover the arrival of prawn farming from early 1980’s
caused all suitable portions of estuaries getting converted into shrimp ponds, after clearing
every trace of woody vegetation. This was quite devastating on the estuarine ecosystem as a
whole.
A realization on the importance of mangrove vegetation dawned during the late 1980’s, and
the Government, some institutes like the Indian Institute of Science and NGO’s like
Snehakunja, Kasarkod, entered the arena for spreading awareness on mangroves and
attempting planting in sample plots, especially in Aghanashini estuary. But it was through
systematic programmes of mangrove planting by the Forest Department, beginning in late
1990’s, that estuaries started turning greener with mangroves. The formation of village forest
committees in estuarine villages promoted peoples’ involvement and better protection was
afforded to the mangroves. When the present survey was undertaken to map the mangroves
of Honavar Forest Division, under sponsorship of the Karnataka Forest Department, much
progress was already achieved in raising of mangrove plantations. An estuary-wise status of
mangroves is presented in this chapter.
Estuary and creek-wise mangrove areas and potential areas: Through field surveys using
GPS and remote sensing imageries (Google Earth and IRS) we mapped mangrove areas
available in the division estuary and creek-wise. Among the estuaries Aghanashini topped the
list with 169 ha of mangroves and 711 ha of potential area followed by Sharavathi-Badgani
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
40
estuarine complex (136 ha and 184 ha respectively)- Table 3.2.1 and Figure 3.2.1 for details.
Creeks are small but nevertheless should not be ignored.
Table 3.2.1:. Estuary and creek-wise details of mangrove area and potential area
Sn Estuary name Mangrove area(ha)
Potential area (ha)
Total water spread Area
(ha)
1 Gangavali estuary, 45.93 95.29 817.10
2 Aghanashini estuary 169.40 711.00 5236.00
3 Kumta creek 14.23 42.42 238.10
4 Dhareshwar creek 1.43 2.57 4.02
5 Sharavathi-Badgani estuarine complex 136.20 184.40 3415.00
6 Apsarkonda creek 0.14 0.00 1.30
7 Manki creek 0.62 0.47 21.63
8 Mavalli creek 3.06 0.00 17.80
9 Murudeshwar creek 0.37 0.00 35.37
10 Venkatapur estuary 20.54 22.77 219.20
11 Jali creek 0.02 0.00 5.40
12 Bhatkal creek 1.69 0.00 53.22
13 Huvilmadi creek (Hadeen Creek) 0.10 0.00 13.71
14 Belke creek 0.12 0.00 5.97
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
41
Mangroves in relation to salinity: Mangroves have different preferences for salinity levels.
During the rainy seasons all mangroves can survive extremely low salinities approaching
almost the levels of fresh water conditions. It is the dry season salinity that is decisive for
mangrove distribution within an estuary. Estuarine salinity, in natural state is between that of
sea water (normally 35 ppt) and fresh water (<0.5 ppt). The salinity keeps fluctuating with
tides and seasons. In normal conditions salinity increases towards the river mouth
approaching nearly sea water salinity and lowers progressively in upstream areas where the
river water meets the salt water tides. Mangroves, broadly can be classified into high salinity
(>15 ppt) tolerant, medium salinity (5-15 ppt) tolerant and low salinity (<5 ppt) tolerant. The
details of such mangroves present in the Honavar Division are given in Table 3.2.2.
Table:3.2.2: Mangrove species in relation to different salinity ranges
Mangroves sp. > 15 ppt
(High salinity) 5-15 ppt
(Medium salinity) < 5 ppt
(Low salinity)
Acanthus ilicifolius
Acrostichum aureum
Aegiceras corniculatum
Avicennia marina
Avicennia officinalis
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Excoecaria agallocha
Kandelia candel
Rhizophora apiculata
Rhizophora mucronata
Sonneratia alba
Sonneratia caseolaris A. MANGROVES OF GANGAVALI ESTUARY
The Gangavali or Bedti River forms the northern boundary of Honavar Forest Division, along
the coast (Figure 3.2.2), A narrow range of hills separate Gangavali basin from that of
Aghanashini further south. The river has its origin in two streams in the Dharwad district
namely Shalmala and Bedti. These two join near Kalghatgi (Dharwad dist) and flow towards
Uttara Kannada as Bedti River, known as Gangavali in the coast. It has a total length of 161
km, out of which 96 km lies in Uttara Kannada. The sea water moves in the Gangavali River
for almost a distance of 24 km upstream to the village Gundbala. The river has 571 ha of
estuarine water spread area and 3 small islands. The mangroves of Gangavali mostly belong
to the fringe type and occur alongside the tidal part of the river in linear patches. Some denser
mangrove habitats are found in the villages Nadumaskeri (Gangavali), Agragon, Hadav,
Joog, and Ulware. Dense mangroves, linear mangroves and sapling areas (recently planted)
are also shown in the figure.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
42
Waterscape/landscape elements: Of the 571 ha of estuarine area about 13 ha towards the
river mouth is covered with sand bars and sandy shores. The mud-flats of the estuary cover
around 75.55 ha. The mud flats are submerged during high tides. Mud flats may be sandy, of
sandy silt or silty sand. They are very productive areas and especially the sand mixed mud
flats support the molluscan fisheries of great value to the local communities. The sandy flats
are not suitable for mangroves. Those parts with finer silts covering around 39.5 ha and are
the only areas suitable for mangrove afforestation. The mangrove vegetation as such cover
about 41.6 ha. The mangrove patches, in general, have an estimated 428 trees/ha (as inferred
from point-centered quarter and 10x10 m quadrats). Mud flats are often subjected to
variations in their morphology and extent depending on the annual floods and silt deposits.
Natural succession of mangroves may be expected in some of the mud flats (Table-3.2.3 and
Figure-3.2.2 also shows sediment nature).
Table 3.2.3: Characterisation of waterscape/landscape elements of Gangavali estuary
Elements Sub elements Area in
ha Suitability for planting
A Sandbar/deposits - 12.84 Mangrove associates may be planted
B Mudflat
(75.55ha)
Sandy 5.33 Part of ecosystem- no planting recommended
Bivalve beds 30.67 No planting recommended Potential for mangrove planting
59.29 Mangroves recommended
C Existing
Mangrove area - 45.92
Total water spread area*
B+C+open water area+salt pans etc 817.1
*The waterspread area includes the entire estuary which gets covered during high tide Mangroves and potential mangrove areas - village-wise distribution: Details regarding
existing mangrove areas adjoining the villages of the estuarine complex including estimated
tree density/ha and potential area available for planting with mangroves are furnished in
Table-3.2.3. Out of the 13 villages bordering the estuary only Nadumaskeri, which has the
largest area under mangroves (18.57 ha) falls in Kumta taluk. Nadumaskeri also has the
highest potential area (17.24 ha) suitable for mangrove planting. The other villages which
have lesser area under mangroves and also for planting, come under the Ankola taluk (Table-
3.2.4 and Figure-3.2.1.2 ). The tree density of these is reasonably good although the tree
statures are not good, almost all less than 8 m in height. The survey points are numbered in
the figure. Village-wise area under mangroves along with tree density and area suitable for
planting are shown in Table-3.2.4.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
43
Figure 3.2.2: Gangavali estuary showing mangrove areas, bottom sediment nature
Table 3.2.4: Village-wise details of mangrove area, tree density and potential area available for planting in Gangavali estuary
Sn Village Taluk Mangrove
area in ha.
Tree density per ha.*
Potential area available for planting (ha)
1 Nadumaskeri Kumta 17.24 433 18.57 2 Agragon Ankola 2.45 383 2.86 3 Belse Ankola 0.07 nil 4 Bilehoingi Ankola 11.05 506 4.01 5 Hadav Ankola 1.70 644 5.16 6 Hichkad Ankola 0.05 nil 7 Honnebail Ankola 0.09 nil 8 Joog Ankola 4.73 309 4.97 9 Kodsani Ankola 0.45 nil
10 Manjaguni Ankola 0.09 2.04 11 Sagadgeri Ankola 0.33 300 nil 12 Shirur Ankola 2.31 460 1.96 13 Ulware Ankola 1.09 367 nil
Mangroves: patches and linear formations: Mangroves may occur in patches of high
density or may be linear formations fringing the estuary and its inlets. For both these
formations we have estimated tree density/ha of mangroves. Tree density has increased in
recent years on account of high density planting (Table-3.2.5 & Figure-3.2.2)
0 1 2
Kilometres
A r a
b i a
n S
e a
Belse
Kamge
Kodsani
Agragon
Manjaguni
Nadumaskeri
Honnebail
HadavBilehoingi
Joog
Shirur
Hichkad
74
.35
°E7
4.3
5°E
74
.35
°E7
4.3
5°E
74
.35
°E7
4.3
5°E
74
.35
°E7
4.3
5°E
74
.35
°E
14.6°N14.6°N14.6°N14.6°N14.6°N14.6°N14.6°N14.6°N14.6°N
74.
325
°E7
4.32
5°E
74.
325
°E7
4.32
5°E
74.
325
°E7
4.32
5°E
74.
325
°E7
4.32
5°E
74.
325
°E
74.
375
°E7
4.37
5°E
74.
375
°E7
4.37
5°E
74.
375
°E7
4.37
5° E
74.
375
° E7
4.37
5° E
74.
375
°E
74.
3°E
74.
3°E
74.
3°E
74.
3°E
74.
3°E
74.
3°E
74.
3°E
74.
3°E
74.
3°E
Gangavali river
Gangavali river
Gangavali riverGangavali river
Gangavali riverGangavali river
Gangavali river
Gangavali riverGangavali river
Kanagil
Sagadgeri
Ulware
111111111
222222222
333333333
555555555
777777777
888888888
999999999
101010101010101010
111111111111111111
121212121212121212
131313131313131313
141414141414141414
151515151515151515
171717171717171717
181818181818181818
191919191919191919212121212121212121
222222222222222222
232323232323232323
252525252525252525
262626262626262626
282828282828282828 292929292929292929
303030303030303030
313131313131313131
323232323232323232
333333333333333333
343434343434343434
353535353535353535
363636363636363636 373737373737373737
383838383838383838
393939393939393939
404040404040404040
414141414141414141
434343434343434343
I N D E X
Survey points
Mangrove Types
Dense (32)Linear (89)Saplings (26)
Mudflats
Sandy (7)Sand bar (8)Silty sand (19)
1
Gangavali estuary
0
Village
I N D I A
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
44
Table 3.2.5: Details of village-wise mangrove area and estimated tree and sapling density/ha
Sn Village Taluk
Patch mangrove
Linear mangrove
Mangrove saplings
Area (ha)
Tree Density/ ha*
Area (ha)
Tree density/
ha*
Area ha.
Density/ ha.*
1 Nadumaskeri Kumta 12.77 498 2.46 200 2.02 463 2 Agragon Ankola 0.35 500 1.31 433 0.79 328 3 Belse Ankola 0.07 4 Bilehoingi Ankola 5.28 492 1.97 622 3.80 405 5 Hadav Ankola 0.85 488 0.85 800 6 Hichkad Ankola 0.05 7 Honnebail Ankola 0.09 8 Joog Ankola 4.26 396 0.33 275 0.13 300 9 Kodsani Ankola 0.45
10 Manjaguni Ankola 0.09 11 Sagadgeri Ankola 0.27 400 0.07 200 12 Shirur Ankola 0.87 1.43 460 13 Ulware Ankola 0.22 500 0.73 200 0.14 400
Total 41.65 478.90 23.72 419 9.54 365
Mangrove sample study localities and species: Mangroves (both patch and linear) were
studied in 43 localities within the estuary as per details given in Table-3.2.6. The
eumangroves or true mangroves found were Avicennia marina, A. officinalis, Excoecaria
agallocha, Kandelia candel, R. apiculata, R. mucronata and Sonneratia alba. Acanthus
ilicifolius is a gregariously growing mangrove undershrub. It forms larger patches in silted
and stagnant water areas along the estuarine belt. Acrostichum aureum is a fern especially
found in lesser saline, water stagnant areas. Some of the mud flats towards the estuarine
mouth had formations of high salinity tolerant grass Porteresia coarctata, a close relative of
rice plant.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
45
Table 3.2.6: Sample study details, habitat type, area, tree density and dominant species
Sn Long. Lat. Village Taluk Patch/linear Area (ha)
Tree density/
ha.*
Dominant sp. (including shrubs)
1 74.2966 14.5921 Nadumaskeri Kumta Patch 0.11 100 Sonneratia alba, Avicennia marina
2 74.2983 14.5907 Nadumaskeri Kumta Patch 0.27 533 S. alba 3 74.2988 14.5927 Nadumaskeri Kumta Patch 1.15 786 S. alba
4 74.2990 14.5906 Nadumaskeri Kumta Patch
0.98 557 S. alba, Rhizophora mucronata, A. marina
5 74.2998 14.5904 Nadumaskeri Kumta Patch
0.20 500 S. alba, R. mucronata, A. marina
6 74.3005 14.5902 Nadumaskeri Kumta Patch
0.34 500 S. alba, R. mucronata, A. marina
7 74.3013 14.5918 Nadumaskeri Kumta Patch
6.71 600 R. mucronata, S. alba, A. marina
8 74.3014 14.5903 Nadumaskeri Kumta Patch
0.37 567 S. alba, R. mucronata, A. marina
9 74.3093 14.5982 Nadumaskeri Kumta
Patch
2.21 340
Avicennia officinalis, Excoecaria agallocha, A. marina, R. mucronata
10 74.3140 14.5964 Nadumaskeri Kumta Linear 0.36 400
E. agallocha, A. marina, Acanthus ilicifolius
11 74.3164 14.5939 Nadumaskeri Kumta Linear 0.60 100
E. agallocha, A. officinalis, A. ilicifolius
12 74.3170 14.5898 Nadumaskeri Kumta Linear 0.22 100
E. agallocha, A. officinalis, A. ilicifolius
13 74.2924 14.5973 Nadumaskeri Kumta Saplings 0.52 400 E. agallocha 14 74.3003 14.5923 Nadumaskeri Kumta Saplings 0.27 200 S. alba, E. agallocha
15 74.3044 14.5953 Nadumaskeri Kumta Saplings 0.60 700 A. marina, R. mucronata
16 74.3045 14.5947 Nadumaskeri Kumta Saplings 0.20 550 A. marina
17 74.3135 14.5986 Agragon Ankola Patch 0.13 500 E. agallocha, A. marina, A. ilicifolius
18 74.3188 14.5940 Agragon Ankola Linear 1.12 433
A. officinalis, A. ilicifolius, E. agallocha, Kandelia kandel
19 74.3148 14.5989 Agragon Ankola Saplings 0.32 250 R. mucronata, A. marina
20 74.3155 14.5992 Agragon Ankola Saplings 0.14 100 R. mucronata, A. marina
21 74.3161 14.5992 Agragon Ankola Saplings 0.34 633 R. mucronata, A. marina
22 74.3134 14.6066 Bilehoingi Ankola
Patch
0.49 380
K. candel, A. officinalis, R. mucronata, E.agallocha
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
46
23 74.3139 14.6037 Bilehoingi Ankola
Patch
3.93 595
A. officinalis, A. marina, E. agallocha, A. ilicifolius
24 74.3143 14.6063 Bilehoingi Ankola
Patch
0.86 500
K. candel, A. officinalis, R. mucronata, E. agallocha
25 74.3192 14.6101 Bilehoingi Ankola Linear 0.53 567
K. candel, A. officinalis, R. mucronata, E. agallocha
26 74.3205 14.6118 Bilehoingi Ankola Linear 0.41 700 A. officinalis, A. marina
27 74.3216 14.6130 Bilehoingi Ankola Linear 0.37 600 A. officinalis, A. marina
28 74.3149 14.6069 Bilehoingi Ankola Saplings 1.82 330
K. candel, A. officinalis, R. mucronata, E. agallocha
29 74.3168 14.6068 Bilehoingi Ankola Saplings 0.40 200
K. candel, A. officinalis, R. mucronata, E. agallocha
30 74.3191 14.6114 Bilehoingi Ankola Saplings 1.58 686
K. candel, A. officinalis, R. mucronata, E. agallocha
31 74.3215 14.6056 Hadav Ankola Patch 0.85 488 A. officinalis
32 74.3290 14.6137 Hadav Ankola Linear 0.71 800 A. officinalis, A. marina
33 74.3290 14.6044 Joog Ankola Patch 4.26 396
K. candel, A. officinalis, R. mucronata, E. agallocha
34 74.3335 14.6065 Joog Ankola Linear 0.18 350 A. officinalis
35 74.3390 14.6019 Joog Ankola Linear 0.07 200 E. agallocha, A. officinalis
36 74.3312 14.6052 Joog Ankola Saplings 0.05 100 A. officinalis 37 74.3359 14.6050 Joog Ankola Saplings 0.08 500 A. officinalis
38 74.3506 14.6009 Sagadegeri Ankola Linear 0.27 400 E. agallocha, A. ilicifolius, A. officinalis
39 74.3533 14.5993 Sagadegeri Ankola Saplings 0.07 200 A. officinalis 40 74.3474 14.6057 Shirur Ankola Saplings 1.43 460 A. officinalis
41 74.3616 14.5966 Ulware Ankola Patch 0.22 500 E. agallocha, A. officinalis
42 74.3620 14.5969 Ulware Ankola Linear 0.14 200 E. agallocha, A. officinalis
43 74.3822 14.5983 Ulware Ankola Saplings 0.09 400 A. officinalis
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
47
Recommendations for mangrove planting High salinity tolerance is exhibited by Sonneratia alba, Avicennia marina and Rhizophora spp.
A. officinalis grows in medium salinity areas. Kandelia candel is found in medium and low
salinity areas. Excoecaria agallocha can tolerate a wide range of salinity. We reaffirm that the
mudflats that support bivalves (mollusca), as indicated in Table-5 are to be excluded from
any disturbance as they are of tremendous economic importance to the local communities
and also of high ecosystem value. Table-3.2.7 in combination with Figure-3.2.3 will provide a
clear picture of the mangrove tree species that can be raised in different localities. Salinity zones
(high, medium and low) are demarcated in Figure 3.2.4 and species for high, medium and low
salinity zones recommended are given in Table 3.2.8.
Table: 3.2.7. Village-wise potential area for mangrove planting and location-wise recommended species for planting in Gagavali estuary
Sl.No. Longitude Latitude Village Taluk Type of
Sediment
Area in
Ha. Preferable Mangrove
1 74.2945 14.5983 Nadumaskeri Kumta Sand 2.88 Mangrove associates 2 74.2963 14.5988 Nadumaskeri Kumta Sand 0.68 -do- 3 74.2967 14.5979 Nadumaskeri Kumta Sand 1.08 -do-
4 74.3021 14.5963 Nadumaskeri Kumta Sandy 24.34
Bivalve Bed – all bivalve beds to be excluded
5 74.2914 14.5983 Nadumaskeri Kumta Sand bar 2.42 Mangrove associates 6 74.2924 14.5980 Nadumaskeri Kumta Sand bar 2.53 -do-
7 74.2974 14.5933 Nadumaskeri Kumta Sandy silt 6.64 S.alba, R. mucrinata, A.marina, K.candel
8 74.3043 14.5945 Nadumaskeri Kumta Sandy silt 9.71
S.alba, A.marina, E.agallocha, R.apiculata
9 74.3142 14.5981 Nadumaskeri Kumta Sandy silt 2.22 E. agallocha, A. officinalis, K. candel
10 74.3142 14.5988 Agragon Ankola Sandy silt 2.14 A. officinalis, R. mucronata
11 74.3177 14.6005 Agragon Ankola Sandy silt 0.67 A. officinalis, R.mucronata, K.candel
12 74.3221 14.6033 Agragon Ankola Sandy silt 0.05 R. mucrinata, A. officinalis, K. candel
13 74.3125 14.6029 Bilehoingi Ankola Sandy silt 0.03 R. mucrinata, A.officinalis, K.candel
14 74.3135 14.6063 Bilehoingi Ankola Sandy silt 0.62 R. mucrinata, A.officinalis, K.candel
15 74.3142 14.6072 Bilehoingi Ankola Sandy silt 0.73 A.officinalis, E.agallocha,
16 74.3150 14.6037 Bilehoingi Ankola Sandy silt 2.64 A.officinalis,
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
48
E.agallocha,
17 74.3206 14.6048 Hadav Ankola Sandy silt 0.88 A.officinalis, R.mucronata
18 74.3223 14.6073 Hadav Ankola Sandy silt 4.28 E.agallocha, A.officinalis,
19 74.2966 14.6004 Honnebail Ankola Sand 0.69 Mangrove associates 20 74.2877 14.6037 Honnebail Ankola Sand bar 2.29 Mangrove associates 21 74.2895 14.6029 Honnebail Ankola Sand bar 7.27 Mangrove associates 22 74.2936 14.6011 Honnebail Ankola Sand bar 1.03 Mangrove associates
23 74.3288 14.6049 Joog Ankola Sandy silt 4.03 R. mucrinata, A.officinalis, K. candel
24 74.3341 14.6061 Joog Ankola Sandy silt 0.11 R. mucrinata, A.officinalis, K. candel
25 74.3353 14.6068 Joog Ankola Sandy silt 0.82 R. mucrinata, A.officinalis, K. candel
26 74.2985 14.6029 Manjaguni Ankola Sand 6.33 Bivalve Bed 27 74.3042 14.6012 Manjaguni Ankola Sand 0.58 Mangrove associates
28 74.3116 14.6029 Manjaguni Ankola Sandy silt 2.04 A.officinalis, E.agallocha,
29 74.3474 14.6056 Shirur Ankola Sandy silt 1.43 E.agallocha, A.officinalis,
30 74.3476 14.6083 Shirur Ankola Sandy silt 0.06 E.agallocha, A.officinalis,
31 74.3495 14.6063 Shirur Ankola Sandy silt 0.47 E.agallocha, A.officinalis,
Table 3.2.8: Mangroves recommended for planting in potential areas
Sn Mangroves sp. Salinity zones
High
Medium Low
1 Avicennia marina √ 2 A. officinalis √ √ 3 Excoecaria agallocha √ √ 4 Kandelia candel √ √ 6 Rhizophora apiculata √ 7 R.. mucronata √ 8 Sonneratia alba √ √ 9 S. caseolaris √
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
49
Figure 3.2.3: Locations of potential area for planting mangroves and mangrove associates (numbered 1-41)
Figure 3.2.4: Salinity zones demarcated in Gangavali estuary
0 1 2
Kilometres
A r a b
i a n S
e a
Belse
Kamge
Kodsani
Agragon
Manjaguni
Nadumaskeri
Honnebail
HadavBilehoingi
Joog
Shirur
Hichkad
74
.35
°E74.3
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Gangavali river
Gangavali river
Gangavali riverGangavali river
Gangavali riverGangavali river
Gangavali river
Gangavali riverGangavali river
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I N D E X
Survey points
Mudflats
Sandy (7)Sand bar (8)Silty sand (19)
1
Gangavali estuary
0
Village
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
50
Mangrove associates The names of plant species that live in association with mangroves, or growing towards the outer drier edges of the swamps, are mangrove associates. They may be present in the inland areas also. The location-wise list of mangrove associates studied is given in the Table 3.2.9. Table 3.2.9. Location-wise list of mangrove associates and their distribution in selected sample areas of the Gangavali estuary Sn Name of species Gangavali Bilihonge Uluvare Mudnur Sagadgeri Mogta 1 Caesalpinia bonducella* + 2 Caesalpinia crista + + + 3 Calotropis gigantea* + 4 Clerodendron inerme + + + 5 Cyperus arenarius + 6 Cyperus sp + + 7 Derris scandens + 8 Derris trifoliata + + + + 9 Erythrina variegata + + 10 Ficus racemosa + + 11 Hibiscus tiliaceus + + 12 Phoenix sp. + 13 Phyllanthus reticulatus + 14 Pongamia pinnata + + 15 Premna corymbosa + 16 Spinifex littoralis* + 17 Vitex negundo* + 18 Vitex trifolia* + 19 Zizyphus jujube* + * Present only on sand deposits Some notable mangrove localities
Nadumaskeri: Situated towards the mouth of the river it has some notable mangrove
patches. Mangroves are in very disturbed state, being cut down for local needs and
grazing mainly by buffaloes. The patches are dominated by the coppice growth of
Sonneratia alba, the average height of the coppice shoots being 2-3 meters. According to
some locals during the tsunami of December 2004, the mangrove areas of the river mouth
were inundated by sand, thereby affecting the regeneration of most mangroves. But at the
time of our study the swampiness had increased, and therefore, under protection
mangroves have every chance of good regeneration. Rhizophora apiculata occurs here
although somewhat rare. There is bushy growth of Avicennia marina towards the open
outer edges of the swamp. Bushes of Excoecaria agallocha occur towards the bund of the
river, on exposed land, where salinity can be very high. Most of the Sonneratia are
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
51
coppice from stumps. Cattle-grazing, is common. Seedlings of Rhizophora, planted by
the Forest Department, were observed amidst the Sonneratia patch. However,
Rhizophora requires more swampy conditions. An erect mangrove grass Porteresia
coarctata was found growing in almost pure patches forming meadows in the open
shallow parts of the estuary. Notable of the mangrove associates of Gangavali are Vitex
trifolia, Spinifex littoralis (both in open sandy places) and Clerodendrum inerme. A rare
patch of Caesalpinia bonducella, a medicinal plant was found on the sand dunes of the
river mouth.
Bilihoingi: A very swampy tidal inlet towards the northern bank of Gangavali this is
good habitat for mangroves. Most notable were Avicennia marina and A. officinalis.
Sparingly were found Sonneratia alba, Excoecaria agallocha and Kandelia candel. Rao
and Suresh (2001) reported A. alba as the most dominant species from Bilihonge, which
we could not trace however. Derris trifoliata occurs as a mangrove associate.
Clerodendrum inerme occurs in sandy exposed parts. The grass Porteresia coractata
occurs in open sandy parts of the swamp bordering the river. The Avicennias here attain
maximum height of 7 to 8 meters, and most trees have girth less than 1 m. Though there
are no nearby habitations, most trees bear marks of cutting of branches. The ground layer
is dominated by Acanthus ilicifolius.
Agragon: A promising patch of mangroves is found in this village. It is dominated by
fairly large trees of A. officinalis. These trees have a general height of 8-9 m and many of
them have girth nearing 1m or even exceeding it. R. mucronata is the common associate
of A. officinalis. Towards the shallower edges are found K. candel, A. marina, S. alba and
A. ilicifolius. At least, during the recent years, there appears to be no disturbance of this
patch of mangroves.
Sagadgiri: A small good patch of mangroves occurs along the tidal swamp close to the
ferry cross. It was dominated by A. officinalis. The largest tree here had a gbh of 172 cm
and height of 12 m. It is followed by K. candel of 6-7 m. The latter occurs regularly all
along the shallower edges. Drier part of the river-bank has E. agallocha. Other
mangroves were Aegiceras corniculatum (rare), R. mucronata (rare) and A. ilicifolius.
Derris trifoliata, Caesalpinia cristata, Hibiscus tiliaceus and Premna corymbosa are
climbers associated with mangroves. Occasionally found along the river bank were small
trees of Pongamia pinnata. The mangrove grass P. coarctata was also found.
Mudnur: Situated on the southern bank of the river this locality is notable for a narrow
strip of fringe mangroves and mangrove associates. The mangroves include several small
trees of K. candel followed by A. officinalis. Few bushes of A. corniculatum were also
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
52
found. Of the mangrove associates at higher ground are Erythrina variegata and Ficus
racemosa.
Ulvare: This village situated along the southern bank of Gangavali has narrow strip of
fringe mangroves dominated by E. agallocha. This small tree has profuse production of
branches from below. It is ideally suited for perching along the steep sides of the river
bank. Occasionally found is A. officinalis, one individual of which has attained a
remarkable gbh of 210 cm. There are several Ficus racemosa, bearing fruits in various
stages of maturity. Others are D. trifoliata, C. inerme, C. crista and Z. mauritiana.
There are evidences of planting of Rhizophora; but most propagules we observed were
lifeless, may be due to the presence of the steep embankment and lesser swampiness of
the habitat. A. officinalis and K. candel would thrive here better.
Mogta: This village situated further away from the coast has some fringe mangroves
bordering the bottom of the steep embankments. These include occasional A. officinalis,
K. candel and E. agallocha. Higher along the edges of the river are mangrove associates
D. trifolia, D. scandens, H. tiliaceus, Vitex negundo, Phyllanthus reticulatus and
Pongamia pinnata. There are tell-evidences in this village of natural recolonisation of
mangroves in parts of the fields abandoned due to invasion of tidal water. Formerly there
was a sluice gate to stop the inundation of salt water through a natural kodi (tidal
channel). This sluice gate, reportedly, got damaged several years back causing tidal
invasion of the fields, especially during the highest tides of full moon and new moon
days. The permanently wetter parts of this narrow creek and its sides are getting
colonized by A. officinalis, K. candel, A. corniculatum, R. apiculata, A. ilicifolius and the
mangrove fern Acrostichum aureum. The place provides good evidence of how mangrove
succession can naturally happen in suitable habitats, if humans do not destroy them.
Spatial mapping using remote sensing data Using IRS p6L4 MX5 M imagery the details of landscape/waterscape elements observed in the
estuarine belt as a whole (total waterspread area) are given in the Table 3.2.10. RS imageries of
1989, 2000, 2003 and 2010 depicting changes in land use in the Gangavali estuarine belt,
including 1 km buffer zone, are given in Table 3.2.11 and Figures 3.2.6 to 3.2.9 respectively.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
53
Table 3.2.10: Details of area under tree mangroves (for 3 species), other vegetation, in the
total waterspread area in the estuary of Gangavali as per IRS p6L4 MX5 M imagery
Category LSE/WSE Area in ha % Rhizophora mucronata 3.010 0.46
Sonneratia alba 1.903 0.29 Avicennia_officinalis 2.088 0.32
Other vegetation 36.465 5.58 Open water 620.996 76.6
Estuarine fields 102.622 15.72 Plantations 6.693 1.03 Total area 817.1 ha
Figure 3.2.5: Gangavali estuary proper 2010 species-wise tree mangrove distribution based
on IRS p6L4 MX5 M imagery
Table 3.2.11: Changes in area under vegetation, waterspread area and fields in the estuary
of Gangavali (including 1 km buffer zone) during the year 1989, 2000, 2003 & 2010
Category
Year
Vegetation Water Fields ha % ha % ha %
1989 2280.827 48.77 715.264 15.29 1680.456 35.93 2000 2389.579 51.1 723.120 15.46 1563.847 33.44 2003 2348.34 50.22 783.664 16.76 1544.540 33.02 2010 2413.09 51.59 831.240 17.77 1432.240 30.64
Total area 4676.55 ha
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
54
Figure 3.2.6-3.2.9. Gangavali estuarine belt (including 1 km buffer zone): transitions in
landuse as observed in remote sensing imageries (1989-2010)
Figure 3.2.6 (L ) & 3.2.7 (R)
Figure 3.2.8 (L) and 3.2.9 (R)
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
55
B. MANGROVES OF AGHANASHINI ESTUARY
Figure 3.2.10: Aghanashini estuary showing mangroves, salinity zones and potential area
for planting
0 2.5 5
kilometres
Arabian S
ea
74.4
°E
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NH-17
Konkan Railway
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Konkan RailwayMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeriMadangeri
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MobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobraMobra
HolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagaddeHolanagadde
HalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkarHalkar
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KodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkaniKodkani
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AghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashiniAghanashini
KagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagalKagal
BaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaadBaad
HegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegdeHegde
ManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManakiManaki
DivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagiDivagi
KatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgalKatgal
BalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalaleBalale
GokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarnaGokarna
BARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGIBARGI
Kumta TownKumta TownKumta TownKumta TownKumta TownKumta TownKumta TownKumta TownKumta Town
LukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeriLukkeri
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TOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANITOREGAZANI
Aghanashini Estuary
Village
Mangroves Potential Area
Mangroves
Index
High Salinity regionMedium Salinity regionLow Salinity region
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
56
The Aghanashini or Tadri river, 121 km long, originates at Manjuguni near Sirsi in Uttara
Kannada Western Ghats. It meets the tide at Uppinpatna in Kumta taluk. Elements of mangrove
vegetation begin here and increase in numbers and diversity for the next 24 km of the river’s
course. From the village of Mirjan, the river forms a vast expanse of backwaters or estuary that
runs parallel to the coast. This estuary is 13 km long and 2 to 6 km broad. The expansive and
shallow nature of the estuary and the presence of several mudflats make it ideal habitat for
mangroves. The river mouth at Tadri is narrow and situated between 2 hills of Gokarna and
Kagal villages.
Mangrove areas and potential areas for planting: Details of village-wise area under
mangroves and potential area for mangrove planting are shown in Table 3.2.13. Masurkurve 32
ha and Hiregutti with 23 ha have highest area under mangroves. Hireggutti has 151 ha suitable
area for mangrove planting followed by Madanageri with 128 ha. Details of area under high,
medium and low salinity areas with mangroves and available for planting are given in Table
3.2.12. With almost 733 ha of potential areas for planting Aghanashini estuary could developed
as one of the finest mangrove areas of Karnataka. Details regarding salinity zone-wise
recommended mangroves are given in Table 3.2.14. Studying site suitability we have also listed
mangrove associates for planting (Table 3.2.15)
Table 3.2.12: Salinity status-wise mangrove area and potential area for planting in Aghanashini estuary
Salinity level Mangrove area in ha
Potential area in ha.
Total waterspred area in ha.
High 29.25 675.3 2794
Medium 88.91 57.2 1910
Low 1.2 0 236.7 Total 119.36 732.5 4940.7
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
57
Table 3.2.13: Village-wise details of mangrove area and potential area available for planting in Aghanashini estuary
Sn Village Taluk Mangrove area (ha)
Potential area for planting (ha)
1 Aghanashini Kumta 0.41 2 Aigalkurve Kumta 1.29 1.21 3 Antravalli Kumta 1.08 4 Baad Kumta 6.47 6.28 5 Balale Kumta 0.04 8.92 6 Bargigazani Kumta 5.96 24.99
7 Betkuli Kumta 0.35 12.17 8 Chatrakurve Kumta 1.18 2.49 9 Divgi Kumta 1.39
10 Gudeangadi Kumta 0.94 1.71 11 Halkar Kumta 1.85 12 Hegde Kumta 4.36 1.59 13 Hiregutti Kumta 22.80 151.07 14 Hittalmakki Kumta 1.20 90.60 15 Hubbangeri Kumta 0.65 0.68 16 Kagal Kumta 4.66 17 Karkimakki Kumta 0.06 18 Kelagistala Kumta 4.10
19 Keppekurve Kumta 12.31 19.30 20 Kodkani Kumta 3.36 3.72 21 Kumta Kumta 0.29 22 Lukkeri Kumta 8.63 17.37 23 Madangeri Kumta 6.94 128.04 24 Manaki (r) Kumta 0.03 25 Manikatta Kumta 1.25 26 Masurkurve Kumta 32.29 8.19 27 Midlagazani Kumta 2.15 106.98 28 Mirjan Kumta 1.57 0.83 29 Morba Kumta 4.48 54.70 30 Nagerbail Kumta 2.72
31 Naranapur Kumta 3.86 32 Paduvani Kumta 2.58 33 Pattubele Kumta 19.33 13.05 34 Savalkurve Kumta 4.87 0.63 35 Tannirhonda Kumta 0.29 0.72 36 Toregazani Kumta 0.70 37 Torke Kumta 1.03 11.48 38 Yennemidi Kumta 2.62 75.46
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
58
Table 3.2.14: Mangroves recommended for planting in potential areas
Sn Mangroves sp. Salinity zones
High
Medium Low
1 Avicennia marina √
2 A. officinalis √ √
3 Excoecaria agallocha √ √
4 Kandelia candel √ √
5 Porteresia coarctata √
6 Rhizophora apiculata √
7 R.. mucronata √
8 Sonneratia alba √ √
9 S. caseolaris √
Table 3.2.15: Mangrove associates recommended for planting in suitable areas
1 Acacia nilotica
2 Anthocephalus kadamba (for low salinity edges only)
3 Barringtonia racemosa (for low salinity edges only)
4 Calophyllum inophyllum
5 Dolichandron spathacea
6 Erythrina indica
7 Ficus racemosa (Low salinity zone)
8 Pandanus fascicularis
9 Pongamia pinnata
10 Salvadora persica (High salinity zone)
11 Thespesia populnea
Site-wise presence of mangroves and associates: Mangroves and mangrove associates were
studied in detail in about 18 sites. Their site-wise presence is given in Table 3.2.16. Of the tree
mangroves some of the most widespread are Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia officinalis,
Sonneratia alba and Excoecaria agallocha.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
59
Table 3.2.16: Distribution of mangroves and associates in different study locations of Aghanashini
Sn Name Locations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
True mangroves 1 Acanthus
ilicifolius P P P P P P P P P
2 Acrostichum aureum
P P P
3 Aegiceras corniculatum
P P P
4 Avicennia marina
P P
5 A. officinalis P P P P P P P P P P P P 6 Excoecaria
agallocha P P P P P P P P P P
7 Kandelia candel
P P P P P P P P P P P P
8 Porteresia coarctata
P P
9 Rhizophora apiculata
P P P P P P P P
10 R. mucronata P P P P P P P P P P P P P 11 Sonneratia
caseolaris P P P
12 S. alba P P P P P P P P P P P Mangrove associates 13 Acacia nilotica P 14 Alstonia
scholaris P
15 Anthocephalus kadamba
P
16 Barringtonia racemosa
P
17 Caesalpinia crista
P P P P P P P P P P P
18 Calophyllum inophyllum
P P
19 Canavelia cathartica
P P
20 Capparis spp. P P P 21 Clerodendrum
inerme P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
22 Crateva magna P P 23 Cynadon
dactylon P P
24 Cyperaceae P P P
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
60
25 Cyperus malaccensis
P P
26 Derris scandens
P P P
27 D. trifoliata P P P P P P P P P P 28 Diospyros
embryopteris P
29 Dolichandron spathacea
P P
30 Erythirna variegata
P P P P P P P
31 Ficus arnottiana
P P
32 F. racemosa P P 33 Flacourtia
sepiaria P
34 Ipomoea sp P P 35 Morinda
citrifolia P
36 Odina wodier P P P P 37 Pandanus
fascicularis P P P
38 Phyllanthus reticulata
P P P
39 Pongamia pinnata
P P P P P
40 Premna corymbosa
P P
41 Salvadora persica
P P P P P
42 Sapium insigne P P 43 Vitex negundo P P P 44 V. trifolia P 45 Zizyphus
mauritianus P
1. Gudikoppa; 2. Tudibele (planted patch); 3. Masurkurve; 4. Jeshtapura; 5. Kekkinkodi; 6. Keppekurve; 7.Bargi-gazni; 8. Kimmani-kodi; 9: Kimmani; 10. Paduvani; 11. Aigalkurve; 12. Mudangi; 13. Hoskatta; 14. Nushikote; 15. Morba; 16. Mankon; 17. Karkimakki; 18. Manaki
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
61
Notable localities studied for mangroves Gudikoppa: Situated in the Gudeangidi village this locality, an uninhabited island, has a
remnant patch of mangroves. Major part of island is used for shrimp farming. We studied the
linear mangrove patch using a belt transect of 50 m X 5 m. Alongside the natural patch has been
planted propagules of specially R. mucronata. The natural patch has A. officinalis, R.
mucronata, K. candel and S. alba in addition to the ubiquitous E. agallocha towards the bund.
K. candel constitutes 28% of the community followed by A. officinalis (26%), E. agallocha
(17%), R. mucronata (14%), and S. alba forming the rest. The shallow water meadows of Karki
fodder grass (Cyanodon dactylon) are seen in open areas. Villagers collect the grass during low
tides for fodder purpose. Notable of the several mangrove associates are D. trifoliata, C. crista,
Salvadora persica, Vitis trifolia, Capparis mooni etc. Gudeangidi village also has R. apiculata.
The extrapolated stem density/ha was 2720 and the estimated basal area/ha was 25.78m². This is
fairly good patch of mangroves worthy of conservation and enrichment.
Tudibele: A good patch of mangroves, is raised reportedly about 10-12 years ago. The main
species here are R. mucronata (71%), followed by S. alba (16%), K. candel (13%). The trees do
not exceed 50 cm in gbh. Although a close canopied patch there are some gaps created due to
occasional cutting by the people, as mangroves continue to form one of the sources of fuel.
Mangrove regeneration in the shade is poor, but for the saplings of K. candel here and there; S.
alba has good natural regeneration in open shallow habitats. The estimated trees/ha (10 cm &
above gbh), is 4301 and the basal area/ha is 13.31 m².
Masurkurve: This uninhabited island has a temple and a sacred grove dominated by old trees of
A. officinalis. The island also has several prawn farms, which were formerly fields for growing
Kagga rice. The trees are so old many of them have hollow stems, which make ideal habitats for
certain birds, particularly the Spotted Owlet. The small patch of mangrove, barely one ha in
extent, is so sacred no outsider is normally allowed to enter it. Although no tree is cut here dead
wood is sometimes extracted only for use as fuel in the temple. In the parlance of forestry this
patch may be described as “over-mature”. Birds are rich in and around this mangrove patch. In
the mid 1980’s the Centre for Ecological Sciences of Indian Institute of Science had attempted
mangrove afforestation at Masurkurve. Of the old natural growth here A. officinalis forms 68%,
the largest of them has a gbh of 160 cm and a height of about 12 m. Of the rest are R. mucronata
(18%), S. alba (6%) and K. candel (8%). The sacred forest has an estimated tree density of
678/ha and basal area of 43.86 m²/ha, by far the highest for any mangrove patch in Honavar
Forest Division.
Jeshtapura: Situated in Baad village this is part of the uninhabited Masurkurve island, also
dotted with prawn farms. A natural strip of fringe mangroves was surveyed here by using a belt
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
62
transect of 50X5 m. The dominant trees are R. mucronata and S. alba (37% each), followed by
A. officinalis (17%) and the rest consists of K. candel. Acanthus ilicifolius occurs gregariously
along the edges. E. agallocha is found along the drier edges. Of the mangrove associates are D.
trifoliata and C. crista. The estimated stem density (10 cm & above gbh)/ha is 1840 and the
basal area/ha is 24.82 m².
Kekkinkodi: This is in continuation of the Masurkurve island, falling within the Hubbankeri
village. The locality is rich in regenerating and planted mangroves. Regeneration is more ever-
since some of the prawn farms have been abandoned due to the losses suffered by the owners. R.
mucronata planted eight years ago is growing up well. S. alba grows naturally in all suitable
localities. The others are K. candel, E. agallocha, Aegiceras corniculatum, and A. officinalis.
Further ahead, part of the island facing Baad village has R. apiculata. Probably the higher
salinity favours its growth. In the Muligajni part, on the bund, are bushes of S. persica and
Ipomoea sp.
Keppekurve: This is also part of the Masurkurve island, further towards the sea. Of the
mangroves fringing the river are R. apiculata, R. mucronata, E. agallocha, A. corniculatum, K.
candel and A. ilicifolius. There are several trees of A. marina as well as R. apiculata. Of the
notable mangrove associates are the tree Morinda citrifolia and the bushy medicinal plant S.
persica.
Bargi-gazni: Part of an island known as Chowlikurve (falling within the Kimmani village of
Hiregutti Forest Range) has very densely planted saplings of particularly Rhizophora. The
number approaches almost 8/m²; that is almost 80,000/ha. The officer in charge stated that such
dense planting was attempted, throughout his jurisdiction, due to the following reasons:
The casualties were heavy in previous plantings due to 1. Lack of awareness on the
importance of mangroves among the locals, who considered them more as a hindrance to
boat landing and casting of nets. However, they are developing more positive attitude
towards mangroves. 2. Many did not associate mangroves with fish productivity;
however, this attitude also is changing due to greater awareness. 3. The buffaloes were
found to feed on foliage, and damage was found to be more in saplings. 4. The barbed
wires used for protecting the planted patches hardly last beyond 2 or 3 months due to the
corroding influence of salt water.
The vigilance by forest watch and ward staff facilitated high percentage of survival. It
will be of interest to monitor constantly the growth patterns and overall impact on the
ecosystem of these dense patches of upcoming mangroves all over the estuary,
particularly in the jurisdiction of Hiregutti Range. The lessons to be learnt need to be
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
63
chronicled so as to benefit the future managers of mangroves throughout the Honavar
Division.
In rest of the Bargi-gazni the mangroves are R. apiculata (several trees), R. mucronata, S.
alba, A. officinalis, E. agallocha, A. ilicifolius etc. Bargi-gazni has a mangrove nursery in
which many species were raised. The officer in charge could prepare a nursery manual
narrating his experiences and providing instructions and sketches on successful mangrove
raising, that will be of tremendous use to the posterity.
Kimmani-kodi: This is a narrow natural tidal channel passing alongside the swampy
Savalkurve, along which occur natural mangroves and densely planted and protected linear strips
of mangrove saplings. R. apiculata is notable among the natural mangroves. Most of the planted
propagules are one-year old R. mucronata. Occasionally found are S. alba.
Kimmani: Here natural growth of R. apiculata is found in addition to S. alba, A. officinalis, E.
agallocha etc. Some mangroves were raised here over a decade ago by Ibrahim Upparkar, a
farmer and aqua-culturist, to protect his gazni from breaching. He set an example how farmers
could take lead role in mangrove afforestation, an activity that needs encouragement from the
State.
Paduvani: Fringing the gajni bund are seen natural populations of R. apiculata and S. alba.
Densely planted mangroves were noticed near Chowlikurve. Pongamia pinnata, Alstonia
scholaris, Erythrina variegata, Odina wodier and C. crista are mangrove associates.
Aigalkurve: This is a densely populated island having poor growth of fringe mangroves
alongside. Occasional individuals of A. officinalis, K. candel and R. mucronata are found. Open
shallow waters have meadows of the grass P. coarctata.
Mudangi: This locality, close to the salt-pans of Sanikatta and alongside the road to Tadri is
notable for old mangrove trees alongside the gazni bund. The trees belong to R. mucronata, R.
apiculata, A. officinalis, A. marina K. candel and S. alba. E. agallocha. A. corniculatum and A.
ilicifolius are other mangroves. Non-mangroves have high diversity due to the habitat
heterogeneity brought in by the steeply rising hill alongside. Notable are Premna corymbosa,
Ficus arnottiana, Odina wodier, Capparis moonii, Ipomoea sp., Phoenix sp. and D. trifoliata.
Shell mining and transportation cause some disturbances in the habitat.
Hoskatta: This locality seems to have had good mangrove growth in the past. Due to the salt
pans and shell mining and transportation mangrove habitat is qualitatively altered. Instead of soft
mud the soil is overlaid with shell fragments and other rough particles. The mangroves here do
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
64
not have any regeneration. Old trees of R. mucronata are found here. In shallow marshes cut off
by roads could be seen A. officinalis and A. ilicifolius.
Nushikotte: The shallow backwaters of this locality were used for salt manufacture by Ballarpur
Industries at Binaga, and subsequently salt production was abandoned. In this barren expanse of
water the Forest Department, since last 8-10 years has been raising mangroves extensively and
with protection. In the coming years there is every likelihood of this locality getting transformed
into a biodiverse and productive mangrove ecosystem.
Moraba: Fringe mangroves in low density occur here; notable species are A. officinalis, S. alba
and A. ilicifolius. E. agallocha grows well on the bunds. Well-distanced planted saplings of R.
mucronata and K. candel are also found. Mangrove associates are C. crista, Derris scandens, D.
trifoliata, S. persica, Acacia farnesiana, Zizyphus mauritiana, Capparis spp. etc.
Mankon: In this locality towards the east of the National Highway bridge, the river is narrower
and salinity lower. The increased mixing of fresh water makes this place less suitable for true
mangroves. Mangroves with greater tolerance of fresh water, like S. caseolaris and K. candel
occur in such places. The fern A. aureum has healthy growth alongside the river below the lush
greenery of household gardens. We came across newer mangrove associates such as Crateva
magna, Diospyros embryopteris and Anthocephalus kadamba in addition to the usual ones such
as Pongamia pinnata, Pandanus fascicularis, C. crista, F. racemosa etc. Cyperus malaccensis is
quite common along shallow edges. There is not much scope for raising mangroves here due to
the narrowness o h river.
Karkimakki: Here too salinity is lower and the only mangroves found are occasional K. candel
and S. caseolaris and A. aureum. The mangrove associates found are as in Mankon; additionally
was noted Barringtonia racemosa. Cynodon dactylon grows underwater at shallow depth.
Manaki: This village situated towards the National Highway Bridge towards the south bank of
the river. Mangroves are very rare and of the fringe type. A. ilicifolius, A. offcinalis, S.
caseolaris, E. agallocha and K. candel are the notable mangroves.
Spatial extent assessment of mangroves in Aghnashini using remote sensing data
Using RS data from 2410 IRS p6L4 MX5 M we could estimate the area under the three
dominant tree mangroves namely Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora mucronata and Sonneratia
alba alongwith other landscape/waterscpe elements (Table 3.2.17 for details). The interpreted
imagery is given in Figure
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
65
Table 3.2.17: Aghnashini estuary proper: area under individual tree mangroves (for 3 species only) and other landscape/waterscape elements as deciphered from 2410 IRS p6L4 MX5 M imagery
Category HA %
Rhizophora mucronata 74.27 1.42
Sonneratia alba 33.72 0.65
Avicennia officinalis 5.40 0.11
Vegetation 857.46 16.37
Water 3615.19 69.05
Open fields 259.13 4.94
Bund 390.83 7.46
Total area 5236.00
Figure 3.2.11: Aghnashini estuary proper, including islands, showing tree mangroves,
bunds, other vegetation, fields and waterspread area
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
66
Figure. 3.2.12-15: Remote sensing imageries showing area under vegetation, water and
open fields in the Aghanashini estuarine belt (including one km buffer zone)
Figure 3.2.12 (L) & 3.2.13 (R)
Figure 3.2.14 & 3.2.15
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
67
Details of area in ha under vegetation, water and open fields, including for 1 km buffer zone, are
shown in Table 3.2.18. Part of the increase in area under vegetation in 2010 is due to increase in
mangroves.
Table 3.2.18. Remote sensing data analysis for 1989, 2000, 2003 and 2010 for major
landscape/waterscape elements for Aghanashini estuary, including 1 km buffer zone
Year
Vegetation Water Open fields
HA % HA % HA %
1989 5675.238 40.79 2643.525 19 5595.85 40.22
2000 5483.632 39.41 2622.254 18.85 5808.728 41.75
2003 5435.506 39.06 3988.784 28.67 4490.323 32.27 2010 6250.39 44.92 3148 22.62 4516.21 32.46
Total area 13914.614
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
68
C. MANGROVES OF SHARAVATHI -BADGANI ESTUARINE COMPLEX
The Sharavathi or Gersoppa River has its origin at Ambutirtha in Thirthalli taluk of Shimoga
District. After a northerly course of about 64 km from Nagar, it forms the south-east boundary of
Uttara Kannada for about 13 km and then passes about 32 km west covering a total distance of
128 km in all to join the sea at Honavar. Soon after touching the border of Uttara Kannada
district, the river water hurtles down vertically from a precipice of 252 m in to a pool 117 meters
deep forming the famous Jog falls. About 30 km west, it reaches the ancient capital of Gersoppa.
During the remaining 27 km to the coast, the river flows between richly wooded banks fringed
with mangrove bushes. It was a broad tidal estuary with brackish water in the dry weather. But
the execution of Linganmakki and Gersoppa dams for power generation found salinity conditions
approaching almost fresh water conditions throughout the year, causing most high and medium
salinity tolerant mangrove species vanishing from the estuary, leaving behind only those which
can live in low brackish conditions.
About eight km from mouth, the river widens to a lagoon about three km broad, containing a few
islands, the longest being Mavinkurve which is more than five km long with a large area of
paddy lands and studded with mango and coconut. For about 2 km from the mouth, the river has
a breadth of about 1.5 km. At the mouth, again it narrows into a channel about 275 meters broad.
Outside of it lies a formidable and changing sand bar. The village Pavinakurve at its mouth near
Honavar has been nearly washed off recently and the river has been depositing sand at Kasarkod
on the left bank of its mouth.Sharavathi has an estuarine spread of approximately 27 kms.
Details regarding mangrove area and and area suitable for planting and their village-wise
distribution are given in Table 3.2.19. Total area under mangroves in the Sharavathi part of
estuary was estimated was 54.01 ha. Total potential area for mangrove planting was 124.7 ha.
The Badgani estuary that merges with Sharavathi towards its opening in the Arabian Sea, salinity
is higher, but being a small creek like area the mangroves are in small fragments (16.4 ha) and
the potential area is also lesser (55 ha). Sharavathi-Badgani estuarine complex has a total
waterspread area of 2695.8 ha.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
69
Table 3.2.19: Village-wise mangrove area and area suitable for planting in Sharavathi-Badgani estuarine complex
Sn Village Taluk Mangrove area
(ha) Potential area for
planting (ha) 1 Berolli Honavar 3.15 2 Hadinbal Honavar 0.37 3 Haldipur Honavar 10.27 22.22 4 Honnavar Honavar 8.43 2.67 5 Hosad Honavar 2.02 6 Hospattan Honavar 21.57 6.98 7 Jalwal-karki Honavar 1.59 8 Kadtoka Honavar 0.57 9 Kakurve Honavar 0.43 4.66
10 Kankichitta Honavar 0.64 11 Karki Honavar 8.44 14.54 12 Kasarkod Honavar 20.74 67.59 13 Kelginoor Honavar 0.77 14 Kharwa Honavar 0.20 15 Kulkod Honavar 1.96 16 Mavinkurve Honavar 32.02 39.83 17 Melin-idgunji Honavar 1.30 18 Molkod Honavar 1.09 5.65 19 Mugwa Honavar 2.55 20 Navilgone Honavar 1.83 12.79 21 Padukuli Honavar 0.13 0.29 22 Pavinkurve Honavar 0.84 0.62 23 Harnir Kumta 0.29 0.05 24 Holegadde Kumta 2.32 15.41 25 Horbhag Kumta 0.23 4.89 26 Konalli Kumta 1.14 27 Madgeri Kumta 9.35 0.79 28 Talgod Kumta 0.26 1.35 29 Urkeri Kumta 3.19 8.17
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
70
Salinity decline in Sharavathi
Most of Sharavathi estuary has uniformly low salinity, dipping down to 0.5 ppt or less many
times, making conditions difficult for high and medium salinity requiring mangroves. Low
salinity mangrove tree Soinneratia caseolaris flourishes in the estuary. Lowered salinity due to
hydel projects has caused extinction of most high salinity tolerant species from Sharavathi part of
estuary. Details of mangroves recommended for planting in the different salinity zones are given
in Table 3.2.20. Mangrove associates recommended for planting are in Table 3.2.21.
Table 3.2.20: Mangroves recommended for planting in potential areas
Sl.No. Mangroves sp. Medium salinity
zone* Low salinity
zone
2 A. officinalis √
3 Excoecaria agallocha √
4 Kandelia candel √ √
5 Sonneratia alba √ √
6 R. mucronata √
7 S. caseolaris √ *5-10 ppt Table 3.2.21: Mangrove associates recommended for planting in suitable areas
1 Barringtonia racemosa (In low salinity creeks only)
2 Calophyllum inophyllum
3 Cerbera manghas
4 Dolichandron spathacea
5 Erythrina indica
6 Ficus racemosa
7 Pandanus fascicularis
8 Pongamia pinnata
9 Ficus racemosa (Low salinity zone)
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
71
Details of mangroves and associates: site-wise Some localities in Sharavathi estuary were studied for mangroves in details (Table 3.2.22). Most
widespread mangrove tree is the low salinity tolerant Sonneratia caseolaris, followed to a lesser
extent by Kandelia candel. May be due to lowered salinity in the estuary the mangrove
associates were prolifically growing in many localities. In Table 3.2.23 a list is furnished.
Table 3.2.22: Location-wise distribution of mangroves in Sharavathi estuary Sn Name Island
-1 Kasar- kod
Kalsana- motte
Hosa-patan
Mulkod Mavin-kurve
Kulkod creek
1 Acanthus ilicifolius P P P 2 Acrostichum
aureum P P P
3 Avicennia officinalis P P 4 Excoecari
agallocha P P
5 Kandelia candel P P P P 6 R. mucronata P P* 7 Sonneratia alba P 8 S. caseolaris N P P P P P P P: Present; P* Planted saplings Table 3.2.23: Location-wise distribution of mangrove associates in Sharavati estuary
Sn Name Kalsana- motte
Hosa-patan
Mulkod Island
Devan- motte island
Kulkod creek
1 Barringtonia racemosa √ √ 2 Caesalpinia crista √ √ √ √ 3 Calophyllum inophyllum √ √ C. malaccensis √ √ √ √ √ 4 Cerbera manghas √ √ √ √ √ 5 C. inerme √ 6 Derris canarensis √ 7 Derris scandens √ √ 8 Derris trifoliata √ 9 Dolichandron spathacea √ √ 10 Erythrina indica √ 11 Ipomoea fistulosa √ 12 Pandanus fascicularis √ √ √ √ 13 Pongamia pinnata √ √ 14 Premna corymbosa √ √ √
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
72
15 Sapium insigne 16 Thespesia populnea √ 17 Vitex negundo √
Locality-wise details: Sharavathi
Island-1: This small uninhabited island situated midway between the bridges of national
highway and the railway is due to accretion of materials, and is hardly above water level. The
island is fully covered with low mangroves and has abundance of the sedge Cyperus
malaccensis. Small trees or saplings of Rhizophora mucronata, Kandelia candel, Sonneretia alba
are found here. Acanthus ilicifolius grows plentifully.
Kasarkod: Adjoining the tile factory of Kasarkod is a good patch of mangroves. This includes a
planted patch of R. mucronata, where most individuals are 2 to 2.5 m in height. Another is
almost a pure patch of Sonneretia caseolaris, which stands well the influx of fresh water
throughout. The trees have heights ranging from 4-7 m. Our sample survey shows the Kasarkod
patch of mangroves has stem density of 2188/ha and basal area of 13.43 sq.m.
Kalsanamotte: This is a small island, one side of which is inhabited. S. caseolaris thrives well
here fringing the borders of the island. The mangrove fern Acrostichum aureum, Cyperus
malaccensis and Kandelia candel are also found here. Notable of the mangrove associates are
Calophyllum inophyllum, Caesalpinia crista, Clerodendron inerme, Cerbera manghas and
Pandanus fascicularis. This place is somewhat unique in the Honavar Forest Division in having
some trees of Thespesia populnea, rarely found elsewhere.
Hosapatan: The river bank is fringed with isolated individuals of S. caseolaris and K. candel.
A. ilicifolius and C. malaccensis are found all over the edges. Of the mangrove associates are C.
manghas and P. fascicularis.
Mulkod island: The river is almost fresh water here and very few mangroves are still seen here.
These are S. caseolaris, E. agallocha and A. ilicifolius. Excoecaria agallocha are all older
individuals without any regeneration. A. aureum is also found in moderate numbers. The island
is rich in mangrove associates like C. manghas, Derris spp. and P. fascicularis. Rarely found are
Barringtonia racemosa, Dolichondron spathacea, Calophyllum inophyllum and C. crista.
Devanmotte island: Fringing the island all along are S. caseolaris. Cyperus malaccensis is also
common. Mangrove associates are many such as C. inophyllum,C. crista, C. manghas, C.
inerme, P. fascicularis and Vitex negundo.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
73
Mavinkurve island: The island is surrounded by S. caseolaris, which attain fairly big heights
ranging from 13 to 16 m; these are presently candidates for tallest mangroves of the Honavar
Division. The local residents informed us that many of these trees are planted by them in their
own lands, about 20 years ago. Extrapolating tree density for one ha the stem count could be
1600/ha, and the estimated basal area 60.21 sq. m/ha. Though this is not the real situation, the
estimate clearly shows that Sharavati river fringes (including tidal edges of islands) are highly
suitable for raising plantations of, particularly S. caseolaris. The basal area estimate of 60.21
sq.m/ha is as good as the best forest patch in Uttara Kannada district. The farmers can at least
partly meet their biomass needs through mangroves, while they also enhance productivity and
biodiversity of ecosystem as well as afford protection from natural calamities.
Kulkod creek: On the sides of this creek are many mature trees of A. officinalis. Sonneratia
caseolaris is also frequent. E. agallocha is occasionally found. There is plentiful growth of A.
aureum and A. ilicifolius and C. malaccensis. Of the mangrove associates may be mentioned B.
racemosa, C. manghas, D. trifoliate, D. spathacea, Erythrina indica, Pandanus fascicularis, P.
pinnata, Premna corymbosa etc.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
74
Factors affecting mangrove community The stone embankments on both sides of the river in most places do not favour the growth of
mangroves. The islands are better places for some of the mangroves, and with some amount of
awareness creation these islands can be shielded with mangroves, notably by S. caseolaris.
Constant release of fresh water from hydel projects in the river and the formidable sandbar
blocking most of the river mouth have made Sharavathi estuary almost into a fresh water lake.
Few are the mangroves which can survive in this situation. In many places the residents along
the river banks have extended their gardens right into the river by building compound walls.
Badgani estuary Table 3.2.24: Location-wise distribution of mangroves in Badgani creek Sl no
Name Pavinkurve Taarebagilu Badgani bridge
1 Avicennia officinalis P P 2 Rhizophora mucronata** P P 3 Kandelia candel P P P 4 Sonneratia caseolaris♠ P 5 Acanthus ilicifolius P P P 6 Aegiceras corniculatum P P 7 Excoecaria agallocha P P ♠Only single tree noted; ** Seedlings noted; P : present Pavinkurve: This village, is situated close to the mouth of Badgani. The seashore of Pavinkurve
is very vulnerable to sea erosion during the rainy season. The estuarine mouth is bunded with
granite rocks and has hardly any scope for growth of mangroves. However, the estuarine part has
very good potential for mangrove regeneration. Most of the low-lying areas, alongside the
estuary, formerly fields of rice, are today shrimp farms. Mangroves appear to have suffered
badly due to human impact, in the recent years. Big trees are very scanty. The creek has saplings
of R. mucronata, A. officinalis, A. corniculata and E. agallocha. Pavinkurve is notable for large
number of mangrove shrub A. corniculatum. The shrubby A. ilicifolius forms in many places
impenetrable patches. Of late prawn farming is declining due to rainy season flooding and
increased incidence of prawn diseases.
Tarebagilu: Acanthus ilicifolius is the most dominating formation of mangroves. Trees are
scanty due to human disturbances. The areas adjoining have been converted into shrimp farms.
Some trees of A. officinalis could be seen in the area.
Badgani bridge: Close to this bridge on the national high way, the Forest Department has
recently planted several seedlings of R. mucronata. The habitat is not all that good at this region
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
75
for mangroves, due to various human disturbances. These include fishermen casting nets and
grazing and trampling by livestock, particularly by buffaloes. Most lands, otherwise suitable for
mangroves, has been converted into aquaculture ponds or shell-mining areas. Some small bits of
mangroves left, being sacred spots to the locals, few mangrove trees are left. These are E.
agallocha, K. candel and A. corniculatum. A. ilicifolius is common within the estuary as well as
in water-logged abandoned rice fields alongside.
Remote sensing for mangrove species/land cover-land-use prospecting
Using remote sensing imagery from 2410 IRS p6L4 MX5 M it was possible to make an
assessment of area under tree mangrove species and other waterscape/landscape elements in the
Sharavathi-Badgani estuarine complex proper as shown in the Table 3.2.25
Table 3.2.25: Area estimates under tree mangroves and other waterscape/landscape
elements in Sharavathi-Badgani estuarine complex proper using 2410 IRS p6L4 MX5 M
imagery
Category Ha %
Avicennia officinalis 10.70 0.31
Sonneratia alba 23.00 0.67
Kandelia candel 6.81 0.20
Rhizophora mucronata 5.41 0.16
Sonneratia caseolaris 81.96 2.40
Plantations 219.65 6.44 Vegetation 515.21 15.08 Water 1334.90 39.08 Open space 1218.12 35.66
Total area 3415.75
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
76
Figure 3.2.16. 2010 IRS p6 L4 MX 5M imagery of Sharavathi-Badgani estuarine complex
proper showing distribution of tree mangroves (4 species), waterscape area, plantations,
fields etc.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
77
Figures 3.2.17-20. RS images of 1989, 2000, 2003 and 2010 of Sharavathi-Badgani estuarine
complex including of 1 km buffer zone
Figures 3.2.17 (L) & 18 (R)
Figures 3.2.19 (L) & 20 (R)
Landuse landcover changes as evident from RS imageries
Details of changes in landuse/landcover, waterscape area in the Sharavathi-Badgani estuarine
complex, including 1 km wide buffer zone, using remote sensing data, for the years 1989, 2000,
2003 and 2010 are given in Table 3.2.26
Table 3.2.26: Transitions in landuse-landcover during 1989-2010 period as seen from RS
imageries (includes also 1 km buffer zone)
Category
Year
Vegetation Water Open fields
Ha % Ha % Ha %
1989 11111.373 59.7 2237.259 12.02 5263.123 28.28 2000 11049.269 59.37 2264.911 12.17 5297.575 28.46 2003 11076.469 59.51 2046.437 11 5488.849 29.49 2010 11258.783 60.49 2497.855 13.42 4855.117 26.09
Total area 18611.75
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
78
D. MANGROVES OF VENKTAPUR RIVER The Venktapur River rises in the Western Ghats near the village Kanti towards the north-east
corner of Bhatkal. It joins the Arabian Sea at Venktapur towards the north of Bhatkal town. The
river, for the last 5 km forms a tidal estuary where occur the mangroves (Figure 3.2.21). The
first organized efforts to study the mangroves of Venktapur were made by Ananda Rao and
Suresh (2001). Notably we could not collect Avicennia alba, which was rather widespread
according to Rao and Suresh (2001). Whereas Sonneretia alba has widespread distribution in our
study the same was not reported by Rao and Suresh (2001). The true mangroves recorded by
these authors village-wise are given in Table 3.2.27. Table 3.2.28 contains details of true
mangroves recorded by Rao and Suresh (2001) and in the present study. We could not locate
Avicennia alba which was reported by earlier authors. Venktapur estuary is the only place in
Honavar Forest Division having rare presence of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Details of location-
wise mangroves and associates are given in Table 3.2.29.
Figure 3.2.21. Venkatapur estuary showing mangrove areas and potential areas
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
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Table 3.2.27: Village-wise details of mangrove area and potential area available for planting in Venktatpur estuary
Sn Village Taluk Mangrove area in ha.
Potential area available for planting (ha)
1 Bengre Bhatkal 1.478 1.433
2 Heble Bhatkal 2.801 7.187
3 Kaikini Bhatkal 2.497
4 Shirali Bhatkal 10.495 16.300
5 Venktapur Bhatkal 3.308 1.911 Table 3.2.28: Mangroves of Venktapur reported by Rao and Suresh (2001) and in the present study Sn Name of mangrove Rao & Suresh (2002) Present study 1 Avicennia alba P Unconfirmed 2 A. officinalis P P 3 A. marina N P 4 Aegiceras corniculatum P N 5 Excoecaria agallocha P P 6 Sonneratia alba N P 7 S. caseolaris P P (rare) 8 R. mucronata P P 9 Kandelia candel P P 10 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza P P (rare) 11 Acanthus ilicifolius P P 12 Acrostichum aureum P P 13 Cyperus sp. P P Note: P : present; N : Not found. Table 3.2.29: Location-wise distribution of mangroves & mangrove associate species Sn Mangroves
Heb
le
Mog
erke
ri
Alv
ekod
i
Kur
igad
de
Heg
le
Mul
lana
keri
Kan
data
hitl
Mangroves Acanthus ilicifolius + + + + + +
Acrostichum aureum + Aegiceras corniculatum Avicennia marina + + + Avicennia officinalis + + + + + +
Brugiera gymnorrhiza + + + + + Cerbera odollum +
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
80
Excoecaria agallocha + + + + + + Kandelia kandel + + + +
Porteresia coractata Rhizophora mucronata + + + + + + Sonneratia caseolaris + Sonneretia alba + + + Mangrove associates Caesalpinia crista + Caeslpinia nuga + Calophyllum inophyllum + Clerodendron inerme + + + + Cuscuta spp. + Derris trifoliate + + + Erythrina indica + + Pandanus sp. + Premna corymbosa + + + Heble: Heble has small promising patches of mangroves. The soft, muddy soil is favourable for
mangrove growth. According to local informants the mangroves suffered major setback due to
clearance for prawn farming. Sometimes they are cut for fuel and poles. Subsequently they were
allowed to grow and what present now are mostly coppice shoots. The owners of the land
presently believe that the mangroves can give protection from strong winds. The tree community
sampled is composed of 70% S. alba, 28% of A. offficinalis and 2% R. mucronata. Some
saplings of the rare mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza are also found. There are some coppicing
individuals of A. marina. E. agallocha occurred along the edges. A. ilicifolius is common.
Mogerkeri: Fringing the creek are isolated trees and bushes of mangroves such as: R.
mucronata, A. officinalis, A. ilicifolius and E. agallocha, There are also R. mucronata planted
along the bank, in the recent years by the Forest Department. The survival of the planted
mangroves is not satisfactory. The mangrove associates are C. inerme, D. trifoliata, Caesalpinia
nuga, Premna serratifolia, Erythrina indica etc.
Alvekodi: This place has linear formation of mangroves along the fringes. The species found are
Avicennia marina, A. officinalis, Excoecaria agallocha and Acanthus ilicifolius. Rarely found are
Sonneretia alba. Avicennia marina consists of mostly coppicing plants. The mangroves are under
high degree of human impacts. Near the bridge the Forest Department has planted Rhizophora
mucronata. Notable of the mangrove associates are Erythrina indica, Premna corymbosa,
Clerodendrum inerme and Derris trifoliata etc. More upstream in the creek are Cerbera
odollum, Pandanus fascicularis and C. inophyllum.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
81
Kurigadde: This is a small island in the river. The island was reportedly under paddy cultivation
once, but now it is in abandoned state. The island is colonized by A. ilicifolius, A. officinalis, S.
alba and E. agallocha. Sedge grass (Fam: Cyperaceae) is found along the edges. E. indica, C.
inerme are notable mangrove associates.
Hegle: A opportunistic survey carried out for a distance of 2 km from Venktapur river bridge to
Hegle. In this belt of estuary are found A. ilicifolius, A. officinalis, E. agallocha, K. candel,
Rhizophora mucronata, and the fern A. aureum. Near the hamlet of Hegle, occurs one tree each
of Sonneretia caseolaris and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, the latter is the rarest species in the
Honavar Forest Division. Occasionally found are planted saplings of R. mucronata. Along the
edges of the creek are mangrove associates C. crista, D. trifoliata, P. corymbosa and C. inerme.
Doddar, a yellow coloured, wiry, leafless parasitic creeper is found on some of the bushes.
Mullanakeri: Here about 300 m² is covered with dense growth of A. ilicifolius and coppicing
bushes of A. marina. This is a potential patch for mangrove restoration. Another 200m² is also
covered with A. ilicifolius and saplings of K. candel. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and A. officinalis
were also are present. Nearby was noted 17 saplings of R. mucronata planted by the
Department. Perhaps many saplings of the species did not survive here. Another 600m² presently
covered with A. ilicifolius is a potential area for mangrove restoration. Kantadahitlu in the creek
has also some mangroves. Dense patches of the spinous undershrub A. ilicifolius has covered
many parts of the creek. Within these patches of Kantadahitlu natural regeneration of A.
officinalis and K. candel can be observed.
Applications of remote sensing for mangrove mapping for 1989-2010 period Using RS data of 1989-2010 period overall vegetation cover increase was noticed; it is difficult to tell whether there was any increase in mangroves (Table 3.2.30-31; Figures 3.2.22) Table 3.2.30. Venkatapur estuary proper: area under individual tree mangroves (for 3 species only) and other landscape/waterscape elements as deciphered from 2010 IRS p6L4 MX5 M imagery
Category HA % Avicennia officinalis 9.928 4.53 Sonneratia caseolaris 0.711 0.32 Sonneretia alba 5.636 2.57 Vegitation 56.545 25.81 Open fields 70.933 32.38 Water 75.336 34.39
Total area 219.089
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82
Figure 3.2.22: Venkatapur estuary proper, including islands, showing tree mangroves,
bunds, other vegetation, fields and waterspread area
Table 3.2.31: Changes in details on area under vegetation, water and fields based on RS imageries (1989-2010)- includes 1 km buffer zone also-
Vegetation Water Fields Ha % Ha % Ha %
1989 226.17 28.2 87.84 10.95 488.07 60.85 2000 243.54 30.36 84.87 10.58 473.67 59.06 2003 269.36 33.58 55.98 6.98 476.74 59.44 2010 272.33 33.95 125.36 15.63 404.39 50.42
Total area 802.08
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83
Figures 3.2.23-26: RS images of 1989, 2000, 2003 and 2010 of Venkatapur estuary including of 1 km buffer zone
Figures 3.2.23 (up L) & 24 (up R); 25(down L) & 26 (down R)
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
84
E. ALVEKODI CREEK
This is the only notable creek in the division with mangroves. The others are smaller ones and
dealt with as part of the estuaries with which they are linked. Alvekodi creek is towards the
mouth of a small stream in Kumta. The old town of Kumta is situated on its north bank. The
creek had in the past seen considerable trade especially in cotton, spices and various other
products. Ever-since Bomaby-Hubli rail link was made the trade vanished. Today it only serves
the transport of fish by small boats from the sea to the Kumta fish market. Details regarding
mangrove areas and potential areas are given in Table 3.2.32-33 and Figure 3.2.27
Table 3.2.32: Kumta creek proper: area under mangroves and potential area
Figure 3.2.27: Kumta creek proper, mangroves, Potential area and waterspread area
Category Area in ha
Potential 42.4
Mangrove 14.2 Total water spread 238.1
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
85
Table 3.2.33: Village-wise mangrove area and area suitable for planting in Kumta creek
Sn Village Taluk Mangrove area (ha)
Potential area for planting (ha)
1 Kalbhag Kumta 6.32 3.71 2 Kumta Town Kumta 7.71 36.09 Total 14.03 39.80
Status of mangroves At one time the creek with shallow water and mud-flats must have been full of mangroves. In
due course the low lands alongside have been reclaimed for cultivation, salt making and human
settlement. In the recent times the wetlands alongside have been embanked for prawn farming.
The details of mangroves in the estuary are given below. In the recent years good efforts at
mangrove afforestation have been made by the Forest Department. Mangroves have been studied
at Honmav, near fish market, Sasihitlu and Devgundi.
Honmav: Good growth of natural mangroves of low height occurs between NH bridge and the
fish market bridge. The estuary bed is full of boulders covered with oyster shells. Dense patches
of dwarf mangroves of species such as A. officinalis, A. marina, R. mucronata and S. alba are
found here. There are also K. candel, E. agallocha and A. ilicifolius. Towards the upstream,
eastwards of the NH bridge are found plantations dominated by R. mucronata in excellent
growth. Of the mangrove associates are Clerodendron inerme, Derris trifoliata, Caesalpinia
bonducella etc.
Devagundi: Further upstream along the creek the mangroves almost come to an end here. Only
species found here are A. officinalis and E. agallocha. Most of these are coppices and are
subjected to much hacking. Prawn farms without any traces of plant growth exist all along the
sides of the creek.
Near fish market: Near the fish market of Kumta the creek is dominated by A. officinalis, A.
marina and A. ilicifolius.
Sasihitlu: This part of the creek, almost up to its mouth is an area subjected to much
anthropogenic pressures. The mangroves found here are A. officinalis, A. marina, R. mucronata,
K. candel, S. alba and E. agallocha. Stream bank has narrow stretch of land suitable for
mangrove afforestation. Common mangrove associates are C. inerme, D. trifoliata and
E.variegata.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
86
3.3. MANGROVE SITUATION: RANGEWISE
Mangroves of Bhatkal forest range
Bhatkal range in the southernmost part of Honavar forest division (74°29’33.324” to
74°40’41.7792 E long. and 13°55’27.9192 to 14°7’49.512 N lat.) and extends over an area of
27,990 ha (16.47% division). Range has its headquarters in Bhatkal town and covers 61 revenue
villages of Bhatkal taluka are under its jurisdiction. Range is administratively divided in to 5
forest section and 15 beats (Figure 3.3.1). Range is having 73.99 percent of forest area; most
forests are basically evergreen. The coastline is 23.84 km. long and includes an island. Major
estuary is Venkatapur, (184.6ha). It has small creeks namely Jali creek (7.53h) and Bhatkal
creek (45.43 h) Mundalli creek, Hadeen creek and Belke creek (10 h). Mangroves are found
mainly in Shirali beat of Shirali section, Bhatkal beat of Bhatkal section; and very little areas
Hadeen and Belke beats of Belke section. Beat wise detail mangrove area, species and potential
area are given in Figures (3.3.2-3.3.3)
Figure 3.3.1: Administrative map of Bhatkal Forest Range
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
87
Figure 3.3.2: SHIRALI BEAT Beat Area (ha) 3931 No. of mangrove patches
125
Mangrove area (ha)
10.79
Perimeter in km
33.90
No. of potential areas for planting
19
Total area for planting (ha)
14.089
Dominant species
Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Kandelia candel, Avicennia officinalis, Excoecaria agallocha, Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Acanthus ilicifolius
Recommended Species
Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Acanthus ilicifolius, Sonneratia alba, Avicennia_officinalis,
Estuary Venkatapur Taluk Bhatkal
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
88
Figure 3.3.3: BHATKAL BEAT
Beat Area (ha) 4538 No. of mangrove patches 103 Mangrove area (ha) 25.39 Perimeter_KM 25.39 No. of potential areas for planting 21 Total area for planting (ha) 8.676
Dominant Species
Avicennia officinalis, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Acanthus ilicifolius, Excoecaria agallocha, Sonneratia alba
Recommended Species
Avicennia officinalis, Excoecaria agallocha, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia alba
Rivers/creek Venkatapur, Bhatkal creek, Jali creek
Taluk Bhatkal
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
89
Mangroves of Manki Range
Figure 3.3.4: Administrative map of Manki Forest Range
Manki range is located in the South-west region of Honavar forest division. It lies between
74°27’16.502” to 74°38’43.221 east longitude and 13°04’46.562 to 14°14’40.396 north latitude
and extends over an area of 23870 hectares which is 14.04% of the total area of the division.
Range headquarters is in Manki village of Honavar taluka and covers 25 revenue villages of the
taluk. and 3 villages of Bhatkal taluka comes under its jurisdiction. Range is administratively
divided in to 5 forest section and 12 beats. Land use in this range has 80.36 percent of forest land
which is evergreen to semi-evergreen. Range is bordered by Gersoppa Range & Shimoga district
at eastern side, Honavar Range at north, Bhatkal Range at south and Arabian Sea to the west,
The coast line is 15.75 km long. Important beaches are Manki beach, Bailur beach and
Murdeshwar beaches. Range covers 70.55 hectare of estuarine part of Sharavathi River with
degraded mangroves due to high fluctuation/variation in salinity because of Sharavathi Tailrace
hydroelectric power generation; these degraded Mangrove are found in Anilgod beat of Anilgod
section and Magod beat of Hadi section. Creeks are Manki creek (19.63h), Mavalli creek (17.8
h) and Bailur creek. Mangroves are found in Manki and Mavalli beat. Beat wise detail mangrove
area, species and potential area are given below (Figure 3.3.5 and 3.3.6)
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
90
Figure 3.3.5: MAVALLI BEAT
Beat area (ha) 3738 No. of mangrove patches 17 Mangrove area (ha) 3.35 Perimeter in km 5.07 Total area for planting (ha) NA Dominant species Acanthus ilicifolius,
Sonneratia alba, Excoecaria agallocha
Recommended Species Sonneratia alba Creek Mavalli creek Taluk Bhatkal
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
91
Figure 3.3.6: MANKI BEAT
Beat Area (ha) 2648 No. of mangrove patches 5 Mangrove area (ha) 0.62 Perimeter in km 1.63 No. of potential patches for planting 3 Total area for planting (ha) 0.467 Dominate Species Acanthus ilicifolius,
Acrostichum aureum, Aegiceras corniculatum, Sonneratia alba
Recommended Species Sonneratia alba Creek Manki creek Taluk Honavar
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
92
Mangroves of Honavar Range
Figure 3.3.7. Administrative map of Honavar Forest Range
Honavar range is located in the central west of Honavar forest division. It lies between 74° 24'
34.494"” to 74° 39' 43.772" E and 14° 11' 58.482" to 14° 23' 23.520" N and extends over an area
of 31660 hectare which is 18.63 percent of the total area of the division. Range headquarters is in
Honavar town and covers 52 revenue villages of Honavar taluka. Range is administratively
divided in to 4 forest section and 11 beats.
Land use in this range is 61.81 percent of forest land which is more or less evergreen. Range is
bordered by Gersoppa range and Kyadgi range(Sirsi division) towards eastern, Kumta range to
north, Manki range to south and Arabian Sea to west. The coastline has a length of 18.06 km.
Important beaches are at Kasarkod and Haldipur beach. An island Basavarajdurg occurs close to
the mouth of river Sharavathi. Major estuary is Sharavathi –Badgani esturine complex; 2240 ha
in area out of this 3043 hectares of estuarine complex falls in Honavar Range. Creeks:
Apsarkondai creek (1.3h)
Mangroves are found in Kasarkod, Honavar and Haldipur beats of Honavar section, Aunsalli
beat of Salkod section and Hadinbal and Jalvalli beats of Hadinbal section. Beat wise detail
mangrove area, species and potential area are given in Figures 3.3.8-3.3.11.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
93
Figure 3.3.8: KASARKOD BEAT
Beat Area (ha) 4507 No. of mangrove patches 117 Mangrove area (ha) 54.48 Perimeter in km 48.34 No. of potential patches for planting 60 Total area for planting (ha) 99.43 Dominate Species Sonneratia caseolaris,
Kandelia candel, Acrostichum aureum, Acanthus ilicifolius, Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia officinalis, Excoecaria agallocha, Acrostichum aureum,
Recommended Species
Sonneratia caseolaris, Kandelia candel, Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora mucronata, Excoecaria agallocha, Aegiceras corniculatum
Estuary Sharavathi Taluk Honavar
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
94
Figure 3.3.9: HONAVAR BEAT
Beat Area (ha) 5707 No. of mangrove patches 171 Mangrove area (ha) 49.07 Perimeter in km 47.98 No. of potential areas for planting 41 Total area for planting (ha) 30.57 Dominant species Sonneratia caseolaris,
Avicennia officinalis, Acanthus ilicifolius, Kandelia candel, Excoecaria agallocha, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba
Recommended species
Sonneratia caseolaris, Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia alba, Excoecaria agallocha, Kandelia candel, Aegiceras corniculatum
Estuary Sharavathi-Badgani esturine complex
Taluk Honavar
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
95
Figure 3.3.10: HALDIPUR BEAT
Beat Area (ha) 3232 No. of mangrove patches 119 Mangrove area (ha) 13.53 Perimeter in km 21.52 No. of potential areas for planting 28 Total area for planting (ha) 26.13 Dominant species Acanthus ilicifolius,
Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia alba, Excoecaria agallocha
Recommended species
Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia alba, Excoecaria agallocha
Rivers Badgani estuary Taluk Honavar, Kumta
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
96
Figure 3.3.11: AUNSALLI BEAT
Beat Area (ha) 2952 No. of mangrove patches 36 Mangrove area (ha) 9.96
Perimeter in km 6.88 No. of potential areas for planting 6 Total area for planting (ha) 4.454
Dominant species
Acanthus ilicifolius, Excoecaria agallocha,
Recommended species
Excoecaria agallocha, Avicennia officinalis
Estuary Badgani
Taluk Honavar, Kumta
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
97
Mangroves of Kumta Forest Range
Figure 3.3.12. Administrative map of Kumta Forest Range
Kumta range is located in the cenral part of Honavar forest division. It lies between 74° 21'
1.230" to 74° 41' 49.074"east longitude and 14° 20' 36.805"to 14° 32' 8.794"north latitude and
extends over an area of 30,730 hectare which is 18.08% of the total area of the division. Range
headquarters is in Kumta town and covers 59 revenue villages of Kumta taluk and 4 villages of
Honavar taluk. Range is administratively divided in to 3 forest sections and 10 beats. Range is
having 66.97 percent of forest land which is evergreen to semi-evergreen and secondary
deciduous. This range is bordered by Kyadagi range of Sirsi division to the eastern, Katgal,
Hiregutti and Janmane ranges to north, Honavar range to south and Arabian Sea to west. The
coastline is of 23.25 km long. Important beaches are at Dhareshwar, Kumta and Baad.
Range covers 1,466 hectares of estuary in part of Aghanashini river estuary out of its total
waterspread of 4,950 ha, and 255 ha of Badagini estuarine region
Creeks: Kumta creek (238 ha) and Dhareshwar creek (4 ha)
Mangroves are found in Kumta, Manaki and Chandavar beats of Chandavar section. Beat wise
detail mangrove area, species and potential area are presented in Figures 3.3.13-3.3.14.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
98
Figure 3.3.13: MANAKI BEAT
Beat area (ha) 5158 No. of mangrove patches 160 Mangrove area (ha) 26.49 Perimeter in km 46.10 No. of potential areas for planting 12 Total area for planting (ha) 22.827 Dominant species Sonneratia caseolaris,
Excoecaria agallocha, Kandelia candel, Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia alba, Acanthus ilicifolius, Rhizophora mucronata, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina
Recommended species
Sonneratia alba, Avicennia officinalis, Kandelia candel, Rhizophora mucronata, Excoecaria agallocha, Aegiceras corniculatum,
Estuary Aghanashini Taluk Kumta
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
99
Figure 3.3.14: KUMTA BEAT
Beat Area (ha) 4820 No. of mangrove patches 296 Mangrove area (ha) 22.99 Perimeter in km 61.48 No. of potential patches for planting 70 Total area for planting (ha) 67.866 Dominant species Acanthus ilicifolius,
Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora mucronata, Excoecaria agallocha, Kandelia candel, Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, Aegiceras corniculatum
Recommended species
Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora mucronata, Excoecaria agallocha, Kandelia candel, Avicennia marina, Aegiceras corniculatum, Sonneratia alba
Estuaries/creeks Badgani estuary, Kumta creek, Dhareshwar creek
Taluk Kumta, Honavar
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
100
Mangroves of Katgal Forest Range
Figure 3.3.15. Administrative map of Kumta Forest Range
Katgal range is located in the North-east part of Honavar forest division. It lies between 74° 22'
43.540"to 74° 35' 24.535"east longitude and 14° 25' 34.322" to 14° 36' 44.207" north latitude
and extends over an area of 24360 hectare which is 14.33 percent of the total area of the division.
Range had its headquarters in Katgal hamlet of Antarvalli village of Kumta Taluk and covers 36
revenue villages of Kumta taluk and 2 villages of Ankola taluk came under its jurisdiction.
Range is administratively divided in to 3 forest section and 12 beats. The land use in this range is
81.83 percent of forest land which is moreover evergreen. Range is bordered by Janmane range
of Sirsi division at Eastern side, Heregutti range at North side Kumta range surrounds at south
and West, It covers many estuarine island of Aghanashini
About 1158hectare of water spread area of Aghanashini estuarine region fall in this range(4950
h)
Mangroves are found in Mirjan and Katgal beats of Katgal section . Beat wise detail mangrove
area, species and potential area are given in Figure 3.3.16.
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
101
Figure 3.3.16: MIRJAN BEAT
Beat Area (ha) 3287 No. of mangrove patches 129 Mangrove area (ha) 83.85 Perimeter in Km 69.21 No. of potential patches for planting 19 Total area for planting (ha) 35.669 Dominate Species Avicennia officinalis,
Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris, Kandelia candel, Porteresia coarctata, Excoecaria agallocha, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Acrostichum aureum, Acanthus ilicifolius, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina
Recommended Species
Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia alba, Kandelia candel, Rhizophora mucronata, Excoecaria agallocha, Rhizophora apiculata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Aegiceras corniculatum
Rivers Aghanashini estuary Taluk Kumta
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Mangroves of Hiregutti Forest Range
Figure 3.3.17. Administrative map of Hiregutti Forest Range
Hiregutti range is located in the North part of Honavar forest division. It lies between long. 74°
17' 31.828" to 74° 34' 52.728"E and lat. 14° 30' 32.354" to 14° 41' 20.506" N and extends over
an area of 31,360 hectare which is 18.45 percent of the total area of the division. Range has its
headquarters in Hiregutti village of Kumta Taluk and covers 28 revenue villages of the taluk and
20 villages of Ankola taluk. Range is administratively divided in to 4 forest section and 11 beats.
The land use in this range is 65.87% forest land which cover evergreen to semievergreen and
secondary moist deciduous type forests.
Range is bordered by Janmane range of Sirsi division at Eastern side, Ankola and Mastikatta
ranges of Karwar forest division to north side Kargal and Kumta ranges to south and Arabian Sea
to west. The coastline is 16.19 km. long. Important beaches are Gokarna beach, Om beach,
Kudle beach and Nadumaskeri beach. Range covers 330.7 ha water spread area of Gangavali
estuary out of its 769.7ha and 2326 ha of Aghanashini estuary, out of its 4950 ha total area.
This range is by far most important for mangroves. Beat-wise detail mangrove area, species and
potential area are given in Figures 3.3.18-3.3.20.
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Figure 3.3.18: HIREGUTTI BEAT
Beat Area (ha) 2756 No. of mangrove patches 50 Mangrove area (ha) 21.94 Perimeter in km 29.29 No. of potential patches for planting 7 Total area for planting (ha) 157.69 Dominant species Avicennia officinalis,
Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, Excoecaria agallocha, Acanthus ilicifolius, Rhizophora apiculata, Aegiceras corniculatum, Kandelia_candel
Recommended species
Rhizophora mucronata, Excoecaria agallocha, Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Aegiceras corniculatum
Estuary Aghanashini estuary Taluk Kumta
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Figure 3.3.19: MADANGERI BEAT
Beat Area (ha) 7233 No. of mangrove patches 190 Mangrove area (ha) 61.93 Perimeter in km 82.84 No. of potential areas for planting 38 Total area for planting (ha) 549.30 Dominant species Avicennia officinalis,
Rhizophora mucronata, Excoecaria agallocha, Sonneratia alba, Avicennia marina, Acanthus ilicifolius, Rhizophora apiculata, Kandelia candel, Aegiceras corniculatum,
Recommended Species
Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, Excoecaria agallocha, Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia alba, Kandelia candel, Rhizophora apiculata
Estuaries Gangavali, Aghanashini Taluks Kumta, Ankola
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Figure 3.3.20: KENKANI-SHIVAPURA BEAT
Beat Area (ha) 1926 No. of mangrove patches 5 Mangrove area (ha) 3.93 Perimeter in km 2.06 No. of potential patches for planting 5 Total area for planting (ha) 1.402 Dominant species Acanthus ilicifolius,
Acrostichum aureum, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia officinalis, Excoecaria agallocha, Kandelia candel
Recommended species
Avicennia officinalis, Excoecaria agallocha, Kandelia candel
Rivers Gangavali estuary Taluk Ankola
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ANNEXURE-I
Location and Area (h) of mangrove patches in Bhatkal Range
Sl.No. Section Beat Location Mangrove
patch Area(h)
River Longitude Latitude
1 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51974 14.02544 1.81857 Venkatapur estuary
2 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.54794 13.98271 1.12840 Bhatkal creek
3 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52412 14.02379 0.82892 Venkatapur estuary
4 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52597 14.02376 0.78249 Venkatapur estuary
5 Shirali Shirali 74.50906 14.04129 0.78095 Venkatapur estuary
6 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52116 14.02315 0.64471 Venkatapur estuary
7 Shirali Shirali 74.50785 14.04703 0.54391 Venkatapur estuary
8 Shirali Shirali 74.50934 14.03905 0.50689 Venkatapur estuary
9 Shirali Shirali 74.50136 14.05648 0.46211 Venkatapur estuary
10 Shirali Shirali 74.50831 14.04603 0.37058 Venkatapur estuary
11 Shirali Shirali 74.49635 14.07734 0.33570 Venkatapur estuary
12 Shirali Shirali 74.50335 14.04630 0.33114 Venkatapur estuary
13 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51214 14.02635 0.32965 Venkatapur estuary
14 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.54536 13.97162 0.32152 Bhatkal creek
15 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52058 14.02407 0.31118 Venkatapur estuary
16 Shirali Shirali 74.49662 14.07536 0.29752 Venkatapur estuary
17 Shirali Shirali 74.50493 14.04292 0.29615 Venkatapur estuary
18 Shirali Shirali 74.52143 14.03458 0.29577 Venkatapur estuary
19 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51639 14.02832 0.29359 Venkatapur estuary
20 Shirali Shirali 74.50091 14.07538 0.28873 Venkatapur estuary
21 Shirali Shirali 74.50806 14.03632 0.28768 Venkatapur estuary
22 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52278 14.02256 0.26710 Venkatapur estuary
23 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53749 14.01659 0.26237 Venkatapur estuary
24 Shirali Shirali 74.50483 14.04072 0.23097 Venkatapur estuary
25 Shirali Shirali 74.52110 14.02930 0.21849 Venkatapur estuary
26 Shirali Shirali 74.50139 14.07568 0.20974 Venkatapur estuary
27 Shirali Shirali 74.52073 14.03500 0.19637 Venkatapur estuary
28 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52492 14.02468 0.19635 Venkatapur estuary
29 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51976 14.02350 0.19405 Venkatapur estuary
30 Shirali Shirali 74.50729 14.07624 0.19371 Venkatapur estuary
31 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51622 14.02877 0.18579 Venkatapur estuary
32 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52548 14.02457 0.17882 Venkatapur estuary
33 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52233 14.02551 0.16487 Venkatapur estuary
34 Shirali Shirali 74.50318 14.04721 0.16170 Venkatapur estuary Continued……
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35 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51868 14.02886 0.15764 Venkatapur estuary
36 Shirali Shirali 74.50438 14.03657 0.15746 Venkatapur estuary
37 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51412 14.02639 0.15692 Venkatapur estuary
38 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51409 14.02667 0.15361 Venkatapur estuary
39 Shirali Shirali 74.50282 14.04891 0.15002 Venkatapur estuary
40 Shirali Shirali 74.52101 14.02972 0.14395 Venkatapur estuary
41 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51788 14.02418 0.14341 Venkatapur estuary
42 Shirali Shirali 74.50624 14.07592 0.13684 Venkatapur estuary
43 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51767 14.02951 0.13075 Venkatapur estuary
44 Shirali Shirali 74.51366 14.03042 0.13063 Venkatapur estuary
45 Shirali Shirali 74.50826 14.04544 0.12768 Venkatapur estuary
46 Shirali Shirali 74.49787 14.06943 0.12685 Venkatapur estuary
47 Shirali Shirali 74.50608 14.04239 0.12267 Venkatapur estuary
48 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.54593 13.97859 0.11273 Bhatkal creek
49 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52163 14.02231 0.11055 Venkatapur estuary
50 Shirali Shirali 74.52456 14.03722 0.10929 Venkatapur estuary
51 Shirali Shirali 74.50411 14.04240 0.10459 Venkatapur estuary
52 Shirali Shirali 74.52075 14.03480 0.10313 Venkatapur estuary
53 Shirali Shirali 74.52380 14.03520 0.10305 Venkatapur estuary
54 Shirali Shirali 74.50623 14.07575 0.09857 Venkatapur estuary
55 Belke Hadeen 74.54678 13.95692 0.09595 Tannirmadi creek
56 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51185 14.02727 0.09369 Venkatapur estuary
57 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51722 14.02825 0.09220 Venkatapur estuary
58 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53641 14.01949 0.09057 Venkatapur estuary
59 Shirali Shirali 74.50444 14.04581 0.08959 Venkatapur estuary
60 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.54624 13.97981 0.08847 Bhatkal creek
61 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51922 14.02407 0.08778 Venkatapur estuary
62 Shirali Shirali 74.49689 14.07395 0.08553 Venkatapur estuary
63 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53015 14.02326 0.08547 Venkatapur estuary
64 Shirali Shirali 74.49891 14.06726 0.08384 Venkatapur estuary
65 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51826 14.02399 0.08168 Venkatapur estuary
66 Shirali Shirali 74.52387 14.03614 0.07809 Venkatapur estuary
67 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52879 14.02187 0.07633 Venkatapur estuary
68 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53576 14.01919 0.07520 Venkatapur estuary
69 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51197 14.02681 0.07518 Venkatapur estuary
70 Shirali Shirali 74.49748 14.07037 0.07460 Venkatapur estuary
71 Shirali Shirali 74.51021 14.03181 0.07319 Venkatapur estuary
72 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51362 14.02655 0.07193 Venkatapur estuary
73 Shirali Shirali 74.50711 14.07555 0.06995 Venkatapur estuary Continued……
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74 Shirali Shirali 74.50090 14.05126 0.06900 Venkatapur estuary
75 Shirali Shirali 74.50767 14.03305 0.06580 Venkatapur estuary
76 Shirali Shirali 74.50758 14.03299 0.06468 Venkatapur estuary
77 Shirali Shirali 74.50795 14.04367 0.06440 Venkatapur estuary
78 Shirali Shirali 74.50313 14.07591 0.06429 Venkatapur estuary
79 Shirali Shirali 74.50829 14.04237 0.06286 Venkatapur estuary
80 Shirali Shirali 74.50071 14.06236 0.06226 Venkatapur estuary
81 Shirali Shirali 74.50055 14.06525 0.06189 Venkatapur estuary
82 Shirali Shirali 74.51017 14.03712 0.06064 Venkatapur estuary
83 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51382 14.02695 0.05944 Venkatapur estuary
84 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53641 14.01773 0.05923 Venkatapur estuary
85 Belke Belke 74.57045 13.94986 0.05721 Belke creek
86 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51314 14.02699 0.05685 Venkatapur estuary
87 Shirali Shirali 74.50345 14.03983 0.05612 Venkatapur estuary
88 Shirali Shirali 74.50869 14.04555 0.05504 Venkatapur estuary
89 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51695 14.02537 0.05415 Venkatapur estuary
90 Shirali Shirali 74.50157 14.05713 0.05394 Venkatapur estuary
91 Shirali Shirali 74.50442 14.03447 0.05274 Venkatapur estuary
92 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52909 14.02301 0.05202 Venkatapur estuary
93 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53254 14.02281 0.05134 Venkatapur estuary
94 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.54053 14.01664 0.05098 Venkatapur estuary
95 Shirali Shirali 74.49802 14.06922 0.04889 Venkatapur estuary
96 Shirali Shirali 74.51154 14.03083 0.04877 Venkatapur estuary
97 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53846 14.01630 0.04771 Venkatapur estuary
98 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.54090 14.01638 0.04716 Venkatapur estuary
99 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51628 14.02622 0.04712 Venkatapur estuary
100 Belke Hadeen 74.56760 13.95057 0.04673 Belke creek
101 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51344 14.02607 0.04641 Venkatapur estuary
102 Shirali Shirali 74.51088 14.03146 0.04512 Venkatapur estuary
103 Shirali Shirali 74.50576 14.04424 0.04436 Venkatapur estuary
104 Shirali Shirali 74.51969 14.02987 0.04428 Venkatapur estuary
105 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51822 14.02989 0.04407 Venkatapur estuary
106 Shirali Shirali 74.50285 14.02602 0.04356 Venkatapur estuary
107 Shirali Shirali 74.51083 14.03763 0.04326 Venkatapur estuary
108 Shirali Shirali 74.50739 14.04675 0.04184 Venkatapur estuary
109 Shirali Shirali 74.50233 14.04998 0.04166 Venkatapur estuary
110 Shirali Shirali 74.50810 14.02780 0.04100 Venkatapur estuary
111 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52474 14.02242 0.04052 Venkatapur estuary Continued……
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112 Shirali Shirali 74.52371 14.03529 0.04019 Venkatapur estuary
113 Shirali Shirali 74.50830 14.04068 0.03962 Venkatapur estuary
114 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51811 14.02963 0.03953 Venkatapur estuary
115 Shirali Shirali 74.50789 14.03346 0.03943 Venkatapur estuary
116 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52446 14.02233 0.03942 Venkatapur estuary
117 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52683 14.02151 0.03897 Venkatapur estuary
118 Shirali Shirali 74.49730 14.07329 0.03828 Venkatapur estuary
119 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53505 14.02143 0.03800 Venkatapur estuary
120 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51184 14.02747 0.03758 Venkatapur estuary
121 Shirali Shirali 74.52017 14.03223 0.03737 Venkatapur estuary
122 Shirali Shirali 74.51877 14.03024 0.03695 Venkatapur estuary
123 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52978 14.02225 0.03629 Venkatapur estuary
124 Shirali Shirali 74.50698 14.03446 0.03482 Venkatapur estuary
125 Shirali Shirali 74.50944 14.03196 0.03429 Venkatapur estuary
126 Shirali Shirali 74.50970 14.04418 0.03412 Venkatapur estuary
127 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53030 14.02239 0.03407 Venkatapur estuary
128 Shirali Shirali 74.50758 14.04620 0.03374 Venkatapur estuary
129 Shirali Shirali 74.50321 14.02605 0.03288 Venkatapur estuary
130 Shirali Shirali 74.50099 14.06348 0.03279 Venkatapur estuary
131 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.54509 13.97058 0.03252 Bhatkal creek
132 Shirali Shirali 74.50855 14.03223 0.03211 Venkatapur estuary
133 Shirali Shirali 74.50865 14.04476 0.03067 Venkatapur estuary
134 Shirali Shirali 74.50922 14.04477 0.03061 Venkatapur estuary
135 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52110 14.02930 0.02995 Venkatapur estuary
136 Shirali Shirali 74.50807 14.02725 0.02985 Venkatapur estuary
137 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52308 14.02260 0.02980 Venkatapur estuary
138 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53542 14.01948 0.02962 Venkatapur estuary
139 Shirali Shirali 74.49932 14.07024 0.02929 Venkatapur estuary
140 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53603 14.01865 0.02896 Venkatapur estuary
141 Shirali Shirali 74.50081 14.05332 0.02864 Venkatapur estuary
142 Shirali Shirali 74.50775 14.04557 0.02754 Venkatapur estuary
143 Shirali Shirali 74.52022 14.03322 0.02722 Venkatapur estuary
144 Shirali Shirali 74.50528 14.02573 0.02710 Venkatapur estuary
145 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53112 14.02229 0.02701 Venkatapur estuary
146 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51897 14.02894 0.02594 Venkatapur estuary
147 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52596 14.02174 0.02555 Venkatapur estuary
148 Shirali Shirali 74.50166 14.04891 0.02543 Venkatapur estuary
149 Shirali Shirali 74.50848 14.02749 0.02524 Venkatapur estuary
150 Shirali Shirali 74.49906 14.06728 0.02508 Venkatapur estuary Continued……
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151 Shirali Shirali 74.50518 14.04404 0.02489 Venkatapur estuary
152 Shirali Shirali 74.49978 14.07547 0.02477 Venkatapur estuary
153 Shirali Shirali 74.49905 14.06670 0.02471 Venkatapur estuary
154 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53409 14.02077 0.02392 Venkatapur estuary
155 Shirali Shirali 74.52480 14.03778 0.02386 Venkatapur estuary
156 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52163 14.02206 0.02341 Venkatapur estuary
157 Shirali Shirali 74.51105 14.03191 0.02340 Venkatapur estuary
158 Shirali Shirali 74.50329 14.07593 0.02281 Venkatapur estuary
159 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51642 13.99100 0.02278 Venkatapur estuary
160 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51771 14.02458 0.02278 Venkatapur estuary
161 Shirali Shirali 74.50694 14.03372 0.02267 Venkatapur estuary
162 Shirali Shirali 74.50044 14.06042 0.02240 Venkatapur estuary
163 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52315 14.02491 0.02218 Venkatapur estuary
164 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52933 14.02304 0.02163 Venkatapur estuary
165 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51746 14.02370 0.02160 Venkatapur estuary
166 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52183 14.02350 0.02149 Venkatapur estuary
167 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53412 14.02196 0.02147 Venkatapur estuary
168 Shirali Shirali 74.51275 14.03047 0.02116 Venkatapur estuary
169 Shirali Shirali 74.50084 14.05857 0.02111 Venkatapur estuary
170 Shirali Shirali 74.50769 14.04871 0.02099 Venkatapur estuary
171 Shirali Shirali 74.50721 14.04753 0.02027 Venkatapur estuary
172 Shirali Shirali 74.49905 14.06793 0.02009 Venkatapur estuary
173 Shirali Shirali 74.50521 14.02553 0.01991 Venkatapur estuary
174 Shirali Shirali 74.50579 14.02581 0.01962 Venkatapur estuary
175 Shirali Shirali 74.50248 14.04863 0.01874 Venkatapur estuary
176 Shirali Shirali 74.50698 14.04809 0.01838 Venkatapur estuary
177 Shirali Shirali 74.50086 14.06211 0.01804 Venkatapur estuary
178 Shirali Shirali 74.50893 14.02765 0.01785 Venkatapur estuary
179 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51824 14.02981 0.01745 Venkatapur estuary
180 Belke Belke 74.57113 13.94995 0.01724 Belke creek
181 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53150 14.02328 0.01508 Venkatapur estuary
182 Shirali Shirali 74.50474 14.02609 0.01476 Venkatapur estuary
183 Shirali Shirali 74.50133 14.05185 0.01473 Venkatapur estuary
184 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51286 14.02691 0.01472 Venkatapur estuary
185 Shirali Shirali 74.51822 14.02989 0.01421 Venkatapur estuary
186 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53584 14.02044 0.01336 Venkatapur estuary
187 Shirali Shirali 74.50824 14.04172 0.01275 Venkatapur estuary
188 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51245 14.02739 0.01255 Venkatapur estuary
189 Shirali Shirali 74.50659 14.04950 0.01219 Venkatapur estuary
190 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52537 14.02324 0.01186 Venkatapur estuary
191 Shirali Shirali 74.52440 14.03560 0.01176 Venkatapur estuary
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192 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52218 14.02216 0.01167 Venkatapur estuary
193 Shirali Shirali 74.50700 14.04783 0.01154 Venkatapur estuary
194 Shirali Shirali 74.50123 14.05774 0.01117 Venkatapur estuary
195 Shirali Shirali 74.52470 14.03552 0.01103 Venkatapur estuary
196 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51325 14.02741 0.01092 Venkatapur estuary
197 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53076 14.02349 0.01042 Venkatapur estuary
198 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51552 14.02626 0.01039 Venkatapur estuary
199 Shirali Shirali 74.50871 14.03195 0.01035 Venkatapur estuary
200 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51738 14.02769 0.00999 Venkatapur estuary
201 Shirali Shirali 74.50353 14.04798 0.00952 Venkatapur estuary
202 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53414 13.96981 0.00938 Bhatkal creek
203 Shirali Shirali 74.50740 14.04573 0.00931 Venkatapur estuary
204 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51228 14.02732 0.00912 Venkatapur estuary
205 Shirali Shirali 74.50091 14.05207 0.00911 Venkatapur estuary
206 Shirali Shirali 74.50544 14.04471 0.00883 Venkatapur estuary
207 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51749 14.02602 0.00850 Venkatapur estuary
208 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51299 14.02642 0.00848 Venkatapur estuary
209 Shirali Shirali 74.50663 14.04392 0.00848 Venkatapur estuary
210 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52026 14.02663 0.00806 Venkatapur estuary
211 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53381 14.02219 0.00765 Venkatapur estuary
212 Shirali Shirali 74.50668 14.05006 0.00750 Venkatapur estuary
213 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51664 14.02858 0.00742 Venkatapur estuary
214 Shirali Shirali 74.51824 14.02981 0.00728 Venkatapur estuary
215 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52513 14.02324 0.00684 Venkatapur estuary
216 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51545 14.02644 0.00681 Venkatapur estuary
217 Shirali Shirali 74.50147 14.04965 0.00668 Venkatapur estuary
218 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53557 14.02085 0.00631 Venkatapur estuary
219 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52046 14.02691 0.00603 Venkatapur estuary
220 Shirali Shirali 74.50820 14.03217 0.00582 Venkatapur estuary
221 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53183 14.02314 0.00545 Venkatapur estuary
222 Shirali Shirali 74.50139 14.04985 0.00415 Venkatapur estuary
223 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51807 14.02735 0.00399 Venkatapur estuary
224 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51893 14.02715 0.00397 Venkatapur estuary
225 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51969 14.02987 0.00381 Venkatapur estuary
226 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51760 14.02621 0.00353 Venkatapur estuary
227 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53108 14.02347 0.00342 Venkatapur estuary
228 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51831 14.02729 0.00312 Venkatapur estuary
229 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51754 14.02614 0.00214 Venkatapur estuary
230 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51760 14.02600 0.00075 Venkatapur estuary
231 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53305 14.02256 0.00001 Venkatapur estuary
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
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ANNEXURE-II
Location and Area (h) of mangrove patches in Manki Range
Sl.No. Section Beat Location Mangrove
patch Area(h)
River Longitude Latitude
1 Kudrige Mavalli 74.48916 14.11699 0.84855 Mavalli creek
2 Kudrige Mavalli 74.48848 14.11618 0.65963 Mavalli creek
3 Kudrige Mavalli 74.48699 14.11229 0.41423 Mavalli creek
4 Kudrige Mavalli 74.48797 14.12100 0.28332 Mavalli creek
5 Kudrige Mavalli 74.48801 14.11930 0.19560 Mavalli creek
6 Kudrige Mavalli 74.48760 14.11403 0.19340 Mavalli creek
7 Manki Manki 74.47278 14.18959 0.18799 Manki creek
8 Manki Manki 74.47445 14.18794 0.17851 Manki creek
9 Manki Manki 74.47473 14.18544 0.17678 Manki creek
10 Kudrige Mavalli 74.48809 14.11386 0.13959 Mavalli creek
11 Kudrige Mavalli 74.48959 14.08552 0.10862 Murudeshwar
12 Kudrige Mavalli 74.48764 14.10999 0.09457 Mavalli creek
13 Kudrige Mavalli 74.48989 14.08567 0.08631 Murudeshwar
14 Kudrige Mavalli 74.48773 14.11087 0.06926 Mavalli creek
15 Manki Manki 74.47430 14.18549 0.05802 Manki creek
16 Kudrige Mavalli 74.49043 14.08370 0.05555 Murudeshwar
17 Kudrige Mavalli 74.49076 14.11721 0.05471 Mavalli creek
18 Kudrige Mavalli 74.48802 14.11086 0.05435 Mavalli creek
19 Kudrige Mavalli 74.48824 14.11499 0.04450 Mavalli creek
20 Kudrige Mavalli 74.49048 14.08376 0.03662 Murudeshwar creek
21 Manki Manki 74.47699 14.17713 0.01541 Manki creek
22 Kudrige Mavalli 74.48818 14.11468 0.01135 Mavalli creek
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
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ANNEXURE-III
Location and Area (h) of mangrove patches in Honavar Range
Sl.No Section Beat Location Mangrove
patch Area(h)
River Longitude Latitude
1 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43507 14.36915 7.98433 Badgani estuary
2 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45447 14.25175 6.06041 Sharavathi estuary
3 Honavar Honavar 74.46325 14.27640 5.21711 Sharavathi estuary
4 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45010 14.25740 3.98405 Sharavathi estuary
5 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44324 14.25979 3.72393 Sharavathi estuary
6 Honavar Honavar 74.48862 14.27367 2.62597 Sharavathi estuary
7 Honavar Haldipur 74.41933 14.33115 2.52062 Badgani estuary
8 Honavar Honavar 74.42657 14.32289 2.49461 Badgani estuary
9 Honavar Honavar 74.47558 14.27846 2.39131 Sharavathi estuary
10 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45686 14.25383 2.32128 Sharavathi estuary
11 Honavar Honavar 74.43489 14.28645 2.24927 Sharavathi estuary
12 Honavar Honavar 74.48135 14.27899 1.82419 Sharavathi estuary
13 Honavar Honavar 74.46849 14.27843 1.80050 Sharavathi estuary
14 Honavar Haldipur 74.41948 14.32543 1.65324 Badgani estuary
15 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45498 14.24980 1.62064 Sharavathi estuary
16 Honavar Honavar 74.48821 14.26968 1.61173 Sharavathi estuary
17 Honavar Honavar 74.44873 14.27091 1.61036 Sharavathi estuary
18 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45730 14.26697 1.56600 Sharavathi estuary
19 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45413 14.26232 1.42562 Sharavathi estuary
20 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44442 14.26305 1.22046 Sharavathi estuary
21 Honavar Haldipur 74.41790 14.32642 1.12309 Badgani estuary
22 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46881 14.26079 1.08545 Sharavathi estuary
23 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45744 14.26502 1.03239 Sharavathi estuary
24 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44587 14.25928 0.92225 Sharavathi estuary
25 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43996 14.26750 0.90311 Sharavathi estuary
26 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45400 14.25414 0.88734 Sharavathi estuary
27 Honavar Honavar 74.46600 14.27967 0.88682 Sharavathi estuary
28 Honavar Honavar 74.43342 14.28647 0.87639 Sharavathi estuary
29 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44646 14.26795 0.85046 Sharavathi estuary
30 Honavar Honavar 74.43655 14.28756 0.83720 Sharavathi estuary
31 Honavar Haldipur 74.42070 14.33017 0.82968 Badgani estuary
32 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46960 14.25559 0.80756 Sharavathi estuary
33 Honavar Honavar 74.43852 14.27977 0.80645 Sharavathi estuary
34 Honavar Honavar 74.42323 14.31382 0.79609 Badgani estuary
35 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43845 14.26260 0.78250 Sharavathi estuary Continued……
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
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36 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47973 14.26045 0.78068 Sharavathi estuary
37 Honavar Honavar 74.46396 14.27870 0.77863 Sharavathi estuary
38 Honavar Honavar 74.47080 14.27229 0.76910 Sharavathi estuary
39 Honavar Honavar 74.41775 14.31277 0.75833 Badgani estuary
40 Honavar Honavar 74.47035 14.28860 0.73715 Sharavathi estuary
41 Honavar Honavar 74.43857 14.28600 0.72519 Sharavathi estuary
42 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45010 14.25451 0.69572 Sharavathi estuary
43 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43347 14.27199 0.69339 Sharavathi estuary
44 Honavar Honavar 74.47832 14.27792 0.66500 Sharavathi estuary
45 Honavar Haldipur 74.42725 14.35870 0.66039 Badgani estuary
46 Honavar Kasarkod 74.48022 14.26183 0.64357 Sharavathi estuary
47 Honavar Honavar 74.43673 14.28645 0.63009 Sharavathi estuary
48 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47963 14.25135 0.61471 Sharavathi estuary
49 Honavar Haldipur 74.42398 14.35306 0.60942 Badgani estuary
50 Honavar Honavar 74.46571 14.28032 0.60833 Sharavathi estuary
51 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43679 14.26559 0.60286 Sharavathi estuary
52 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43472 14.36511 0.58953 Badgani estuary
53 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44455 14.26225 0.57745 Sharavathi estuary
54 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46779 14.26453 0.56115 Sharavathi estuary
55 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43570 14.26816 0.55624 Sharavathi estuary
56 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44562 14.25838 0.53727 Sharavathi estuary
57 Honavar Honavar 74.48556 14.26922 0.53280 Sharavathi estuary
58 Honavar Kasarkod 74.42836 14.27929 0.52843 Sharavathi estuary
59 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43388 14.27048 0.51400 Sharavathi estuary
60 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45971 14.24548 0.51105 Sharavathi estuary
61 Honavar Honavar 74.46225 14.27429 0.50581 Sharavathi estuary
62 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47305 14.26267 0.49774 Sharavathi estuary
63 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44263 14.26764 0.49703 Sharavathi estuary
64 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45114 14.25569 0.47363 Sharavathi estuary
65 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45171 14.24486 0.47277 Sharavathi estuary
66 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45281 14.24853 0.46992 Sharavathi estuary
67 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47831 14.25746 0.46951 Sharavathi estuary
68 Honavar Honavar 74.46765 14.28435 0.46908 Sharavathi estuary
69 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44583 14.26284 0.46825 Sharavathi estuary
70 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43262 14.26856 0.44876 Sharavathi estuary
71 Honavar Honavar 74.46657 14.27720 0.44102 Sharavathi estuary
72 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44876 14.25960 0.43701 Sharavathi estuary
73 Honavar Honavar 74.48693 14.27110 0.43545 Sharavathi estuary
74 Honavar Honavar 74.42662 14.32120 0.43484 Badgani estuary
75 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46021 14.25390 0.41789 Sharavathi estuary Continued……
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
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76 Honavar Honavar 74.46835 14.28133 0.40753 Sharavathi estuary
77 Honavar Honavar 74.47005 14.27915 0.39497 Sharavathi estuary
78 Honavar Honavar 74.43763 14.28413 0.39191 Sharavathi estuary
79 Honavar Honavar 74.42572 14.31028 0.39160 Badgani estuary
80 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46493 14.26559 0.38863 Sharavathi estuary
81 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44922 14.24617 0.38571 Sharavathi estuary
82 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45251 14.25331 0.38549 Sharavathi estuary
83 Honavar Haldipur 74.42125 14.32550 0.37233 Badgani estuary
84 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46379 14.25822 0.37032 Sharavathi estuary
85 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47100 14.26680 0.35554 Sharavathi estuary
86 Honavar Honavar 74.46961 14.28194 0.35431 Sharavathi estuary
87 Honavar Honavar 74.48558 14.26094 0.34750 Sharavathi estuary
88 Honavar Honavar 74.48022 14.26183 0.34451 Sharavathi estuary
89 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45179 14.24786 0.33463 Sharavathi estuary
90 Honavar Honavar 74.47396 14.27617 0.33289 Sharavathi estuary
91 Honavar Honavar 74.42024 14.31415 0.32939 Badgani estuary
92 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46885 14.26509 0.32937 Sharavathi estuary
93 Honavar Haldipur 74.42587 14.35892 0.32901 Badgani estuary
94 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44325 14.26602 0.32651 Sharavathi estuary
95 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45766 14.25375 0.32651 Sharavathi estuary
96 Honavar Honavar 74.46988 14.26728 0.32258 Sharavathi estuary
97 Honavar Haldipur 74.41797 14.32770 0.32118 Badgani estuary
98 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44863 14.25631 0.31774 Sharavathi estuary
99 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43818 14.37543 0.31353 Badgani estuary
100 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45705 14.24518 0.31059 Sharavathi estuary
101 Hadinbal Jalvalli 74.48821 14.26968 0.30773 Sharavathi estuary
102 Honavar Honavar 74.46182 14.27147 0.30768 Sharavathi estuary
103 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43846 14.26342 0.30614 Sharavathi estuary
104 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43277 14.36839 0.30386 Badgani estuary
105 Honavar Honavar 74.47190 14.27197 0.30362 Sharavathi estuary
106 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47324 14.26312 0.30337 Sharavathi estuary
107 Honavar Haldipur 74.42281 14.32520 0.28624 Badgani estuary
108 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46432 14.25563 0.28564 Sharavathi estuary
109 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47178 14.26613 0.27885 Sharavathi estuary
110 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44909 14.24673 0.27782 Sharavathi estuary
111 Honavar Honavar 74.42692 14.31095 0.26969 Badgani estuary
112 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45761 14.25421 0.26714 Sharavathi estuary
113 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47632 14.25975 0.26004 Sharavathi estuary
114 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44291 14.26643 0.25759 Sharavathi estuary
115 Honavar Honavar 74.46501 14.27483 0.23953 Sharavathi estuary Continued……
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
116
116 Honavar Honavar 74.46356 14.26841 0.23946 Sharavathi estuary
117 Honavar Haldipur 74.42792 14.35752 0.23797 Badgani estuary
118 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47159 14.26151 0.23193 Sharavathi estuary
119 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47483 14.25945 0.23189 Sharavathi estuary
120 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45365 14.25478 0.23079 Sharavathi estuary
121 Honavar Haldipur 74.41895 14.33296 0.23055 Badgani estuary
122 Honavar Honavar 74.47110 14.28788 0.22911 Sharavathi estuary
123 Honavar Honavar 74.47100 14.26680 0.22691 Sharavathi estuary
124 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44874 14.26721 0.22039 Sharavathi estuary
125 Honavar Honavar 74.46217 14.26945 0.21151 Sharavathi estuary
126 Honavar Honavar 74.45192 14.27918 0.21065 Sharavathi estuary
127 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46686 14.26468 0.20961 Sharavathi estuary
128 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47012 14.26449 0.20675 Sharavathi estuary
129 Honavar Honavar 74.46682 14.27328 0.20637 Sharavathi estuary
130 Honavar Haldipur 74.42017 14.33513 0.20461 Badgani estuary
131 Honavar Haldipur 74.42039 14.31578 0.20435 Badgani estuary
132 Honavar Honavar 74.46192 14.26994 0.20385 Sharavathi estuary
133 Honavar Honavar 74.46460 14.27040 0.20175 Sharavathi estuary
134 Honavar Honavar 74.49542 14.26917 0.19958 Sharavathi estuary
135 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45123 14.25376 0.19826 Sharavathi estuary
136 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46674 14.26563 0.19736 Sharavathi estuary
137 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47066 14.26169 0.19365 Sharavathi estuary
138 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44040 14.26126 0.19332 Sharavathi estuary
139 Honavar Honavar 74.45058 14.27804 0.19203 Sharavathi estuary
140 Honavar Honavar 74.46161 14.27260 0.18936 Sharavathi estuary
141 Honavar Honavar 74.48345 14.27808 0.18895 Sharavathi estuary
142 Honavar Honavar 74.48840 14.27481 0.18502 Sharavathi estuary
143 Honavar Haldipur 74.41712 14.33144 0.18174 Badgani estuary
144 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47379 14.26339 0.18138 Sharavathi estuary
145 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45602 14.25266 0.18122 Sharavathi estuary
146 Honavar Honavar 74.42623 14.30955 0.17755 Badgani estuary
147 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45506 14.24900 0.17571 Sharavathi estuary
148 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44108 14.26345 0.17354 Sharavathi estuary
149 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43961 14.26825 0.17107 Sharavathi estuary
150 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44410 14.26063 0.16654 Sharavathi estuary
151 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45880 14.25311 0.16476 Sharavathi estuary
152 Honavar Haldipur 74.41585 14.34810 0.16384 Badgani estuary
153 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46754 14.26630 0.16275 Sharavathi estuary
154 Honavar Honavar 74.45926 14.27441 0.16147 Sharavathi estuary
155 Honavar Honavar 74.43604 14.28504 0.15811 Sharavathi estuary Continued……
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
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156 Honavar Honavar 74.47905 14.26295 0.15767 Sharavathi estuary
157 Honavar Honavar 74.47108 14.28857 0.15481 Sharavathi estuary
158 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45107 14.26144 0.14885 Sharavathi estuary
159 Honavar Haldipur 74.41785 14.32365 0.14878 Badgani estuary
160 Honavar Honavar 74.46704 14.27206 0.14824 Sharavathi estuary
161 Honavar Honavar 74.46411 14.27983 0.14437 Sharavathi estuary
162 Honavar Haldipur 74.41907 14.34146 0.14405 Badgani estuary
163 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44437 14.23079 0.14099 Apsarkonda creek
164 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44291 14.26317 0.13975 Sharavathi estuary
165 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45564 14.26812 0.13909 Sharavathi estuary
166 Honavar Honavar 74.46841 14.27276 0.13885 Sharavathi estuary
167 Hadinbal Hadinbal 74.51420 14.28800 0.13453 Sharavathi estuary
168 Honavar Haldipur 74.41861 14.33394 0.13418 Badgani estuary
169 Honavar Honavar 74.44059 14.28656 0.13094 Sharavathi estuary
170 Honavar Honavar 74.42920 14.29323 0.13011 Badgani estuary
171 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43180 14.26970 0.12972 Sharavathi estuary
172 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45072 14.25445 0.12934 Sharavathi estuary
173 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43943 14.26653 0.12733 Sharavathi estuary
174 Honavar Haldipur 74.42310 14.33128 0.12675 Badgani estuary
175 Honavar Honavar 74.47272 14.27481 0.12571 Sharavathi estuary
176 Honavar Haldipur 74.41895 14.32875 0.12569 Badgani estuary
177 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43218 14.27030 0.12569 Sharavathi estuary
178 Honavar Honavar 74.46668 14.27842 0.12530 Sharavathi estuary
179 Honavar Honavar 74.43616 14.28350 0.12528 Sharavathi estuary
180 Honavar Honavar 74.48505 14.27586 0.12516 Sharavathi estuary
181 Honavar Honavar 74.43101 14.28535 0.12249 Sharavathi estuary
182 Honavar Honavar 74.50874 14.28042 0.11938 Sharavathi estuary
183 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45362 14.24825 0.11907 Sharavathi estuary
184 Honavar Kasarkod 74.42821 14.27821 0.11831 Sharavathi estuary
185 Honavar Haldipur 74.42388 14.33042 0.11799 Badgani estuary
186 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46323 14.25793 0.11765 Sharavathi estuary
187 Honavar Honavar 74.46796 14.28162 0.11721 Sharavathi estuary
188 Honavar Honavar 74.46898 14.28139 0.11645 Sharavathi estuary
189 Hadinbal Jalvalli 74.49075 14.26961 0.11466 Sharavathi estuary
190 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45145 14.26122 0.11464 Sharavathi estuary
191 Honavar Honavar 74.42617 14.30327 0.11386 Badgani estuary
192 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45316 14.24450 0.11384 Sharavathi estuary
193 Honavar Honavar 74.46617 14.27362 0.11080 Sharavathi estuary
194 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43622 14.37252 0.11061 Badgani estuary
195 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44150 14.26160 0.10876 Sharavathi estuary Continued……
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
118
196 Honavar Honavar 74.47139 14.28850 0.10846 Sharavathi estuary
197 Honavar Honavar 74.48497 14.26900 0.10834 Sharavathi estuary
198 Hadinbal Jalvalli 74.50353 14.24951 0.10729 Sharavathi estuary
199 Honavar Honavar 74.43721 14.28199 0.10711 Sharavathi estuary
200 Honavar Haldipur 74.41926 14.31953 0.10530 Badgani estuary
201 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44115 14.26667 0.10465 Sharavathi estuary
202 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47393 14.26586 0.10441 Sharavathi estuary
203 Honavar Honavar 74.47275 14.27332 0.10440 Sharavathi estuary
204 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46925 14.26670 0.10119 Sharavathi estuary
205 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47156 14.26540 0.10009 Sharavathi estuary
206 Honavar Haldipur 74.42500 14.32844 0.09927 Badgani estuary
207 Honavar Honavar 74.43695 14.28751 0.09595 Sharavathi estuary
208 Honavar Haldipur 74.41801 14.34326 0.09411 Badgani estuary
209 Honavar Haldipur 74.41836 14.32510 0.09319 Badgani estuary
210 Honavar Honavar 74.42540 14.30421 0.09115 Badgani estuary
211 Honavar Honavar 74.46092 14.27358 0.09107 Sharavathi estuary
212 Honavar Honavar 74.46315 14.27326 0.08919 Sharavathi estuary
213 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47139 14.26490 0.08806 Sharavathi estuary
214 Honavar Honavar 74.45914 14.27542 0.08801 Sharavathi estuary
215 Honavar Haldipur 74.41691 14.34341 0.08768 Badgani estuary
216 Honavar Honavar 74.48752 14.27061 0.08302 Sharavathi estuary
217 Honavar Honavar 74.43634 14.28650 0.08293 Sharavathi estuary
218 Honavar Haldipur 74.41553 14.34854 0.08201 Badgani estuary
219 Honavar Haldipur 74.41792 14.33869 0.08188 Badgani estuary
220 Salkod Aunsalli 74.42873 14.36770 0.08152 Badgani estuary
221 Honavar Haldipur 74.42167 14.33173 0.08071 Badgani estuary
222 Honavar Honavar 74.47274 14.27378 0.08003 Sharavathi estuary
223 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46989 14.25905 0.07823 Sharavathi estuary
224 Honavar Honavar 74.42425 14.31011 0.07693 Badgani estuary
225 Honavar Honavar 74.46738 14.28101 0.07692 Sharavathi estuary
226 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47187 14.26463 0.07630 Sharavathi estuary
227 Honavar Honavar 74.42691 14.32147 0.07359 Badgani estuary
228 Honavar Honavar 74.42223 14.31413 0.07272 Badgani estuary
229 Honavar Haldipur 74.41996 14.31765 0.07147 Badgani estuary
230 Honavar Honavar 74.46259 14.26983 0.07134 Sharavathi estuary
231 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46896 14.26474 0.07108 Sharavathi estuary
232 Honavar Honavar 74.47973 14.26045 0.07068 Sharavathi estuary
233 Honavar Honavar 74.42504 14.30941 0.06892 Badgani estuary
234 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46712 14.25514 0.06866 Sharavathi estuary
235 Honavar Honavar 74.42370 14.30936 0.06771 Badgani estuary Continued……
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
119
236 Honavar Haldipur 74.42425 14.32635 0.06714 Badgani estuary
237 Hadinbal Hadinbal 74.51312 14.28807 0.06561 Sharavathi estuary
238 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43734 14.37599 0.06472 Badgani estuary
239 Honavar Haldipur 74.41766 14.33665 0.06411 Badgani estuary
240 Honavar Haldipur 74.41969 14.33414 0.06210 Badgani estuary
241 Honavar Honavar 74.46134 14.27099 0.06149 Sharavathi estuary
242 Honavar Honavar 74.43653 14.28387 0.06134 Sharavathi estuary
243 Honavar Honavar 74.43984 14.28513 0.06074 Sharavathi estuary
244 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46824 14.25613 0.06064 Sharavathi estuary
245 Honavar Haldipur 74.41996 14.33483 0.05893 Badgani estuary
246 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47773 14.26366 0.05881 Sharavathi estuary
247 Honavar Kasarkod 74.42680 14.28427 0.05812 Sharavathi estuary
248 Honavar Haldipur 74.41555 14.34578 0.05798 Badgani estuary
249 Salkod Aunsalli 74.44911 14.38168 0.05747 Badgani estuary
250 Honavar Honavar 74.46671 14.27239 0.05686 Sharavathi estuary
251 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47464 14.26576 0.05683 Sharavathi estuary
252 Honavar Honavar 74.43669 14.28241 0.05646 Sharavathi estuary
253 Honavar Honavar 74.50279 14.27774 0.05561 Sharavathi estuary
254 Honavar Haldipur 74.42289 14.32835 0.05516 Badgani estuary
255 Honavar Honavar 74.42111 14.30601 0.05515 Badgani estuary
256 Honavar Haldipur 74.42123 14.33091 0.05491 Badgani estuary
257 Honavar Haldipur 74.42558 14.32874 0.05427 Badgani estuary
258 Honavar Honavar 74.47094 14.27924 0.05419 Sharavathi estuary
259 Honavar Honavar 74.42568 14.30379 0.05357 Badgani estuary
260 Honavar Honavar 74.43622 14.28289 0.05280 Sharavathi estuary
261 Honavar Haldipur 74.42593 14.36150 0.05251 Badgani estuary
262 Honavar Honavar 74.42067 14.31358 0.05236 Badgani estuary
263 Honavar Haldipur 74.41863 14.32818 0.05224 Badgani estuary
264 Honavar Honavar 74.42639 14.30967 0.05178 Badgani estuary
265 Honavar Haldipur 74.41459 14.34552 0.05167 Badgani estuary
266 Honavar Honavar 74.47324 14.28750 0.05114 Sharavathi estuary
267 Honavar Haldipur 74.42352 14.32589 0.05075 Badgani estuary
268 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46057 14.25385 0.05052 Sharavathi estuary
269 Honavar Honavar 74.42213 14.31359 0.05026 Badgani estuary
270 Honavar Honavar 74.44026 14.28691 0.04961 Sharavathi estuary
271 Honavar Honavar 74.42788 14.32257 0.04951 Badgani estuary
272 Honavar Honavar 74.49774 14.26907 0.04930 Sharavathi estuary
273 Honavar Honavar 74.43434 14.28773 0.04903 Sharavathi estuary
274 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47301 14.26540 0.04774 Sharavathi estuary
275 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47259 14.26504 0.04756 Sharavathi estuary Continued……
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
120
276 Honavar Honavar 74.49827 14.26861 0.04725 Sharavathi estuary
277 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44987 14.25557 0.04663 Sharavathi estuary
278 Honavar Honavar 74.47182 14.26674 0.04621 Sharavathi estuary
279 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46663 14.26737 0.04621 Sharavathi estuary
280 Honavar Honavar 74.48739 14.27525 0.04619 Sharavathi estuary
281 Honavar Honavar 74.47004 14.27152 0.04603 Sharavathi estuary
282 Honavar Honavar 74.45982 14.27754 0.04562 Sharavathi estuary
283 Honavar Honavar 74.47435 14.27561 0.04558 Sharavathi estuary
284 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43912 14.37502 0.04556 Badgani estuary
285 Honavar Honavar 74.50453 14.27564 0.04514 Sharavathi estuary
286 Honavar Honavar 74.42737 14.30833 0.04503 Badgani estuary
287 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43844 14.37606 0.04470 Badgani estuary
288 Honavar Haldipur 74.41922 14.31987 0.04447 Badgani estuary
289 Honavar Honavar 74.42431 14.31381 0.04408 Badgani estuary
290 Honavar Honavar 74.47240 14.27286 0.04365 Sharavathi estuary
291 Honavar Honavar 74.42844 14.31042 0.04344 Badgani estuary
292 Honavar Kasarkod 74.42999 14.27653 0.04277 Sharavathi estuary
293 Honavar Honavar 74.45947 14.27735 0.04222 Sharavathi estuary
294 Honavar Honavar 74.47464 14.26576 0.04218 Sharavathi estuary
295 Honavar Honavar 74.42823 14.32255 0.04192 Badgani estuary
296 Honavar Honavar 74.44492 14.27560 0.04150 Sharavathi estuary
297 Honavar Honavar 74.42440 14.30922 0.04060 Badgani estuary
298 Honavar Haldipur 74.41908 14.32007 0.04047 Badgani estuary
299 Honavar Haldipur 74.42332 14.32436 0.04032 Badgani estuary
300 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46339 14.25812 0.04027 Sharavathi estuary
301 Honavar Honavar 74.43951 14.28451 0.04018 Sharavathi estuary
302 Honavar Honavar 74.46184 14.27092 0.04017 Sharavathi estuary
303 Honavar Honavar 74.50372 14.26944 0.03990 Sharavathi estuary
304 Honavar Haldipur 74.42341 14.35193 0.03940 Badgani estuary
305 Honavar Honavar 74.42397 14.30284 0.03846 Badgani estuary
306 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43585 14.37614 0.03816 Badgani estuary
307 Honavar Honavar 74.44050 14.28602 0.03772 Sharavathi estuary
308 Salkod Aunsalli 74.42869 14.36393 0.03629 Badgani estuary
309 Honavar Honavar 74.43423 14.28815 0.03619 Sharavathi estuary
310 Honavar Honavar 74.46074 14.27771 0.03611 Sharavathi estuary
311 Honavar Haldipur 74.41858 14.32804 0.03599 Badgani estuary
312 Honavar Honavar 74.41988 14.31280 0.03598 Badgani estuary
313 Honavar Honavar 74.50305 14.27749 0.03561 Sharavathi estuary
314 Honavar Haldipur 74.42024 14.31415 0.03554 Badgani estuary
315 Honavar Honavar 74.42844 14.32234 0.03491 Badgani estuary Continued……
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316 Honavar Haldipur 74.42028 14.31482 0.03461 Badgani estuary
317 Honavar Honavar 74.42126 14.30558 0.03415 Badgani estuary
318 Honavar Honavar 74.47718 14.29145 0.03402 Sharavathi estuary
319 Honavar Honavar 74.47343 14.27792 0.03398 Sharavathi estuary
320 Honavar Kasarkod 74.42922 14.27794 0.03349 Sharavathi estuary
321 Honavar Honavar 74.42232 14.31058 0.03313 Badgani estuary
322 Honavar Haldipur 74.42403 14.32743 0.03286 Badgani estuary
323 Honavar Honavar 74.42355 14.31179 0.03257 Badgani estuary
324 Honavar Haldipur 74.41576 14.34774 0.03096 Badgani estuary
325 Honavar Honavar 74.47744 14.29385 0.03092 Sharavathi estuary
326 Honavar Haldipur 74.42287 14.32689 0.03089 Badgani estuary
327 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47182 14.26674 0.03052 Sharavathi estuary
328 Honavar Haldipur 74.41934 14.33367 0.03009 Badgani estuary
329 Honavar Honavar 74.41889 14.31195 0.03006 Badgani estuary
330 Honavar Haldipur 74.42515 14.33075 0.03001 Badgani estuary
331 Honavar Honavar 74.46606 14.27514 0.02975 Sharavathi estuary
332 Honavar Haldipur 74.41693 14.33650 0.02928 Badgani estuary
333 Honavar Honavar 74.47369 14.26619 0.02914 Sharavathi estuary
334 Honavar Haldipur 74.42063 14.33432 0.02898 Badgani estuary
335 Honavar Haldipur 74.42200 14.32581 0.02896 Badgani estuary
336 Honavar Kasarkod 74.42899 14.27832 0.02882 Sharavathi estuary
337 Honavar Honavar 74.47172 14.27924 0.02786 Sharavathi estuary
338 Honavar Honavar 74.42079 14.31228 0.02706 Badgani estuary
339 Honavar Haldipur 74.42507 14.35632 0.02609 Badgani estuary
340 Honavar Haldipur 74.41516 14.34528 0.02575 Badgani estuary
341 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43741 14.37645 0.02555 Badgani estuary
342 Honavar Honavar 74.47178 14.26613 0.02491 Sharavathi estuary
343 Honavar Haldipur 74.42441 14.32652 0.02475 Badgani estuary
344 Honavar Honavar 74.42567 14.30319 0.02471 Badgani estuary
345 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43444 14.37686 0.02443 Badgani estuary
346 Honavar Haldipur 74.42246 14.32637 0.02374 Badgani estuary
347 Honavar Honavar 74.45864 14.27742 0.02366 Sharavathi estuary
348 Honavar Haldipur 74.41631 14.33597 0.02340 Badgani estuary
349 Honavar Kasarkod 74.50353 14.24951 0.02315 Sharavathi estuary
350 Honavar Haldipur 74.41724 14.31389 0.02304 Badgani estuary
351 Salkod Aunsalli 74.42869 14.36253 0.02276 Badgani estuary
352 Honavar Haldipur 74.41493 14.34687 0.02271 Badgani estuary
353 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43076 14.36885 0.02208 Badgani estuary
354 Hadinbal Hadinbal 74.51199 14.28699 0.02199 Sharavathi estuary
355 Honavar Haldipur 74.42484 14.32798 0.02190 Badgani estuary Continued……
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356 Honavar Haldipur 74.42518 14.35397 0.02170 Badgani estuary
357 Honavar Honavar 74.50729 14.27956 0.02160 Sharavathi estuary
358 Honavar Haldipur 74.41887 14.34200 0.02062 Badgani estuary
359 Honavar Honavar 74.42278 14.31012 0.02033 Badgani estuary
360 Honavar Haldipur 74.41544 14.34934 0.02005 Badgani estuary
361 Honavar Haldipur 74.41788 14.32233 0.01983 Badgani estuary
362 Honavar Haldipur 74.41502 14.35055 0.01951 Badgani estuary
363 Honavar Honavar 74.42351 14.30308 0.01938 Badgani estuary
364 Honavar Honavar 74.45471 14.27775 0.01929 Sharavathi estuary
365 Honavar Haldipur 74.41512 14.35024 0.01892 Badgani estuary
366 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43691 14.37718 0.01891 Badgani estuary
367 Honavar Honavar 74.50236 14.27864 0.01864 Sharavathi estuary
368 Honavar Haldipur 74.41797 14.32306 0.01808 Badgani estuary
369 Honavar Honavar 74.43959 14.28474 0.01754 Sharavathi estuary
370 Honavar Haldipur 74.41564 14.34993 0.01721 Badgani estuary
371 Honavar Haldipur 74.41865 14.34189 0.01685 Badgani estuary
372 Salkod Aunsalli 74.42848 14.36117 0.01681 Badgani estuary
373 Honavar Haldipur 74.41818 14.33709 0.01657 Badgani estuary
374 Honavar Haldipur 74.42353 14.32564 0.01652 Badgani estuary
375 Honavar Honavar 74.50469 14.27398 0.01648 Sharavathi estuary
376 Honavar Haldipur 74.41896 14.33491 0.01640 Badgani estuary
377 Salkod Aunsalli 74.42908 14.36117 0.01612 Badgani estuary
378 Honavar Haldipur 74.41898 14.33362 0.01588 Badgani estuary
379 Honavar Honavar 74.41735 14.31241 0.01578 Badgani estuary
380 Honavar Haldipur 74.42685 14.36128 0.01535 Badgani estuary
381 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43612 14.37722 0.01532 Badgani estuary
382 Honavar Haldipur 74.41883 14.34050 0.01513 Badgani estuary
383 Honavar Haldipur 74.42419 14.35760 0.01505 Badgani estuary
384 Honavar Haldipur 74.41951 14.33873 0.01477 Badgani estuary
385 Honavar Honavar 74.43682 14.28453 0.01443 Sharavathi estuary
386 Honavar Haldipur 74.41836 14.33585 0.01439 Badgani estuary
387 Honavar Honavar 74.42217 14.31029 0.01421 Badgani estuary
388 Honavar Haldipur 74.42317 14.32989 0.01402 Badgani estuary
389 Honavar Haldipur 74.42509 14.35446 0.01366 Badgani estuary
390 Honavar Honavar 74.42391 14.30247 0.01363 Badgani estuary
391 Honavar Haldipur 74.41548 14.35043 0.01333 Badgani estuary
392 Honavar Haldipur 74.41473 14.34513 0.01317 Badgani estuary
393 Honavar Haldipur 74.41954 14.33932 0.01311 Badgani estuary
394 Honavar Haldipur 74.42475 14.32971 0.01297 Badgani estuary
395 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43471 14.37638 0.01289 Badgani estuary Continued……
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396 Honavar Honavar 74.41731 14.31253 0.01276 Badgani estuary
397 Honavar Honavar 74.43902 14.28361 0.01275 Sharavathi estuary
398 Honavar Haldipur 74.41899 14.34183 0.01261 Badgani estuary
399 Honavar Haldipur 74.41620 14.34731 0.01235 Badgani estuary
400 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46356 14.26841 0.01214 Sharavathi estuary
401 Honavar Haldipur 74.42426 14.33157 0.01200 Badgani estuary
402 Honavar Haldipur 74.41908 14.33501 0.01192 Badgani estuary
403 Salkod Aunsalli 74.42936 14.36091 0.01155 Badgani estuary
404 Salkod Aunsalli 74.42851 14.36306 0.01120 Badgani estuary
405 Salkod Aunsalli 74.42925 14.36195 0.01080 Badgani estuary
406 Salkod Aunsalli 74.42818 14.36641 0.01020 Badgani estuary
407 Honavar Haldipur 74.41781 14.34458 0.01017 Badgani estuary
408 Honavar Haldipur 74.41855 14.32544 0.01014 Badgani estuary
409 Honavar Haldipur 74.42393 14.32426 0.01009 Badgani estuary
410 Honavar Haldipur 74.41875 14.34290 0.00994 Badgani estuary
411 Honavar Honavar 74.43461 14.28822 0.00968 Sharavathi estuary
412 Honavar Haldipur 74.41508 14.34969 0.00963 Badgani estuary
413 Honavar Honavar 74.45720 14.27740 0.00927 Sharavathi estuary
414 Honavar Haldipur 74.41704 14.34564 0.00907 Badgani estuary
415 Honavar Haldipur 74.42725 14.36122 0.00892 Badgani estuary
416 Salkod Aunsalli 74.42872 14.36138 0.00866 Badgani estuary
417 Honavar Haldipur 74.42439 14.32904 0.00858 Badgani estuary
418 Honavar Haldipur 74.41914 14.33925 0.00858 Badgani estuary
419 Honavar Haldipur 74.42548 14.35879 0.00824 Badgani estuary
420 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43228 14.37116 0.00814 Badgani estuary
421 Honavar Honavar 74.47382 14.27569 0.00810 Sharavathi estuary
422 Honavar Haldipur 74.42622 14.35940 0.00801 Badgani estuary
423 Honavar Haldipur 74.41576 14.34512 0.00788 Badgani estuary
424 Honavar Honavar 74.42198 14.30985 0.00764 Badgani estuary
425 Honavar Haldipur 74.41662 14.34793 0.00754 Badgani estuary
426 Honavar Haldipur 74.42019 14.33436 0.00748 Badgani estuary
427 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43093 14.36950 0.00730 Badgani estuary
428 Honavar Haldipur 74.42063 14.33457 0.00725 Badgani estuary
429 Salkod Aunsalli 74.42824 14.36588 0.00719 Badgani estuary
430 Honavar Haldipur 74.42429 14.32405 0.00682 Badgani estuary
431 Honavar Haldipur 74.42054 14.33414 0.00666 Badgani estuary
432 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43098 14.36998 0.00650 Badgani estuary
433 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43109 14.36886 0.00646 Badgani estuary
434 Honavar Haldipur 74.42527 14.32924 0.00617 Badgani estuary
435 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47905 14.26295 0.00614 Sharavathi estuary Continued……
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436 Honavar Haldipur 74.42386 14.32959 0.00564 Badgani estuary
437 Salkod Aunsalli 74.42998 14.36065 0.00561 Badgani estuary
438 Honavar Haldipur 74.41607 14.34767 0.00523 Badgani estuary
439 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43120 14.37020 0.00519 Badgani estuary
440 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43111 14.37001 0.00513 Badgani estuary
441 Honavar Haldipur 74.41624 14.34334 0.00486 Badgani estuary
442 Honavar Haldipur 74.42057 14.33402 0.00400 Badgani estuary
443 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43113 14.36941 0.00393 Badgani estuary
444 Honavar Haldipur 74.42065 14.33412 0.00327 Badgani estuary
445 Salkod Aunsalli 74.42962 14.36860 0.00308 Badgani estuary
446 Honavar Haldipur 74.41592 14.34336 0.00281 Badgani estuary
447 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45150 14.26153 0.00084 Sharavathi estuary
448 Honavar Honavar 74.47393 14.26586 0.00060 Sharavathi estuary
449 Honavar Haldipur 74.42998 14.36065 0.00006 Badgani estuary
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ANNEXURE-IV
Location and Area (h) of mangrove patches in Kumta Range
Sl.No Section Beat Location Mangrove
patch Area(h)
River Longitude Latitude
1 Chandavar Manaki 74.38941 14.47125 2.76554 Aghanashini estuary
2 Chandavar Manaki 74.37676 14.50089 1.41892 Aghanashini estuary
3 Chandavar Manaki 74.38880 14.46719 1.39976 Aghanashini estuary
4 Chandavar Manaki 74.38135 14.48122 1.15387 Aghanashini estuary
5 Chandavar Manaki 74.38060 14.49180 1.14772 Aghanashini estuary
6 Chandavar Manaki 74.37659 14.50569 0.98422 Aghanashini estuary
7 Chandavar Kumta 74.40827 14.40994 0.88788 Kumta creek
8 Chandavar Manaki 74.40401 14.45418 0.85895 Aghanashini estuary
9 Chandavar Manaki 74.38581 14.47911 0.83786 Aghanashini estuary
10 Chandavar Kumta 74.40101 14.42103 0.77517 Kumta creek
11 Chandavar Manaki 74.38033 14.50614 0.76307 Aghanashini estuary
12 Chandavar Kumta 74.42419 14.35760 0.71541 Badgani estuary
13 Chandavar Kumta 74.40843 14.41596 0.70634 Kumta creek
14 Chandavar Kumta 74.40660 14.41891 0.67465 Kumta creek
15 Chandavar Kumta 74.40723 14.41730 0.65681 Kumta creek
16 Chandavar Kumta 74.40572 14.41863 0.63487 Kumta creek
17 Chandavar Kumta 74.40834 14.40762 0.63319 Kumta creek
18 Chandavar Kumta 74.40826 14.41383 0.57872 Kumta creek
19 Chandavar Manaki 74.38640 14.46605 0.56131 Aghanashini estuary
20 Chandavar Manaki 74.39030 14.47507 0.50092 Aghanashini estuary
21 Chandavar Manaki 74.38506 14.48162 0.49705 Aghanashini estuary
22 Chandavar Kumta 74.40788 14.41268 0.46811 Kumta creek
23 Chandavar Kumta 74.40308 14.42246 0.46605 Kumta creek
24 Chandavar Manaki 74.38493 14.50688 0.46541 Aghanashini estuary
25 Chandavar Manaki 74.39024 14.46352 0.45982 Aghanashini estuary
26 Chandavar Manaki 74.38124 14.48482 0.44210 Aghanashini estuary
27 Chandavar Manaki 74.39179 14.46254 0.41000 Aghanashini estuary
28 Chandavar Kumta 74.40781 14.40688 0.40851 Kumta creek
29 Chandavar Manaki 74.38404 14.48837 0.38116 Aghanashini estuary
30 Chandavar Kumta 74.39539 14.42100 0.36621 Kumta creek
31 Chandavar Kumta 74.40363 14.38587 0.36145 Dhareshwar creek
32 Chandavar Manaki 74.37905 14.49598 0.36139 Aghanashini estuary
33 Chandavar Manaki 74.40567 14.45427 0.34178 Aghanashini estuary
34 Chandavar Manaki 74.38854 14.47419 0.32674 Aghanashini estuary
35 Chandavar Manaki 74.38825 14.47262 0.32076 Aghanashini estuary
36 Chandavar Manaki 74.39496 14.46072 0.31369 Aghanashini estuary
Continued……
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37 Chandavar Manaki 74.39261 14.47575 0.31197 Aghanashini estuary
38 Chandavar Kumta 74.39499 14.42311 0.30825 Kumta creek
39 Chandavar Manaki 74.40939 14.45391 0.30433 Aghanashini estuary
40 Chandavar Kumta 74.40945 14.41643 0.30387 Kumta creek
41 Chandavar Manaki 74.38566 14.47277 0.29879 Aghanashini estuary
42 Chandavar Kumta 74.44262 14.38300 0.29874 Badgani estuary
43 Chandavar Manaki 74.40681 14.45566 0.28903 Aghanashini estuary
44 Chandavar Manaki 74.40702 14.46694 0.27434 Aghanashini estuary
45 Chandavar Manaki 74.37721 14.50774 0.27375 Aghanashini estuary
46 Chandavar Manaki 74.38967 14.46828 0.27218 Aghanashini estuary
47 Chandavar Kumta 74.42657 14.37916 0.26429 Badgani estuary
48 Chandavar Kumta 74.43398 14.37629 0.25646 Badgani estuary
49 Chandavar Chandavar 74.44607 14.38300 0.25611 Badgani estuary
50 Chandavar Manaki 74.39226 14.46311 0.24268 Aghanashini estuary
51 Chandavar Kumta 74.39431 14.42069 0.23597 Kumta creek
52 Chandavar Manaki 74.40363 14.45308 0.22899 Aghanashini estuary
53 Chandavar Manaki 74.38651 14.47013 0.22726 Aghanashini estuary
54 Chandavar Kumta 74.41641 14.35491 0.22617 Badgani estuary
55 Chandavar Kumta 74.39730 14.42954 0.22428 Kumta creek
56 Chandavar Manaki 74.37452 14.52449 0.21676 Aghanashini estuary
57 Chandavar Kumta 74.40462 14.42626 0.21075 Kumta creek
58 Chandavar Manaki 74.38145 14.48736 0.20896 Aghanashini estuary
59 Chandavar Kumta 74.40392 14.38390 0.20563 Dhareshwar creek
60 Chandavar Kumta 74.40677 14.42031 0.20198 Kumta creek
61 Chandavar Kumta 74.43121 14.37265 0.20127 Badgani estuary
62 Chandavar Kumta 74.44352 14.38231 0.19599 Badgani estuary
63 Chandavar Manaki 74.40860 14.45490 0.19271 Aghanashini estuary
64 Chandavar Kumta 74.43617 14.37334 0.18581 Badgani estuary
65 Chandavar Kumta 74.43615 14.37387 0.18283 Badgani estuary
66 Chandavar Kumta 74.41068 14.40445 0.18090 Kumta creek
67 Chandavar Kumta 74.40963 14.40540 0.17449 Kumta creek
68 Chandavar Manaki 74.38394 14.47788 0.17082 Aghanashini estuary
69 Chandavar Kumta 74.43590 14.37968 0.17031 Badgani estuary
70 Chandavar Kumta 74.42992 14.38135 0.16589 Badgani estuary
71 Chandavar Manaki 74.38788 14.47075 0.16576 Aghanashini estuary
72 Chandavar Kumta 74.43363 14.37563 0.16414 Badgani estuary
73 Chandavar Kumta 74.42593 14.36150 0.16357 Badgani estuary
74 Chandavar Kumta 74.42684 14.36613 0.16331 Badgani estuary
75 Chandavar Kumta 74.43419 14.37773 0.16145 Badgani estuary
76 Chandavar Manaki 74.40843 14.45359 0.16002 Aghanashini estuary
Continued……
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77 Chandavar Manaki 74.40735 14.45467 0.15970 Aghanashini estuary
78 Chandavar Kumta 74.43507 14.36915 0.15857 Badgani estuary
79 Chandavar Manaki 74.40719 14.45477 0.15300 Aghanashini estuary
80 Chandavar Kumta 74.40642 14.41867 0.15281 Kumta creek
81 Chandavar Kumta 74.40870 14.40657 0.15262 Kumta creek
82 Chandavar Kumta 74.43471 14.37638 0.15059 Badgani estuary
83 Chandavar Kumta 74.42587 14.35892 0.15040 Badgani estuary
84 Chandavar Manaki 74.43517 14.44902 0.14807 Aghanashini estuary
85 Chandavar Manaki 74.39335 14.46366 0.14789 Aghanashini estuary
86 Chandavar Kumta 74.40828 14.41885 0.14540 Aghnashini estuary
87 Chandavar Manaki 74.38837 14.47553 0.14421 Aghanashini estuary
88 Chandavar Kumta 74.43444 14.37686 0.14296 Badgani estuary
89 Chandavar Kumta 74.41046 14.40359 0.14229 Kumta creek
90 Chandavar Manaki 74.40594 14.45559 0.14196 Aghanashini estuary
91 Chandavar Kumta 74.40233 14.42085 0.13722 Kumta creek
92 Chandavar Kumta 74.40753 14.41634 0.13714 Kumta creek
93 Chandavar Chandavar 74.44834 14.38279 0.13661 Badgani estuary
94 Chandavar Kumta 74.39438 14.42304 0.13539 Kumta creek
95 Chandavar Manaki 74.43047 14.44562 0.13518 Aghanashini estuary
96 Chandavar Kumta 74.40870 14.41042 0.13511 Kumta creek
97 Chandavar Kumta 74.40114 14.42070 0.13412 Kumta creek
98 Chandavar Manaki 74.41498 14.47819 0.13046 Aghanashini estuary
99 Chandavar Kumta 74.39551 14.42292 0.12703 Kumta creek
100 Chandavar Manaki 74.43051 14.47255 0.12688 Aghanashini estuary
101 Chandavar Kumta 74.43492 14.37948 0.12548 Badgani estuary
102 Chandavar Manaki 74.37784 14.51835 0.12356 Aghanashini estuary
103 Chandavar Kumta 74.40337 14.38566 0.12111 Dhareshwar creek
104 Chandavar Kumta 74.40419 14.38280 0.12024 Dhareshwar creek
105 Chandavar Manaki 74.41395 14.47564 0.11963 Aghanashini estuary
106 Chandavar Chandavar 74.44525 14.38218 0.11876 Badgani estuary
107 Chandavar Kumta 74.41780 14.35510 0.11637 Badgani estuary
108 Chandavar Manaki 74.43079 14.44705 0.11473 Aghanashini estuary
109 Chandavar Manaki 74.43381 14.45047 0.11432 Aghanashini estuary
110 Chandavar Kumta 74.43304 14.37947 0.11366 Badgani estuary
111 Chandavar Kumta 74.39440 14.42424 0.11323 Kumta creek
112 Chandavar Kumta 74.42548 14.35879 0.11075 Badgani estuary
113 Chandavar Manaki 74.39036 14.46817 0.10828 Aghanashini estuary
114 Chandavar Kumta 74.40875 14.41157 0.10797 Kumta creek
115 Chandavar Kumta 74.42774 14.36828 0.10715 Badgani estuary
116 Chandavar Chandavar 74.44714 14.38303 0.10443 Badgani estuary
Continued……
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117 Chandavar Manaki 74.38299 14.48218 0.10328 Aghanashini estuary
118 Chandavar Chandavar 74.44437 14.38193 0.10121 Badgani estuary
119 Chandavar Kumta 74.40493 14.42007 0.10018 Kumta creek
120 Chandavar Manaki 74.41840 14.47736 0.09931 Aghanashini estuary
121 Chandavar Manaki 74.39260 14.46497 0.09805 Aghanashini estuary
122 Chandavar Manaki 74.39392 14.46243 0.09759 Aghanashini estuary
123 Chandavar Kumta 74.40520 14.42071 0.09749 Kumta creek
124 Chandavar Kumta 74.43393 14.37789 0.09632 Badgani estuary
125 Chandavar Manaki 74.40919 14.45469 0.09445 Aghanashini estuary
126 Chandavar Manaki 74.40356 14.45470 0.09428 Aghanashini estuary
127 Chandavar Kumta 74.40910 14.40570 0.09377 Kumta creek
128 Chandavar Kumta 74.40431 14.38383 0.09179 Dhareshwar creek
129 Chandavar Manaki 74.39220 14.46578 0.09167 Aghanashini estuary
130 Chandavar Manaki 74.38625 14.47685 0.09120 Aghanashini estuary
131 Chandavar Manaki 74.44268 14.44320 0.09102 Aghanashini estuary
132 Chandavar Kumta 74.42871 14.38146 0.09081 Badgani estuary
133 Chandavar Kumta 74.39962 14.41983 0.09077 Kumta creek
134 Chandavar Manaki 74.40216 14.45444 0.08979 Aghanashini estuary
135 Chandavar Kumta 74.39581 14.42077 0.08752 Kumta creek
136 Chandavar Kumta 74.39664 14.42438 0.08679 Kumta creek
137 Chandavar Manaki 74.41135 14.47567 0.08423 Aghanashini estuary
138 Chandavar Kumta 74.42751 14.38074 0.08378 Badgani estuary
139 Chandavar Manaki 74.40973 14.45656 0.08207 Aghanashini estuary
140 Chandavar Kumta 74.39368 14.42204 0.08171 Kumta creek
141 Chandavar Manaki 74.43246 14.44241 0.08055 Aghanashini estuary
142 Chandavar Kumta 74.41090 14.40357 0.08015 Kumta creek
143 Chandavar Kumta 74.42633 14.36715 0.07874 Badgani estuary
144 Chandavar Kumta 74.42901 14.38119 0.07838 Badgani estuary
145 Chandavar Manaki 74.41086 14.47574 0.07628 Aghanashini estuary
146 Chandavar Kumta 74.41364 14.35033 0.07627 Badgani estuary
147 Chandavar Kumta 74.41018 14.40427 0.07592 Kumta creek
148 Chandavar Manaki 74.42899 14.47423 0.07356 Aghanashini estuary
149 Chandavar Kumta 74.40782 14.41061 0.07305 Kumta creek
150 Chandavar Kumta 74.40847 14.41237 0.07283 Kumta creek
151 Chandavar Manaki 74.40950 14.47613 0.07242 Aghanashini estuary
152 Chandavar Kumta 74.41253 14.40288 0.07193 Kumta creek
153 Chandavar Kumta 74.41157 14.40293 0.07168 Kumta creek
154 Chandavar Kumta 74.41239 14.40332 0.07041 Kumta creek
155 Chandavar Kumta 74.40944 14.40534 0.07006 Kumta creek
156 Chandavar Kumta 74.42807 14.36779 0.06962 Badgani estuary
Continued……
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157 Chandavar Kumta 74.41769 14.35501 0.06940 Badgani estuary
158 Chandavar Kumta 74.43900 14.38380 0.06929 Badgani estuary
159 Chandavar Kumta 74.39413 14.42405 0.06917 Kumta creek
160 Chandavar Kumta 74.40329 14.38471 0.06886 Dhareshwar creek
161 Chandavar Kumta 74.40165 14.42131 0.06803 Kumta creek
162 Chandavar Kumta 74.41096 14.40467 0.06787 Kumta creek
163 Chandavar Manaki 74.40743 14.45232 0.06769 Aghanashini estuary
164 Chandavar Kumta 74.42607 14.40541 0.06759 Kumta creek
165 Chandavar Kumta 74.40330 14.42203 0.06746 Kumta creek
166 Chandavar Manaki 74.40129 14.45378 0.06722 Aghanashini estuary
167 Chandavar Kumta 74.40251 14.42196 0.06721 Kumta creek
168 Chandavar Kumta 74.43485 14.37785 0.06589 Badgani estuary
169 Chandavar Manaki 74.42090 14.48044 0.06466 Aghanashini estuary
170 Chandavar Kumta 74.40921 14.41365 0.06445 Kumta creek
171 Chandavar Kumta 74.42518 14.40571 0.06386 Kumta creek
172 Chandavar Manaki 74.40786 14.45280 0.06344 Aghanashini estuary
173 Chandavar Kumta 74.41227 14.40307 0.06284 Kumta creek
174 Chandavar Kumta 74.40750 14.41562 0.06276 Kumta creek
175 Chandavar Kumta 74.42873 14.36770 0.06227 Badgani estuary
176 Chandavar Kumta 74.43468 14.37881 0.06105 Badgani estuary
177 Chandavar Kumta 74.41347 14.34711 0.06104 Badgani estuary
178 Chandavar Manaki 74.41161 14.45498 0.06061 Aghanashini estuary
179 Chandavar Kumta 74.40758 14.41883 0.06044 Kumta creek
180 Chandavar Manaki 74.40681 14.46673 0.05912 Aghanashini estuary
181 Chandavar Kumta 74.39385 14.42179 0.05907 Kumta creek
182 Chandavar Manaki 74.40948 14.45667 0.05904 Aghanashini estuary
183 Chandavar Manaki 74.40397 14.45279 0.05793 Aghanashini estuary
184 Chandavar Manaki 74.41460 14.47859 0.05703 Aghanashini estuary
185 Chandavar Manaki 74.41126 14.47605 0.05672 Aghanashini estuary
186 Chandavar Manaki 74.43299 14.46904 0.05620 Aghanashini estuary
187 Chandavar Kumta 74.39399 14.42540 0.05614 Kumta creek
188 Chandavar Kumta 74.40410 14.42187 0.05603 Kumta creek
189 Chandavar Chandavar 74.44352 14.38231 0.05514 Badgani estuary
190 Chandavar Kumta 74.43179 14.38264 0.05438 Badgani estuary
191 Chandavar Manaki 74.40765 14.45330 0.05403 Aghanashini estuary
192 Chandavar Chandavar 74.44467 14.38209 0.05281 Badgani estuary
193 Chandavar Manaki 74.38307 14.50790 0.05259 Aghanashini estuary
194 Chandavar Kumta 74.43673 14.37506 0.05106 Badgani estuary
195 Chandavar Kumta 74.42441 14.35860 0.05033 Badgani estuary
196 Chandavar Manaki 74.43169 14.47079 0.05009 Aghanashini estuary
Continued……
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197 Chandavar Kumta 74.41000 14.40569 0.05001 Kumta creek
198 Chandavar Kumta 74.41072 14.40330 0.04988 Kumta creek
199 Chandavar Kumta 74.41399 14.34592 0.04939 Badgani estuary
200 Chandavar Kumta 74.39869 14.42016 0.04845 Kumta creek
201 Chandavar Kumta 74.40767 14.41913 0.04774 Aghnashini estuary
202 Chandavar Manaki 74.40852 14.46367 0.04759 Aghanashini estuary
203 Chandavar Manaki 74.41166 14.47568 0.04747 Aghanashini estuary
204 Chandavar Kumta 74.43561 14.37363 0.04712 Badgani estuary
205 Chandavar Manaki 74.40296 14.45030 0.04687 Aghanashini estuary
206 Chandavar Manaki 74.43406 14.45345 0.04654 Aghanashini estuary
207 Chandavar Kumta 74.39412 14.41961 0.04633 Kumta creek
208 Chandavar Manaki 74.39361 14.46073 0.04582 Aghanashini estuary
209 Chandavar Kumta 74.42821 14.36423 0.04520 Badgani estuary
210 Chandavar Manaki 74.40769 14.46582 0.04434 Aghanashini estuary
211 Chandavar Manaki 74.41009 14.45594 0.04418 Aghanashini estuary
212 Chandavar Kumta 74.41490 14.35115 0.04387 Badgani estuary
213 Chandavar Kumta 74.43124 14.37308 0.04350 Badgani estuary
214 Chandavar Kumta 74.42945 14.36939 0.04310 Badgani estuary
215 Chandavar Manaki 74.38644 14.47669 0.04297 Aghanashini estuary
216 Chandavar Manaki 74.38048 14.51409 0.04279 Aghanashini estuary
217 Chandavar Kumta 74.43504 14.37367 0.04233 Badgani estuary
218 Chandavar Kumta 74.39685 14.42435 0.04140 Kumta creek
219 Chandavar Kumta 74.39388 14.42243 0.04138 Kumta creek
220 Chandavar Manaki 74.41797 14.47702 0.04080 Aghanashini estuary
221 Chandavar Manaki 74.40290 14.45233 0.04069 Aghanashini estuary
222 Chandavar Kumta 74.39409 14.42315 0.04050 Kumta creek
223 Chandavar Kumta 74.39448 14.42692 0.04047 Kumta creek
224 Chandavar Manaki 74.40770 14.45854 0.03957 Aghanashini estuary
225 Chandavar Manaki 74.40317 14.45287 0.03954 Aghanashini estuary
226 Chandavar Kumta 74.42108 14.35754 0.03953 Badgani estuary
227 Chandavar Kumta 74.39939 14.42071 0.03950 Kumta creek
228 Chandavar Kumta 74.40723 14.41956 0.03915 Kumta creek
229 Chandavar Kumta 74.39655 14.42491 0.03866 Kumta creek
230 Chandavar Manaki 74.40445 14.45319 0.03864 Aghanashini estuary
231 Chandavar Manaki 74.43321 14.44861 0.03807 Aghanashini estuary
232 Chandavar Kumta 74.42866 14.36906 0.03802 Badgani estuary
233 Chandavar Kumta 74.39942 14.42443 0.03800 Kumta creek
234 Chandavar Kumta 74.40757 14.41405 0.03779 Kumta creek
235 Chandavar Kumta 74.43229 14.37366 0.03764 Badgani estuary
236 Chandavar Kumta 74.43585 14.38041 0.03744 Badgani estuary
Continued……
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237 Chandavar Kumta 74.42848 14.36117 0.03742 Badgani estuary
238 Chandavar Manaki 74.40204 14.45404 0.03683 Aghanashini estuary
239 Chandavar Kumta 74.39549 14.42957 0.03645 Kumta creek
240 Chandavar Kumta 74.40232 14.42489 0.03626 Kumta creek
241 Chandavar Kumta 74.42453 14.36833 0.03600 Badgani estuary
242 Chandavar Kumta 74.41405 14.35057 0.03514 Badgani estuary
243 Chandavar Manaki 74.40402 14.45663 0.03501 Aghanashini estuary
244 Chandavar Manaki 74.40324 14.45246 0.03492 Aghanashini estuary
245 Chandavar Manaki 74.41281 14.47518 0.03483 Aghanashini estuary
246 Chandavar Kumta 74.39393 14.41794 0.03374 Kumta creek
247 Chandavar Kumta 74.39371 14.42475 0.03372 Kumta creek
248 Chandavar Kumta 74.43947 14.38305 0.03345 Badgani estuary
249 Chandavar Manaki 74.40330 14.45108 0.03308 Aghanashini estuary
250 Chandavar Kumta 74.40921 14.40492 0.03299 Kumta creek
251 Chandavar Kumta 74.43000 14.37180 0.03294 Badgani estuary
252 Chandavar Manaki 74.40126 14.45832 0.03281 Aghanashini estuary
253 Chandavar Manaki 74.43391 14.46392 0.03246 Aghanashini estuary
254 Chandavar Kumta 74.39433 14.42223 0.03168 Kumta creek
255 Chandavar Kumta 74.43349 14.37769 0.03115 Badgani estuary
256 Chandavar Kumta 74.43439 14.37805 0.02989 Badgani estuary
257 Chandavar Kumta 74.40209 14.42154 0.02985 Kumta creek
258 Chandavar Kumta 74.41472 14.35117 0.02974 Badgani estuary
259 Chandavar Kumta 74.43203 14.37293 0.02903 Badgani estuary
260 Chandavar Kumta 74.42903 14.36893 0.02892 Badgani estuary
261 Chandavar Manaki 74.41719 14.47712 0.02857 Aghanashini estuary
262 Chandavar Manaki 74.41180 14.47625 0.02841 Aghanashini estuary
263 Chandavar Kumta 74.42576 14.36439 0.02829 Badgani estuary
264 Chandavar Manaki 74.43603 14.45023 0.02821 Aghanashini estuary
265 Chandavar Kumta 74.42261 14.35468 0.02759 Badgani estuary
266 Chandavar Manaki 74.40821 14.45752 0.02726 Aghanashini estuary
267 Chandavar Kumta 74.43134 14.38212 0.02664 Badgani estuary
268 Chandavar Manaki 74.40902 14.45731 0.02662 Aghanashini estuary
269 Chandavar Manaki 74.40266 14.45388 0.02644 Aghanashini estuary
270 Chandavar Manaki 74.40554 14.46905 0.02639 Aghanashini estuary
271 Chandavar Manaki 74.40440 14.45728 0.02591 Aghanashini estuary
272 Chandavar Manaki 74.40874 14.46478 0.02571 Aghanashini estuary
273 Chandavar Kumta 74.39361 14.41920 0.02561 Kumta creek
274 Chandavar Kumta 74.40898 14.40733 0.02561 Kumta creek
275 Chandavar Manaki 74.42317 14.47892 0.02548 Aghanashini estuary
276 Chandavar Kumta 74.41024 14.40525 0.02513 Kumta creek
Continued……
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277 Chandavar Kumta 74.39553 14.42058 0.02495 Kumta creek
278 Chandavar Manaki 74.40937 14.45741 0.02430 Aghanashini estuary
279 Chandavar Kumta 74.43112 14.38166 0.02423 Badgani estuary
280 Chandavar Kumta 74.43550 14.37392 0.02409 Badgani estuary
281 Chandavar Kumta 74.41034 14.40498 0.02400 Kumta creek
282 Chandavar Kumta 74.43342 14.37711 0.02399 Badgani estuary
283 Chandavar Manaki 74.39153 14.46395 0.02366 Aghanashini estuary
284 Chandavar Manaki 74.40793 14.45209 0.02349 Aghanashini estuary
285 Chandavar Manaki 74.40654 14.45576 0.02342 Aghanashini estuary
286 Chandavar Kumta 74.40027 14.41910 0.02328 Kumta creek
287 Chandavar Manaki 74.38088 14.51296 0.02317 Aghanashini estuary
288 Chandavar Kumta 74.41504 14.35204 0.02292 Badgani estuary
289 Chandavar Manaki 74.41868 14.48034 0.02285 Aghanashini estuary
290 Chandavar Manaki 74.40426 14.45695 0.02260 Aghanashini estuary
291 Chandavar Kumta 74.43219 14.37918 0.02219 Badgani estuary
292 Chandavar Kumta 74.41786 14.35588 0.02218 Badgani estuary
293 Chandavar Kumta 74.43734 14.37599 0.02181 Badgani estuary
294 Chandavar Kumta 74.40244 14.42175 0.02180 Kumta creek
295 Chandavar Manaki 74.43858 14.44200 0.02169 Aghanashini estuary
296 Chandavar Kumta 74.40472 14.42162 0.02161 Kumta creek
297 Chandavar Kumta 74.39490 14.42773 0.02090 Kumta creek
298 Chandavar Manaki 74.43356 14.46781 0.02084 Aghanashini estuary
299 Chandavar Kumta 74.41502 14.35055 0.02053 Badgani estuary
300 Chandavar Kumta 74.39423 14.42405 0.02049 Kumta creek
301 Chandavar Kumta 74.41312 14.40348 0.02029 Kumta creek
302 Chandavar Kumta 74.40168 14.42475 0.02022 Kumta creek
303 Chandavar Kumta 74.41769 14.35571 0.01991 Badgani estuary
304 Chandavar Kumta 74.42824 14.36588 0.01987 Badgani estuary
305 Chandavar Kumta 74.42768 14.36478 0.01977 Badgani estuary
306 Chandavar Kumta 74.42888 14.36977 0.01976 Badgani estuary
307 Chandavar Manaki 74.41047 14.45451 0.01970 Aghanashini estuary
308 Chandavar Kumta 74.42922 14.37058 0.01958 Badgani estuary
309 Chandavar Manaki 74.40237 14.45370 0.01951 Aghanashini estuary
310 Chandavar Kumta 74.40587 14.37219 0.01933 Ramangindi
311 Chandavar Kumta 74.42818 14.36641 0.01925 Badgani estuary
312 Chandavar Kumta 74.42325 14.35645 0.01915 Badgani estuary
313 Chandavar Manaki 74.40630 14.45452 0.01913 Aghanashini estuary
314 Chandavar Kumta 74.40379 14.38313 0.01905 Dhareshwar creek
315 Chandavar Manaki 74.43895 14.44194 0.01855 Aghanashini estuary
316 Chandavar Manaki 74.40229 14.45391 0.01846 Aghanashini estuary
Continued……
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317 Chandavar Manaki 74.39394 14.46038 0.01805 Aghanashini estuary
318 Chandavar Kumta 74.42904 14.37015 0.01779 Badgani estuary
319 Chandavar Kumta 74.42747 14.36462 0.01773 Badgani estuary
320 Chandavar Manaki 74.40666 14.46234 0.01773 Aghanashini estuary
321 Chandavar Kumta 74.41816 14.35613 0.01772 Badgani estuary
322 Chandavar Kumta 74.41050 14.40439 0.01768 Kumta creek
323 Chandavar Manaki 74.40625 14.46733 0.01767 Aghanashini estuary
324 Chandavar Kumta 74.40769 14.41317 0.01760 Kumta creek
325 Chandavar Kumta 74.41478 14.35081 0.01759 Badgani estuary
326 Chandavar Kumta 74.40679 14.42002 0.01746 Kumta creek
327 Chandavar Manaki 74.40702 14.46279 0.01746 Aghanashini estuary
328 Chandavar Kumta 74.43229 14.38335 0.01732 Badgani estuary
329 Chandavar Manaki 74.40955 14.45307 0.01727 Aghanashini estuary
330 Chandavar Kumta 74.40967 14.40465 0.01721 Kumta creek
331 Chandavar Manaki 74.42180 14.47983 0.01720 Aghanashini estuary
332 Chandavar Kumta 74.39394 14.42138 0.01716 Kumta creek
333 Chandavar Manaki 74.40889 14.45440 0.01708 Aghanashini estuary
334 Chandavar Manaki 74.43430 14.45994 0.01688 Aghanashini estuary
335 Chandavar Manaki 74.40495 14.45500 0.01687 Aghanashini estuary
336 Chandavar Kumta 74.42020 14.35697 0.01676 Badgani estuary
337 Chandavar Kumta 74.42091 14.35757 0.01675 Badgani estuary
338 Chandavar Manaki 74.41065 14.45409 0.01645 Aghanashini estuary
339 Chandavar Kumta 74.42464 14.36786 0.01642 Badgani estuary
340 Chandavar Kumta 74.43426 14.37754 0.01635 Badgani estuary
341 Chandavar Kumta 74.43101 14.37589 0.01633 Badgani estuary
342 Chandavar Kumta 74.42351 14.35692 0.01626 Badgani estuary
343 Chandavar Manaki 74.43469 14.45347 0.01615 Aghanashini estuary
344 Chandavar Kumta 74.43182 14.37614 0.01561 Badgani estuary
345 Chandavar Kumta 74.42611 14.35982 0.01541 Badgani estuary
346 Chandavar Kumta 74.42592 14.36865 0.01538 Badgani estuary
347 Chandavar Kumta 74.43445 14.37862 0.01529 Badgani estuary
348 Chandavar Kumta 74.43269 14.38254 0.01478 Badgani estuary
349 Chandavar Kumta 74.41807 14.35587 0.01399 Badgani estuary
350 Chandavar Kumta 74.40316 14.42188 0.01388 Kumta creek
351 Chandavar Manaki 74.40585 14.47015 0.01385 Aghanashini estuary
352 Chandavar Kumta 74.42676 14.36963 0.01360 Badgani estuary
353 Chandavar Kumta 74.42582 14.36768 0.01359 Badgani estuary
354 Chandavar Kumta 74.40366 14.42197 0.01340 Kumta creek
355 Chandavar Kumta 74.39418 14.41820 0.01323 Kumta creek
356 Chandavar Manaki 74.41533 14.47910 0.01295 Aghanashini estuary
Continued……
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357 Chandavar Kumta 74.42655 14.36903 0.01292 Badgani estuary
358 Chandavar Manaki 74.41061 14.45628 0.01281 Aghanashini estuary
359 Chandavar Manaki 74.43469 14.44168 0.01254 Aghanashini estuary
360 Chandavar Kumta 74.42534 14.37154 0.01252 Badgani estuary
361 Chandavar Manaki 74.43239 14.46999 0.01250 Aghanashini estuary
362 Chandavar Kumta 74.40359 14.38421 0.01244 Dhareshwar creek
363 Chandavar Kumta 74.42346 14.35636 0.01241 Badgani estuary
364 Chandavar Kumta 74.42394 14.36022 0.01231 Badgani estuary
365 Chandavar Kumta 74.39371 14.42577 0.01219 Kumta creek
366 Chandavar Kumta 74.41441 14.35279 0.01207 Badgani estuary
367 Chandavar Kumta 74.39429 14.42625 0.01195 Kumta creek
368 Chandavar Kumta 74.42310 14.35531 0.01154 Badgani estuary
369 Chandavar Kumta 74.43345 14.37798 0.01148 Badgani estuary
370 Chandavar Manaki 74.38883 14.47896 0.01144 Aghanashini estuary
371 Chandavar Kumta 74.42587 14.35948 0.01140 Badgani estuary
372 Chandavar Kumta 74.40762 14.41845 0.01133 Kumta creek
373 Chandavar Chandavar 74.44702 14.38332 0.01128 Badgani estuary
374 Chandavar Manaki 74.40292 14.45181 0.01124 Aghanashini estuary
375 Chandavar Chandavar 74.44811 14.38229 0.01119 Badgani estuary
376 Chandavar Kumta 74.42324 14.35593 0.01113 Badgani estuary
377 Chandavar Kumta 74.39586 14.42465 0.01059 Kumta creek
378 Chandavar Manaki 74.42710 14.47557 0.01052 Aghanashini estuary
379 Chandavar Kumta 74.42840 14.36814 0.01047 Badgani estuary
380 Chandavar Kumta 74.39612 14.42503 0.01045 Kumta creek
381 Chandavar Kumta 74.41353 14.34878 0.01030 Badgani estuary
382 Chandavar Manaki 74.40872 14.46537 0.01028 Aghanashini estuary
383 Chandavar Chandavar 74.44672 14.38353 0.01012 Badgani estuary
384 Chandavar Kumta 74.39647 14.42058 0.01005 Kumta creek
385 Chandavar Manaki 74.40906 14.45759 0.01003 Aghanashini estuary
386 Chandavar Kumta 74.42130 14.35776 0.00966 Badgani estuary
387 Chandavar Kumta 74.42912 14.36871 0.00960 Badgani estuary
388 Chandavar Kumta 74.42188 14.35735 0.00952 Badgani estuary
389 Chandavar Kumta 74.41354 14.34777 0.00932 Badgani estuary
390 Chandavar Manaki 74.42834 14.47476 0.00927 Aghanashini estuary
391 Chandavar Kumta 74.42334 14.35897 0.00906 Badgani estuary
392 Chandavar Kumta 74.42377 14.36057 0.00890 Badgani estuary
393 Chandavar Kumta 74.43259 14.37344 0.00888 Badgani estuary
394 Chandavar Kumta 74.39445 14.42143 0.00884 Kumta creek
395 Chandavar Chandavar 74.44837 14.38209 0.00882 Badgani estuary
396 Chandavar Manaki 74.41667 14.47896 0.00876 Aghanashini estuary
Continued……
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397 Chandavar Kumta 74.43184 14.37694 0.00874 Badgani estuary
398 Chandavar Manaki 74.40618 14.45402 0.00830 Aghanashini estuary
399 Chandavar Kumta 74.42055 14.35685 0.00829 Badgani estuary
400 Chandavar Kumta 74.39578 14.42470 0.00828 Kumta creek
401 Chandavar Kumta 74.43322 14.37314 0.00820 Badgani estuary
402 Chandavar Kumta 74.42167 14.35795 0.00814 Badgani estuary
403 Chandavar Chandavar 74.44876 14.38224 0.00813 Badgani estuary
404 Chandavar Kumta 74.39684 14.42135 0.00805 Kumta creek
405 Chandavar Kumta 74.39498 14.42480 0.00782 Kumta creek
406 Chandavar Kumta 74.42806 14.36289 0.00781 Badgani estuary
407 Chandavar Manaki 74.40274 14.45124 0.00768 Aghanashini estuary
408 Chandavar Kumta 74.42567 14.35973 0.00728 Badgani estuary
409 Chandavar Kumta 74.42060 14.35714 0.00723 Badgani estuary
410 Chandavar Manaki 74.42132 14.48024 0.00723 Aghanashini estuary
411 Chandavar Kumta 74.42736 14.36224 0.00718 Badgani estuary
412 Chandavar Kumta 74.40637 14.37222 0.00712 Ramangindi
413 Chandavar Kumta 74.39594 14.42994 0.00712 Kumta creek
414 Chandavar Manaki 74.41581 14.47876 0.00709 Aghanashini estuary
415 Chandavar Kumta 74.42303 14.35579 0.00703 Badgani estuary
416 Chandavar Kumta 74.42875 14.36829 0.00701 Badgani estuary
417 Chandavar Kumta 74.42706 14.36170 0.00696 Badgani estuary
418 Chandavar Kumta 74.40431 14.42192 0.00691 Kumta creek
419 Chandavar Kumta 74.43225 14.37345 0.00686 Badgani estuary
420 Chandavar Kumta 74.43622 14.37252 0.00673 Badgani estuary
421 Chandavar Kumta 74.42313 14.35893 0.00671 Badgani estuary
422 Chandavar Kumta 74.40286 14.42184 0.00652 Kumta creek
423 Chandavar Kumta 74.42952 14.37109 0.00644 Badgani estuary
424 Chandavar Manaki 74.43518 14.44166 0.00642 Aghanashini estuary
425 Chandavar Kumta 74.43129 14.37509 0.00641 Badgani estuary
426 Chandavar Kumta 74.43573 14.37404 0.00604 Badgani estuary
427 Chandavar Kumta 74.42037 14.35730 0.00579 Badgani estuary
428 Chandavar Kumta 74.42256 14.35527 0.00577 Badgani estuary
429 Chandavar Kumta 74.42710 14.36609 0.00566 Badgani estuary
430 Chandavar Kumta 74.42727 14.36472 0.00560 Badgani estuary
431 Chandavar Kumta 74.42725 14.36122 0.00552 Badgani estuary
432 Chandavar Kumta 74.42977 14.37148 0.00548 Badgani estuary
433 Chandavar Kumta 74.42033 14.35944 0.00544 Badgani estuary
434 Chandavar Kumta 74.42671 14.36881 0.00528 Badgani estuary
435 Chandavar Kumta 74.43171 14.37752 0.00527 Badgani estuary
Continued……
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436 Chandavar Kumta 74.42526 14.37076 0.00524 Badgani estuary
437 Chandavar Kumta 74.42694 14.37864 0.00522 Badgani estuary
438 Chandavar Kumta 74.43130 14.37477 0.00521 Badgani estuary
439 Chandavar Kumta 74.39529 14.42263 0.00490 Kumta creek
440 Chandavar Kumta 74.39901 14.42008 0.00479 Kumta creek
441 Chandavar Kumta 74.42758 14.36895 0.00468 Badgani estuary
442 Chandavar Kumta 74.39926 14.42002 0.00465 Kumta creek
443 Chandavar Kumta 74.39421 14.42602 0.00445 Kumta creek
444 Chandavar Kumta 74.42685 14.36128 0.00434 Badgani estuary
445 Chandavar Kumta 74.42653 14.36496 0.00429 Badgani estuary
446 Chandavar Kumta 74.42699 14.37888 0.00420 Badgani estuary
447 Chandavar Kumta 74.39549 14.42072 0.00412 Kumta creek
448 Chandavar Kumta 74.40748 14.41873 0.00376 Kumta creek
449 Chandavar Kumta 74.42619 14.36659 0.00362 Badgani estuary
450 Chandavar Manaki 74.42286 14.47932 0.00346 Aghanashini estuary
451 Chandavar Kumta 74.39416 14.42262 0.00344 Kumta creek
452 Chandavar Kumta 74.42631 14.36878 0.00336 Badgani estuary
453 Chandavar Kumta 74.42563 14.36924 0.00327 Badgani estuary
454 Chandavar Kumta 74.42138 14.35934 0.00327 Badgani estuary
455 Chandavar Kumta 74.42651 14.36469 0.00300 Badgani estuary
456 Chandavar Kumta 74.42130 14.35761 0.00296 Badgani estuary
457 Chandavar Kumta 74.42764 14.36212 0.00291 Badgani estuary
458 Chandavar Kumta 74.41741 14.35513 0.00283 Badgani estuary
459 Chandavar Kumta 74.42739 14.36442 0.00282 Badgani estuary
460 Chandavar Kumta 74.42158 14.35773 0.00278 Badgani estuary
461 Chandavar Kumta 74.43818 14.37543 0.00270 Badgani estuary
462 Chandavar Kumta 74.41042 14.40469 0.00261 Kumta creek
463 Chandavar Manaki 74.42308 14.47916 0.00196 Aghanashini estuary
464 Chandavar Manaki 74.42371 14.47879 0.00181 Aghanashini estuary
465 Chandavar Kumta 74.40437 14.42121 0.00171 Kumta creek
466 Chandavar Kumta 74.39583 14.42096 0.00164 Kumta creek
467 Chandavar Manaki 74.43658 14.45339 0.00100 Aghanashini estuary
468 Chandavar Kumta 74.42622 14.35940 0.00079 Badgani estuary
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ANNEXURE-V
Location and Area (h) of mangrove patches in Katgal Range
Sl.No Section Beat Location Mangrove
patch Area(h)
River Longitude Latitude
1 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39062 14.49797 19.30224 Aghanashini estuary
2 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39283 14.49328 11.36874 Aghanashini estuary
3 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39588 14.49046 4.04743 Aghanashini estuary
4 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38821 14.50283 3.32301 Aghanashini estuary
5 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38417 14.49364 3.17694 Aghanashini estuary
6 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38581 14.47911 2.99119 Aghanashini estuary
7 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38708 14.49777 2.37906 Aghanashini estuary
8 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39188 14.48069 1.80817 Aghanashini estuary
9 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38404 14.48837 1.62480 Aghanashini estuary
10 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39142 14.51263 1.56131 Aghanashini estuary
11 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38883 14.47896 1.44141 Aghanashini estuary
12 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39211 14.50933 1.41913 Aghanashini estuary
13 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38506 14.48162 1.35683 Aghanashini estuary
14 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39327 14.49035 1.27639 Aghanashini estuary
15 Mirjan Mirjan 74.40416 14.47843 1.10282 Aghanashini estuary
16 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38473 14.49448 1.01954 Aghanashini estuary
17 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39929 14.48663 1.01817 Aghanashini estuary
18 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39466 14.49949 1.00951 Aghanashini estuary
19 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39853 14.47984 0.90879 Aghanashini estuary
20 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38942 14.48899 0.89244 Aghanashini estuary
21 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39382 14.48806 0.76209 Aghanashini estuary
22 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38902 14.50023 0.71783 Aghanashini estuary
23 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39213 14.50411 0.66200 Aghanashini estuary
24 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43800 14.45245 0.64234 Aghanashini estuary
25 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38493 14.50688 0.63856 Aghanashini estuary
26 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38234 14.49968 0.62224 Aghanashini estuary
27 Mirjan Mirjan 74.41289 14.48639 0.58400 Aghanashini estuary
28 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39364 14.50417 0.56163 Aghanashini estuary
29 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38473 14.48603 0.55641 Aghanashini estuary
30 Mirjan Mirjan 74.41839 14.48412 0.54893 Aghanashini estuary
31 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39013 14.50465 0.53320 Aghanashini estuary
32 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39181 14.50598 0.52962 Aghanashini estuary
33 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38482 14.49017 0.48338 Aghanashini estuary
34 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39138 14.48559 0.47988 Aghanashini estuary
35 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39061 14.51475 0.45782 Aghanashini estuary
36 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38620 14.51189 0.38750 Aghanashini estuary
Continued……
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37 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38496 14.48610 0.35629 Aghanashini estuary
38 Mirjan Mirjan 74.40256 14.49300 0.35215 Aghanashini estuary
39 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38798 14.48383 0.35124 Aghanashini estuary
40 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43425 14.47682 0.33491 Aghanashini estuary
41 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38846 14.49766 0.32226 Aghanashini estuary
42 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39376 14.48748 0.31480 Aghanashini estuary
43 Mirjan Mirjan 74.41250 14.48641 0.31170 Aghanashini estuary
44 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39701 14.50183 0.30683 Aghanashini estuary
45 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43161 14.47644 0.30552 Aghanashini estuary
46 Mirjan Mirjan 74.41079 14.48601 0.30162 Aghanashini estuary
47 Mirjan Mirjan 74.42564 14.48055 0.27194 Aghanashini estuary
48 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39797 14.49705 0.27018 Aghanashini estuary
49 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39336 14.47915 0.25265 Aghanashini estuary
50 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38484 14.48467 0.23122 Aghanashini estuary
51 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43429 14.47399 0.22462 Aghanashini estuary
52 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38003 14.50318 0.21533 Aghanashini estuary
53 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38033 14.50614 0.20977 Aghanashini estuary
54 Mirjan Mirjan 74.41985 14.48307 0.20781 Aghanashini estuary
55 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38686 14.51068 0.20457 Aghanashini estuary
56 Mirjan Mirjan 74.41348 14.48434 0.20434 Aghanashini estuary
57 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38901 14.50641 0.20296 Aghanashini estuary
58 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38508 14.48372 0.20023 Aghanashini estuary
59 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39729 14.47868 0.19770 Aghanashini estuary
60 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38587 14.51262 0.19713 Aghanashini estuary
61 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38723 14.48291 0.19319 Aghanashini estuary
62 Mirjan Mirjan 74.41105 14.48149 0.18741 Aghanashini estuary
63 Mirjan Mirjan 74.41559 14.48347 0.18371 Aghanashini estuary
64 Mirjan Mirjan 74.42715 14.48068 0.18172 Aghanashini estuary
65 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39673 14.48579 0.17896 Aghanashini estuary
66 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38968 14.48174 0.17230 Aghanashini estuary
67 Mirjan Mirjan 74.40323 14.49983 0.17075 Aghanashini estuary
68 Mirjan Mirjan 74.44148 14.44625 0.16965 Aghanashini estuary
69 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38971 14.49127 0.16089 Aghanashini estuary
70 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38307 14.50790 0.15974 Aghanashini estuary
71 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38591 14.51386 0.15965 Aghanashini estuary
72 Mirjan Mirjan 74.40411 14.49162 0.15926 Aghanashini estuary
73 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43670 14.46133 0.15296 Aghanashini estuary
74 Mirjan Mirjan 74.45384 14.45239 0.14971 Aghanashini estuary
75 Mirjan Mirjan 74.45475 14.45177 0.13452 Aghanashini estuary
76 Mirjan Mirjan 74.41264 14.48901 0.12606 Aghanashini estuary
Continued……
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139
77 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43398 14.47673 0.11899 Aghanashini estuary
78 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43709 14.45607 0.11603 Aghanashini estuary
79 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39356 14.47983 0.10337 Aghanashini estuary
80 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43673 14.46694 0.09941 Aghanashini estuary
81 Mirjan Mirjan 74.44548 14.44645 0.09587 Aghanashini estuary
82 Mirjan Mirjan 74.41716 14.48296 0.09473 Aghanashini estuary
83 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39664 14.48813 0.09418 Aghanashini estuary
84 Katgal Katgal 74.46596 14.45627 0.09284 Aghanashini estuary
85 Mirjan Mirjan 74.46091 14.45101 0.08099 Aghanashini estuary
86 Mirjan Mirjan 74.44319 14.44732 0.08046 Aghanashini estuary
87 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39352 14.48098 0.07851 Aghanashini estuary
88 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39223 14.51211 0.07831 Aghanashini estuary
89 Katgal Katgal 74.46909 14.45687 0.07588 Aghanashini estuary
90 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38483 14.48810 0.06815 Aghanashini estuary
91 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38759 14.50891 0.06719 Aghanashini estuary
92 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38961 14.51653 0.06675 Aghanashini estuary
93 Mirjan Mirjan 74.42670 14.47987 0.06491 Aghanashini estuary
94 Mirjan Mirjan 74.41891 14.48750 0.06216 Aghanashini estuary
95 Katgal Katgal 74.46091 14.45101 0.05970 Aghanashini estuary
96 Mirjan Mirjan 74.40202 14.48321 0.05944 Aghanashini estuary
97 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43548 14.47200 0.05909 Aghanashini estuary
98 Mirjan Mirjan 74.42090 14.48044 0.05785 Aghanashini estuary
99 Mirjan Mirjan 74.46061 14.44626 0.05713 Aghanashini estuary
100 Mirjan Mirjan 74.42913 14.47850 0.05581 Aghanashini estuary
101 Mirjan Mirjan 74.45592 14.45204 0.05527 Aghanashini estuary
102 Mirjan Mirjan 74.45816 14.44631 0.05203 Aghanashini estuary
103 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43645 14.45144 0.05145 Aghanashini estuary
104 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43620 14.47009 0.04896 Aghanashini estuary
105 Mirjan Mirjan 74.44440 14.44470 0.04891 Aghanashini estuary
106 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43597 14.47217 0.04813 Aghanashini estuary
107 Mirjan Mirjan 74.42019 14.48625 0.04718 Aghanashini estuary
108 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43658 14.45339 0.04692 Aghanashini estuary
109 Mirjan Mirjan 74.40279 14.48131 0.03980 Aghanashini estuary
110 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43669 14.45388 0.03939 Aghanashini estuary
111 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43629 14.46949 0.03668 Aghanashini estuary
112 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39309 14.48090 0.03633 Aghanashini estuary
113 Mirjan Mirjan 74.42120 14.48657 0.03599 Aghanashini estuary
114 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43366 14.44477 0.03580 Aghanashini estuary
115 Mirjan Mirjan 74.45082 14.45206 0.03552 Aghanashini estuary
116 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43676 14.46778 0.03519 Aghanashini estuary
Continued……
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140
117 Mirjan Mirjan 74.40129 14.48435 0.03364 Aghanashini estuary
118 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38834 14.51681 0.03246 Aghanashini estuary
119 Mirjan Mirjan 74.45125 14.45236 0.02793 Aghanashini estuary
120 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43543 14.47221 0.02524 Aghanashini estuary
121 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43783 14.44448 0.02515 Aghanashini estuary
122 Mirjan Mirjan 74.44709 14.45022 0.02461 Aghanashini estuary
123 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43604 14.47086 0.02090 Aghanashini estuary
124 Mirjan Mirjan 74.42395 14.48149 0.02029 Aghanashini estuary
125 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43636 14.46904 0.01988 Aghanashini estuary
126 Mirjan Mirjan 74.44675 14.44993 0.01773 Aghanashini estuary
127 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43674 14.47220 0.01523 Aghanashini estuary
128 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43858 14.44200 0.01340 Aghanashini estuary
129 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43572 14.47173 0.01207 Aghanashini estuary
130 Mirjan Mirjan 74.44750 14.44874 0.01146 Aghanashini estuary
131 Mirjan Mirjan 74.45554 14.45197 0.00946 Aghanashini estuary
132 Katgal Katgal 74.46460 14.45558 0.00945 Aghanashini estuary
133 Mirjan Mirjan 74.43674 14.47230 0.00864 Aghanashini estuary
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
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ANNEXURE-VI
Location and Area (h) of mangrove patches in Hiregutti Range
Sl.No Section Beat Location Mangrove
patch Area(h)
River Longitude Latitude
1 Madangeri Madangeri 74.30132 14.59179 6.7076 Gangavali estuary
2 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37355 14.56935 5.8237 Aghanashini estuary
3 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38478 14.54834 5.3271 Aghanashini estuary
4 Madangeri Madangeri 74.32901 14.60435 4.2618 Gangavali estuary
5 Gundbal Kenkane-Shivapur 74.39314 14.59616 3.6972 Gangavali estuary
6 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36731 14.55447 2.4050 Aghanashini estuary
7 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38322 14.52002 2.3774 Aghanashini estuary
8 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37083 14.56097 2.1751 Aghanashini estuary
9 Madangeri Madangeri 74.30926 14.59817 2.1389 Gangavali estuary
10 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36707 14.56070 1.4881 Aghanashini estuary
11 Madangeri Madangeri 74.35044 14.53528 1.4737 Aghanashini estuary
12 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37913 14.53906 1.3007 Aghanashini estuary
13 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37079 14.55672 1.2912 Aghanashini estuary
14 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36988 14.55980 1.2903 Aghanashini estuary
15 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37323 14.56032 1.2300 Aghanashini estuary
16 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37119 14.55820 1.1858 Aghanashini estuary
17 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29879 14.59272 1.1477 Gangavali estuary
18 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37217 14.55856 1.1230 Aghanashini estuary
19 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31877 14.59402 1.1217 Gangavali estuary
20 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36407 14.54634 1.0660 Aghanashini estuary
21 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29897 14.59057 0.9800 Gangavali estuary
22 Madangeri Madangeri 74.35237 14.53918 0.9708 Aghanashini estuary
23 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38193 14.52212 0.9281 Aghanashini estuary
24 Madangeri Madangeri 74.34613 14.54484 0.9183 Aghanashini estuary
25 Madangeri Madangeri 74.34737 14.54366 0.8712 Aghanashini estuary
26 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37904 14.52701 0.8424 Aghanashini estuary
27 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36895 14.55654 0.8023 Aghanashini estuary
28 Madangeri Madangeri 74.34783 14.55034 0.7693 Aghanashini estuary
29 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37240 14.56025 0.7245 Aghanashini estuary
30 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37527 14.53468 0.7084 Aghanashini estuary
31 Madangeri Madangeri 74.34866 14.54334 0.6997 Aghanashini estuary
32 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38516 14.51398 0.6866 Aghanashini estuary
33 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36810 14.55588 0.6659 Aghanashini estuary
34 Madangeri Madangeri 74.35243 14.54027 0.6528 Aghanashini estuary
35 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37625 14.56958 0.6401 Aghanashini estuary
36 Madangeri Madangeri 74.35762 14.54530 0.6131 Aghanashini estuary
Continued……
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37 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37323 14.56032 0.6077 Aghanashini estuary
38 Madangeri Madangeri 74.30442 14.59527 0.6045 Gangavali estuary
39 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31645 14.59394 0.6042 Gangavali estuary
40 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.36970 14.55532 0.5696 Aghanashini estuary
41 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31311 14.59786 0.5326 Gangavali estuary
42 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38040 14.53897 0.4795 Aghanashini estuary
43 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37144 14.55521 0.4639 Aghanashini estuary
44 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37206 14.56174 0.4564 Aghanashini estuary
45 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37345 14.56285 0.4530 Aghanashini estuary
46 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37372 14.53991 0.4443 Aghanashini estuary
47 Madangeri Madangeri 74.35176 14.53766 0.4299 Aghanashini estuary
48 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37270 14.54174 0.4198 Aghanashini estuary
49 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38084 14.54953 0.3865 Aghanashini estuary
50 Madangeri Madangeri 74.30141 14.59026 0.3720 Gangavali estuary
51 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38433 14.51790 0.3653 Aghanashini estuary
52 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31403 14.59639 0.3648 Gangavali estuary
53 Madangeri Madangeri 74.34395 14.54742 0.3597 Aghanashini estuary
54 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37312 14.56208 0.3571 Aghanashini estuary
55 Gundbal Moralli 74.41588 14.61248 0.3532 Gangavali estuary
56 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37303 14.56349 0.3514 Aghanashini estuary
57 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36814 14.55387 0.3493 Aghanashini estuary
58 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38619 14.53210 0.3469 Aghanashini estuary
59 Madangeri Madangeri 74.30053 14.59016 0.3421 Gangavali estuary
60 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37311 14.55837 0.3409 Aghanashini estuary
61 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31610 14.59921 0.3370 Gangavali estuary
62 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38591 14.51386 0.3370 Aghanashini estuary
63 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31485 14.59887 0.3195 Gangavali estuary
64 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37163 14.55973 0.3136 Aghanashini estuary
65 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36783 14.55550 0.2982 Aghanashini estuary
66 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36518 14.54642 0.2870 Aghanashini estuary
67 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38736 14.51808 0.2838 Aghanashini estuary
68 Madangeri Madangeri 74.30027 14.59231 0.2741 Gangavali estuary
69 Madangeri Madangeri 74.35057 14.60091 0.2676 Gangavali estuary
70 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29831 14.59072 0.2662 Gangavali estuary
71 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36498 14.54945 0.2610 Aghanashini estuary
72 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37083 14.56097 0.2478 Aghanashini estuary
73 Madangeri Madangeri 74.38085 14.54282 0.2377 Aghanashini estuary
74 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36787 14.54153 0.2309 Aghanashini estuary
75 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36523 14.55740 0.2280 Aghanashini estuary
76 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37034 14.55416 0.2280 Aghanashini estuary
Continued……
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
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77 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31753 14.59736 0.2267 Gangavali estuary
78 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37296 14.56258 0.2213 Aghanashini estuary
79 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.36977 14.55692 0.2191 Aghanashini estuary
80 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36156 14.59660 0.2190 Gangavali estuary
81 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36779 14.55500 0.2171 Aghanashini estuary
82 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31700 14.58981 0.2156 Gangavali estuary
83 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37544 14.53948 0.2152 Aghanashini estuary
84 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37240 14.56025 0.2151 Aghanashini estuary
85 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37059 14.55733 0.2140 Aghanashini estuary
86 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36708 14.54993 0.2086 Aghanashini estuary
87 Madangeri Madangeri 74.30451 14.59469 0.2047 Gangavali estuary
88 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29980 14.59041 0.2020 Gangavali estuary
89 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31302 14.59759 0.2006 Gangavali estuary
90 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31552 14.59872 0.1862 Gangavali estuary
91 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36959 14.55801 0.1844 Aghanashini estuary
92 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37208 14.55996 0.1792 Aghanashini estuary
93 Madangeri Madangeri 74.33347 14.60645 0.1788 Gangavali estuary
94 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37070 14.55104 0.1706 Aghanashini estuary
95 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37078 14.55505 0.1651 Aghanashini estuary
96 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37485 14.56531 0.1646 Aghanashini estuary
97 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36088 14.55114 0.1640 Aghanashini estuary
98 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37189 14.56285 0.1630 Aghanashini estuary
99 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38097 14.52354 0.1595 Aghanashini estuary
100 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.36977 14.55436 0.1537 Aghanashini estuary
101 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37234 14.56321 0.1529 Aghanashini estuary
102 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37754 14.53000 0.1509 Aghanashini estuary
103 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37197 14.55153 0.1481 Aghanashini estuary
104 Madangeri Madangeri 74.38478 14.54834 0.1452 Aghanashini estuary
105 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37147 14.55579 0.1442 Aghanashini estuary
106 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31554 14.59918 0.1363 Gangavali estuary
107 Madangeri Madangeri 74.35703 14.59711 0.1352 Gangavali estuary
108 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37017 14.55862 0.1350 Aghanashini estuary
109 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29245 14.59732 0.1338 Gangavali estuary
110 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36249 14.55552 0.1313 Aghanashini estuary
111 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31352 14.59856 0.1307 Gangavali estuary
112 Madangeri Madangeri 74.35988 14.55447 0.1301 Aghanashini estuary
113 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.36941 14.55365 0.1285 Aghanashini estuary
114 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37536 14.56788 0.1277 Aghanashini estuary
115 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37754 14.53000 0.1185 Aghanashini estuary
116 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36415 14.54779 0.1177 Aghanashini estuary
Continued……
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
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117 Madangeri Madangeri 74.35097 14.53632 0.1153 Aghanashini estuary
118 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37710 14.53119 0.1148 Aghanashini estuary
119 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37119 14.55980 0.1147 Aghanashini estuary
120 Madangeri Madangeri 74.30266 14.59099 0.1072 Gangavali estuary
121 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29655 14.59206 0.1069 Gangavali estuary
122 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37083 14.55588 0.1038 Aghanashini estuary
123 Madangeri Madangeri 74.38092 14.54728 0.1038 Aghanashini estuary
124 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36172 14.55416 0.1022 Aghanashini estuary
125 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37010 14.56154 0.1019 Aghanashini estuary
126 Madangeri Madangeri 74.35420 14.54268 0.1018 Aghanashini estuary
127 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37119 14.55820 0.0985 Aghanashini estuary
128 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38601 14.51919 0.0985 Aghanashini estuary
129 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36064 14.55208 0.0966 Aghanashini estuary
130 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37249 14.56184 0.0961 Aghanashini estuary
131 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36179 14.59680 0.0904 Gangavali estuary
132 Madangeri Madangeri 74.38216 14.59834 0.0894 Gangavali estuary
133 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36105 14.59593 0.0857 Gangavali estuary
134 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37348 14.56357 0.0833 Aghanashini estuary
135 Madangeri Madangeri 74.33595 14.60498 0.0821 Gangavali estuary
136 Madangeri Madangeri 74.38051 14.54602 0.0805 Aghanashini estuary
137 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36471 14.55231 0.0785 Aghanashini estuary
138 Madangeri Madangeri 74.34940 14.54124 0.0755 Aghanashini estuary
139 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37135 14.56273 0.0754 Aghanashini estuary
140 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37120 14.56207 0.0732 Aghanashini estuary
141 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31746 14.59698 0.0718 Gangavali estuary
142 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31769 14.59901 0.0707 Gangavali estuary
143 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37426 14.56271 0.0700 Aghanashini estuary
144 Madangeri Madangeri 74.33900 14.60192 0.0697 Gangavali estuary
145 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37032 14.55486 0.0669 Aghanashini estuary
146 Madangeri Madangeri 74.35327 14.59930 0.0662 Gangavali estuary
147 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37935 14.54555 0.0662 Aghanashini estuary
148 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36977 14.55692 0.0660 Aghanashini estuary
149 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37487 14.56661 0.0658 Aghanashini estuary
150 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36638 14.55587 0.0656 Aghanashini estuary
151 Gundbal Kenkane-Shivapur 74.39030 14.59509 0.0654 Gangavali estuary
152 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31660 14.59910 0.0651 Gangavali estuary
153 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29805 14.59084 0.0634 Gangavali estuary
154 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31668 14.59325 0.0632 Gangavali estuary
155 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37288 14.56311 0.0631 Aghanashini estuary
Continued……
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
145
156 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31703 14.58801 0.0617 Gangavali estuary
157 Gundbal Kenkane-Shivapur 74.38933 14.59519 0.0607 Gangavali estuary
158 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31207 14.59703 0.0586 Gangavali estuary
159 Madangeri Madangeri 74.30505 14.59551 0.0576 Gangavali estuary
160 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37701 14.54613 0.0563 Aghanashini estuary
161 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38391 14.54240 0.0546 Aghanashini estuary
162 Gundbal Kenkane-Shivapur 74.39180 14.59418 0.0543 Gangavali estuary
163 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29857 14.59212 0.0533 Gangavali estuary
164 Madangeri Madangeri 74.33123 14.60522 0.0529 Gangavali estuary
165 Madangeri Madangeri 74.30504 14.59611 0.0519 Gangavali estuary
166 Madangeri Madangeri 74.38242 14.59831 0.0516 Gangavali estuary
167 Madangeri Madangeri 74.35970 14.59670 0.0513 Gangavali estuary
168 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29709 14.59359 0.0504 Gangavali estuary
169 Gundbal Kenkane-Shivapur 74.39208 14.59427 0.0496 Gangavali estuary
170 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37017 14.55862 0.0486 Aghanashini estuary
171 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.36901 14.55457 0.0464 Aghanashini estuary
172 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37053 14.55568 0.0455 Aghanashini estuary
173 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37466 14.56294 0.0436 Aghanashini estuary
174 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38587 14.51262 0.0412 Aghanashini estuary
175 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37114 14.56227 0.0409 Aghanashini estuary
176 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.36913 14.55386 0.0409 Aghanashini estuary
177 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37061 14.55607 0.0407 Aghanashini estuary
178 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37955 14.54219 0.0399 Aghanashini estuary
179 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29704 14.59150 0.0398 Gangavali estuary
180 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37933 14.54433 0.0382 Aghanashini estuary
181 Madangeri Madangeri 74.30612 14.59645 0.0376 Gangavali estuary
182 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37114 14.56299 0.0364 Aghanashini estuary
183 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31026 14.59845 0.0352 Gangavali estuary
184 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36064 14.59615 0.0329 Gangavali estuary
185 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36155 14.59545 0.0325 Gangavali estuary
186 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.36881 14.55414 0.0325 Aghanashini estuary
187 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36362 14.59448 0.0309 Gangavali estuary
188 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36584 14.55008 0.0301 Aghanashini estuary
189 Madangeri Madangeri 74.38140 14.54671 0.0288 Aghanashini estuary
190 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29562 14.59539 0.0287 Gangavali estuary
191 Madangeri Madangeri 74.32210 14.60308 0.0285 Gangavali estuary
192 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.36891 14.55372 0.0277 Aghanashini estuary
193 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.36814 14.55387 0.0263 Aghanashini estuary
194 Madangeri Madangeri 74.30896 14.59891 0.0261 Gangavali estuary
Continued……
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195 Madangeri Madangeri 74.33911 14.60204 0.0251 Gangavali estuary
196 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36686 14.55585 0.0234 Aghanashini estuary
197 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36431 14.59456 0.0233 Gangavali estuary
198 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31717 14.59981 0.0233 Gangavali estuary
199 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36901 14.55457 0.0232 Aghanashini estuary
200 Madangeri Madangeri 74.38034 14.54671 0.0220 Aghanashini estuary
201 Madangeri Madangeri 74.33636 14.60494 0.0195 Gangavali estuary
202 Madangeri Madangeri 74.35921 14.59673 0.0187 Gangavali estuary
203 Madangeri Madangeri 74.33830 14.60276 0.0182 Gangavali estuary
204 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31613 14.59107 0.0166 Gangavali estuary
205 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38362 14.53268 0.0159 Aghanashini estuary
206 Madangeri Madangeri 74.30849 14.59887 0.0158 Gangavali estuary
207 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29917 14.59177 0.0149 Gangavali estuary
208 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31420 14.59581 0.0144 Gangavali estuary
209 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31880 14.60143 0.0143 Gangavali estuary
210 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29638 14.59286 0.0132 Gangavali estuary
211 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37217 14.55856 0.0122 Aghanashini estuary
212 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29516 14.59591 0.0121 Gangavali estuary
213 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.36895 14.55654 0.0121 Aghanashini estuary
214 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31095 14.59777 0.0118 Gangavali estuary
215 Madangeri Madangeri 74.33645 14.60463 0.0117 Gangavali estuary
216 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31754 14.59594 0.0116 Gangavali estuary
217 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36042 14.59655 0.0106 Gangavali estuary
218 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29639 14.59478 0.0103 Gangavali estuary
219 Madangeri Madangeri 74.33667 14.60391 0.0094 Gangavali estuary
220 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31386 14.59577 0.0086 Gangavali estuary
221 Madangeri Madangeri 74.30925 14.59908 0.0084 Gangavali estuary
222 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31648 14.59366 0.0081 Gangavali estuary
223 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29741 14.59124 0.0079 Gangavali estuary
224 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31815 14.59861 0.0072 Gangavali estuary
225 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31620 14.59089 0.0068 Gangavali estuary
226 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31634 14.59166 0.0067 Gangavali estuary
227 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31671 14.59358 0.0060 Gangavali estuary
228 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31827 14.59845 0.0058 Gangavali estuary
229 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36413 14.59452 0.0051 Gangavali estuary
230 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31990 14.60221 0.0049 Gangavali estuary
231 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31805 14.59874 0.0047 Gangavali estuary
232 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37913 14.53906 0.0046 Aghanashini estuary
233 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29933 14.59161 0.0040 Gangavali estuary
234 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31668 14.59341 0.0037 Gangavali estuary
Continued……
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235 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36481 14.59359 0.0037 Gangavali estuary
236 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29651 14.59247 0.0036 Gangavali estuary
237 Madangeri Madangeri 74.37119 14.55980 0.0034 Aghanashini estuary
238 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.39142 14.51263 0.0032 Aghanashini estuary
239 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36493 14.59473 0.0030 Gangavali estuary
240 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31177 14.59714 0.0029 Gangavali estuary
241 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31688 14.59418 0.0024 Gangavali estuary
242 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36463 14.59466 0.0021 Gangavali estuary
243 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31681 14.59428 0.0016 Gangavali estuary
244 Madangeri Madangeri 74.31672 14.59367 0.0016 Gangavali estuary
245 Madangeri Madangeri 74.29603 14.59495 0.0016 Gangavali estuary
246 Madangeri Madangeri 74.36481 14.59473 0.0014 Gangavali estuary
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ANNEXURE-VII
Availability of potential Area (h) for Mangrove planting in Bhatkal Range
Sl.No. Section Beat Location Area for
planting (ha)
River Longitude Latitude
1 Shirali Shirali 74.51106 14.02885 4.3680 Venkatapura estuary
2 Shirali Shirali 74.50693 14.03188 2.9980 Venkatapura estuary
3 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52060 14.02350 2.5440 Venkatapura estuary
4 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51966 14.02497 1.3470 Venkatapura estuary
5 Shirali Shirali 74.50425 14.04045 1.1810 Venkatapura estuary
6 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51106 14.02885 1.1420 Venkatapura estuary
7 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51826 14.02950 1.0240 Venkatapura estuary
8 Shirali Shirali 74.50539 14.04410 0.9020 Venkatapura estuary
9 Shirali Shirali 74.50533 14.04262 0.8870 Venkatapura estuary
10 Shirali Shirali 74.50870 14.03987 0.7410 Venkatapura estuary
11 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51601 14.02856 0.6560 Venkatapura estuary
12 Shirali Shirali 74.50107 14.05301 0.4820 Venkatapura estuary
13 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51762 14.02561 0.3820 Venkatapura estuary
14 Shirali Shirali 74.51018 14.03176 0.3800 Venkatapura estuary
15 Shirali Shirali 74.51365 14.03019 0.3570 Venkatapura estuary
16 Shirali Shirali 74.50149 14.05601 0.3380 Venkatapura estuary
17 Shirali Shirali 74.50133 14.04986 0.3370 Venkatapura estuary
18 Shirali Shirali 74.50363 14.04625 0.2870 Venkatapura estuary
19 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52207 14.02335 0.2540 Venkatapura estuary
20 Shirali Shirali 74.50626 14.02659 0.2110 Venkatapura estuary
21 Shirali Shirali 74.50127 14.05737 0.1850 Venkatapura estuary
22 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52526 14.02335 0.1760 Venkatapura estuary
23 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52307 14.02411 0.1720 Venkatapura estuary
24 Shirali Shirali 74.51826 14.02950 0.1720 Venkatapura estuary
25 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51930 14.02381 0.1590 Venkatapura estuary
26 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52114 14.02250 0.1380 Venkatapura estuary
27 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.53887 14.01664 0.1230 Venkatapura estuary
28 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51741 14.02825 0.1220 Venkatapura estuary
29 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51931 14.02962 0.1060 Venkatapura estuary Continued……
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30 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51813 14.02638 0.0940 Venkatapura estuary
31 Shirali Shirali 74.51931 14.02962 0.0840 Venkatapura estuary
32 Shirali Shirali 74.50234 14.04857 0.0770 Venkatapura estuary
33 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52622 14.02463 0.0740 Venkatapura estuary
34 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52464 14.02378 0.0610 Venkatapura estuary
35 Shirali Shirali 74.50484 14.04351 0.0540 Venkatapura estuary
36 Shirali Shirali 74.50202 14.04932 0.0480 Venkatapura estuary
37 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51951 14.02259 0.0400 Venkatapura estuary
38 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52828 14.02278 0.0280 Venkatapura estuary
39 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.51365 14.03019 0.0190 Venkatapura estuary
40 Bhatkal Bhatkal 74.52522 14.02430 0.0150 Venkatapura estuary
ANNEXURE-VIII
Availability of potential Area (h) for Mangrove planting in Manki Range
Sl.No. Section Beat Location Area for
planting (ha)
River Longitude Latitude
1 Manki Manki 74.47456 14.18738 0.1910 Manki creek
2 Manki Manki 74.47301 14.18951 0.1610 Manki creek
3 Manki Manki 74.47498 14.18655 0.1150 Manki creek
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
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ANNEXURE-IX
Availability of potential Area (h) for Mangrove planting in Honavar Range
Sl.No. Section Beat Location Area for
planting (ha)
River Longitude Latitude
1 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44201 14.26715 13.8960 Sharavathi estuary
2 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44669 14.26307 10.8120 Sharavathi estuary
3 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44383 14.26299 10.2080 Sharavathi estuary
4 Honavar Haldipur 74.41851 14.33242 7.4160 Badgani estuary
5 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45256 14.26474 6.1390 Sharavathi estuary
6 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47732 14.25697 5.0010 Sharavathi estuary
7 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44727 14.26742 4.9910 Sharavathi estuary
8 Honavar Honavar 74.48615 14.26120 4.7470 Sharavathi estuary
9 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45605 14.26767 4.5120 Sharavathi estuary
10 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45297 14.26731 4.1020 Sharavathi estuary
11 Honavar Haldipur 74.42428 14.33064 3.8710 Badgani estuary
12 Honavar Haldipur 74.41977 14.32554 3.1560 Badgani estuary
13 Honavar Honavar 74.42679 14.32288 2.7940 Sharavathi estuary
14 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45097 14.26348 2.7840 Sharavathi estuary
15 Honavar Honavar 74.48120 14.26168 2.7590 Sharavathi estuary
16 Honavar Honavar 74.42444 14.30400 2.5920 Sharavathi estuary
17 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45387 14.26211 2.5640 Sharavathi estuary
18 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44959 14.26612 2.5150 Sharavathi estuary
19 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44458 14.25995 2.4830 Sharavathi estuary
20 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43619 14.26702 2.4530 Sharavathi estuary
21 Salkod Aunsalli 74.42764 14.36219 2.3400 Badgani estuary
22 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45419 14.26784 2.3150 Sharavathi estuary
23 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45679 14.26522 2.1190 Sharavathi estuary
24 Honavar Honavar 74.44921 14.27076 1.9710 Sharavathi estuary
25 Honavar Honavar 74.43399 14.28671 1.9700 Sharavathi estuary
26 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44986 14.25881 1.7550 Sharavathi estuary
27 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46517 14.26589 1.7020 Sharavathi estuary
28 Honavar Honavar 74.46546 14.27423 1.6370 Sharavathi estuary
29 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43090 14.36880 1.6050 Badgani estuary
30 Honavar Haldipur 74.43176 14.35956 1.5850 Badgani estuary
31 Honavar Honavar 74.46321 14.27423 1.5650 Sharavathi estuary
32 Honavar Honavar 74.42616 14.30269 1.5190 Sharavathi estuary
33 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43846 14.26328 1.3500 Sharavathi estuary
34 Honavar Honavar 74.45605 14.26767 1.1200 Sharavathi estuary
35 Honavar Haldipur 74.41807 14.34335 1.0590 Badgani estuary Continued……
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36 Honavar Haldipur 74.41832 14.32656 1.0370 Badgani estuary
37 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44082 14.26378 1.0170 Sharavathi estuary
38 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47668 14.25392 1.0110 Sharavathi estuary
39 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44111 14.26195 1.0070 Sharavathi estuary
40 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47300 14.25948 0.9730 Sharavathi estuary
41 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47036 14.26594 0.9570 Sharavathi estuary
42 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43225 14.26982 0.9460 Sharavathi estuary
43 Honavar Kasarkod 74.50243 14.24623 0.9180 Sharavathi estuary
44 Honavar Honavar 74.45419 14.26784 0.8690 Sharavathi estuary
45 Honavar Honavar 74.42737 14.31085 0.8190 Sharavathi estuary
46 Honavar Honavar 74.42613 14.29401 0.8090 Sharavathi estuary
47 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47156 14.26500 0.7620 Sharavathi estuary
48 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46834 14.26465 0.7500 Sharavathi estuary
49 Honavar Kasarkod 74.48120 14.26168 0.7460 Sharavathi estuary
50 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45249 14.25380 0.7070 Sharavathi estuary
51 Honavar Haldipur 74.41715 14.33619 0.6400 Badgani estuary
52 Honavar Haldipur 74.41591 14.34454 0.6280 Badgani estuary
53 Honavar Honavar 74.41775 14.31278 0.6200 Sharavathi estuary
54 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47554 14.26410 0.6200 Sharavathi estuary
55 Honavar Haldipur 74.42037 14.33534 0.5900 Badgani estuary
56 Honavar Haldipur 74.41940 14.32119 0.5780 Badgani estuary
57 Honavar Honavar 74.42350 14.30257 0.5740 Sharavathi estuary
58 Honavar Haldipur 74.42788 14.35953 0.5340 Badgani estuary
59 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45025 14.25977 0.5290 Sharavathi estuary
60 Hadinbal Jalavalli 74.51233 14.24698 0.5250 Sharavathi estuary
61 Honavar Haldipur 74.41524 14.34549 0.5240 Badgani estuary
62 Honavar Haldipur 74.42067 14.32952 0.5080 Badgani estuary
63 Honavar Honavar 74.46978 14.27159 0.4880 Sharavathi estuary
64 Honavar Haldipur 74.42592 14.35891 0.4760 Badgani estuary
65 Honavar Haldipur 74.41866 14.33003 0.4630 Badgani estuary
66 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47053 14.25891 0.4590 Sharavathi estuary
67 Honavar Honavar 74.46338 14.26844 0.4250 Sharavathi estuary
68 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45611 14.26054 0.4070 Sharavathi estuary
69 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47266 14.26122 0.4050 Sharavathi estuary
70 Honavar Kasarkod 74.50054 14.24765 0.3810 Sharavathi estuary
71 Honavar Honavar 74.42113 14.31451 0.3640 Sharavathi estuary
72 Honavar Haldipur 74.42764 14.36219 0.3630 Badgani estuary
73 Honavar Honavar 74.47456 14.26587 0.3630 Sharavathi estuary
74 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47456 14.26587 0.3620 Sharavathi estuary Continued……
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75 Honavar Haldipur 74.41526 14.33253 0.3610 Badgani estuary
76 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44930 14.26229 0.3580 Sharavathi estuary
77 Honavar Kasarkod 74.49488 14.24626 0.3570 Sharavathi estuary
78 Honavar Haldipur 74.41938 14.31934 0.3550 Badgani estuary
79 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43552 14.27016 0.3270 Sharavathi estuary
80 Honavar Kasarkod 74.45198 14.24804 0.3210 Sharavathi estuary
81 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44896 14.26287 0.3190 Sharavathi estuary
82 Honavar Haldipur 74.41370 14.34653 0.3120 Badgani estuary
83 Honavar Honavar 74.46296 14.27029 0.3100 Sharavathi estuary
84 Honavar Haldipur 74.42126 14.32681 0.3080 Badgani estuary
85 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47796 14.26341 0.3000 Sharavathi estuary
86 Honavar Haldipur 74.42113 14.31451 0.2940 Badgani estuary
87 Honavar Haldipur 74.41917 14.34199 0.2800 Badgani estuary
88 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47362 14.26296 0.2780 Sharavathi estuary
89 Honavar Honavar 74.46164 14.27015 0.2680 Sharavathi estuary
90 Honavar Kasarkod 74.42788 14.27915 0.2660 Sharavathi estuary
91 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43978 14.26245 0.2570 Sharavathi estuary
92 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43616 14.37302 0.2400 Badgani estuary
93 Honavar Kasarkod 74.42773 14.27978 0.2380 Sharavathi estuary
94 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46851 14.26211 0.2260 Sharavathi estuary
95 Honavar Honavar 74.46229 14.26944 0.2240 Sharavathi estuary
96 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46375 14.25850 0.2240 Sharavathi estuary
97 Honavar Haldipur 74.42228 14.32479 0.2230 Badgani estuary
98 Honavar Honavar 74.46323 14.27331 0.2210 Sharavathi estuary
99 Honavar Kasarkod 74.42829 14.27775 0.1900 Sharavathi estuary
100 Salkod Aunsalli 74.42898 14.36526 0.1880 Badgani estuary
101 Honavar Honavar 74.46674 14.27523 0.1870 Sharavathi estuary
102 Honavar Honavar 74.46284 14.27058 0.1750 Sharavathi estuary
103 Honavar Kasarkod 74.47022 14.26666 0.1710 Sharavathi estuary
104 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46927 14.26627 0.1700 Sharavathi estuary
105 Honavar Haldipur 74.42704 14.35960 0.1670 Badgani estuary
106 Honavar Honavar 74.42967 14.29306 0.1600 Sharavathi estuary
107 Honavar Honavar 74.46396 14.27095 0.1520 Sharavathi estuary
108 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46181 14.25378 0.1480 Sharavathi estuary
109 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46033 14.25312 0.1290 Sharavathi estuary
110 Honavar Haldipur 74.41895 14.34393 0.1260 Badgani estuary
111 Honavar Haldipur 74.41810 14.32021 0.1260 Badgani estuary
112 Honavar Honavar 74.42311 14.31400 0.1130 Sharavathi estuary
113 Honavar Honavar 74.45902 14.27349 0.1100 Sharavathi estuary Continued……
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114 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46955 14.26637 0.1100 Sharavathi estuary
115 Honavar Honavar 74.46042 14.27409 0.0980 Sharavathi estuary
116 Honavar Haldipur 74.41669 14.34441 0.0940 Badgani estuary
117 Honavar Honavar 74.43126 14.28504 0.0920 Sharavathi estuary
118 Honavar Kasarkod 74.43325 14.27123 0.0920 Sharavathi estuary
119 Honavar Honavar 74.44403 14.27551 0.0910 Sharavathi estuary
120 Honavar Honavar 74.45960 14.27437 0.0750 Sharavathi estuary
121 Honavar Honavar 74.46647 14.27283 0.0740 Sharavathi estuary
122 Honavar Kasarkod 74.42830 14.27947 0.0730 Sharavathi estuary
123 Salkod Aunsalli 74.43176 14.35956 0.0730 Badgani estuary
124 Honavar Kasarkod 74.44863 14.25625 0.0670 Sharavathi estuary
125 Honavar Honavar 74.43205 14.28968 0.0650 Sharavathi estuary
126 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46338 14.26844 0.0570 Sharavathi estuary
127 Honavar Haldipur 74.41809 14.32364 0.0560 Badgani estuary
128 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46105 14.25310 0.0520 Sharavathi estuary
129 Honavar Honavar 74.42370 14.31398 0.0480 Sharavathi estuary
130 Honavar Honavar 74.42621 14.29218 0.0430 Sharavathi estuary
131 Honavar Kasarkod 74.46127 14.25313 0.0390 Sharavathi estuary
132 Honavar Honavar 74.42447 14.31376 0.0290 Sharavathi estuary
133 Honavar Honavar 74.42864 14.32228 0.0180 Sharavathi estuary
134 Salkod Aunsalli 74.42833 14.36416 0.0080 Badgani estuary
135 Honavar Honavar 74.42854 14.32260 0.0070 Sharavathi estuary
136 Honavar Honavar 74.42842 14.32242 0.0060 Sharavathi estuary
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ANNEXURE-X
Availability of potential Area (h) for Mangrove planting in Kumta Range
Sl.No. Section Beat Location Area for
planting (ha)
River Longitude Latitude
1 Chandavar Kumta 74.39927 14.42642 20.4870 Kumta creek
2 Chandavar Manaki 74.39082 14.46687 8.8490 Aghanashini estuary
3 Chandavar Kumta 74.40072 14.42090 5.6730 Kumta creek
4 Chandavar Kumta 74.43205 14.37917 4.3800 Badgani estuary
5 Chandavar Manaki 74.39122 14.47563 3.6350 Aghanashini estuary
6 Chandavar Kumta 74.42764 14.36219 3.4450 Badgani estuary
7 Chandavar Kumta 74.39504 14.42882 2.6230 Kumta creek
8 Chandavar Kumta 74.39569 14.42037 2.4550 Kumta creek
9 Chandavar Kumta 74.43027 14.38211 2.1720 Badgani estuary
10 Chandavar Kumta 74.39319 14.42487 2.1080 Kumta creek
11 Chandavar Manaki 74.39231 14.46275 1.9060 Aghanashini estuary
12 Chandavar Manaki 74.38325 14.48208 1.8100 Aghanashini estuary
13 Chandavar Kumta 74.42284 14.35641 1.7520 Badgani estuary
14 Chandavar Kumta 74.43378 14.37474 1.6090 Badgani estuary
15 Chandavar Manaki 74.41615 14.47974 1.4630 Aghanashini estuary
16 Chandavar Kumta 74.43616 14.37302 1.3760 Badgani estuary
17 Chandavar Manaki 74.38244 14.50878 1.2370 Aghanashini estuary
18 Chandavar Kumta 74.40495 14.38558 1.1860 Dhareshwar creek
19 Chandavar Kumta 74.41370 14.34653 1.1800 Badgani estuary
20 Chandavar Manaki 74.38245 14.48035 1.1750 Aghanashini estuary
21 Chandavar Kumta 74.40859 14.40977 1.1350 Kumta creek
22 Chandavar Kumta 74.42030 14.35374 1.1210 Badgani estuary
23 Chandavar Manaki 74.38447 14.48539 0.8240 Aghanashini estuary
24 Chandavar Kumta 74.42660 14.36392 0.7820 Badgani estuary
25 Chandavar Manaki 74.39080 14.46289 0.7760 Aghanashini estuary
26 Chandavar Kumta 74.40633 14.42022 0.7720 Kumta creek
27 Chandavar Kumta 74.39378 14.41886 0.7480 Kumta creek
28 Chandavar Kumta 74.41052 14.40477 0.7200 Kumta creek
29 Chandavar Manaki 74.38509 14.48181 0.7030 Aghanashini estuary
30 Chandavar Kumta 74.42514 14.36120 0.6250 Badgani estuary
31 Chandavar Kumta 74.39670 14.42021 0.6210 Kumta creek
32 Chandavar Kumta 74.39426 14.42278 0.5740 Kumta creek
33 Chandavar Kumta 74.43131 14.37271 0.5510 Badgani estuary
34 Chandavar Kumta 74.42292 14.35599 0.5500 Badgani estuary
35 Chandavar Kumta 74.40772 14.41734 0.5300 Kumta creek Continued……
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
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36 Chandavar Kumta 74.40808 14.41646 0.5030 Kumta creek
37 Chandavar Kumta 74.40865 14.40648 0.4950 Kumta creek
38 Chandavar Kumta 74.40966 14.40543 0.4850 Kumta creek
39 Chandavar Kumta 74.39460 14.42265 0.4770 Kumta creek
40 Chandavar Kumta 74.42739 14.36457 0.4440 Badgani estuary
41 Chandavar Kumta 74.42763 14.36683 0.3780 Badgani estuary
42 Chandavar Kumta 74.40363 14.38587 0.3610 Dhareshwar creek
43 Chandavar Kumta 74.42676 14.36281 0.3500 Badgani estuary
44 Chandavar Kumta 74.40647 14.41920 0.3090 Kumta creek
45 Chandavar Kumta 74.39533 14.42291 0.3080 Kumta creek
46 Chandavar Kumta 74.42735 14.36375 0.2930 Badgani estuary
47 Chandavar Kumta 74.42688 14.36690 0.2610 Badgani estuary
48 Chandavar Kumta 74.39430 14.42425 0.2590 Kumta creek
49 Chandavar Kumta 74.41274 14.40334 0.2430 Kumta creek
50 Chandavar Kumta 74.42592 14.35891 0.2420 Badgani estuary
51 Chandavar Manaki 74.39062 14.46356 0.2310 Aghanashini estuary
52 Chandavar Manaki 74.38089 14.49868 0.2180 Aghanashini estuary
53 Chandavar Kumta 74.42689 14.36583 0.2090 Badgani estuary
54 Chandavar Kumta 74.40392 14.38390 0.2060 Dhareshwar creek
55 Chandavar Kumta 74.42644 14.36599 0.2000 Badgani estuary
56 Chandavar Kumta 74.41810 14.35465 0.1950 Badgani estuary
57 Chandavar Kumta 74.39376 14.42525 0.1840 Kumta creek
58 Chandavar Kumta 74.41791 14.35569 0.1700 Badgani estuary
59 Chandavar Kumta 74.42633 14.36463 0.1550 Badgani estuary
60 Chandavar Kumta 74.42980 14.37236 0.1510 Badgani estuary
61 Chandavar Kumta 74.40518 14.42150 0.1460 Kumta creek
62 Chandavar Kumta 74.40243 14.42102 0.1360 Kumta creek
63 Chandavar Kumta 74.42833 14.36416 0.1300 Badgani estuary
64 Chandavar Kumta 74.41691 14.35504 0.1260 Badgani estuary
65 Chandavar Kumta 74.40337 14.38566 0.1210 Dhareshwar creek
66 Chandavar Kumta 74.40419 14.38280 0.1200 Dhareshwar creek
67 Chandavar Kumta 74.41207 14.40296 0.1180 Kumta creek
68 Chandavar Kumta 74.42550 14.36028 0.1110 Badgani estuary
69 Chandavar Kumta 74.40814 14.41476 0.1040 Kumta creek
70 Chandavar Kumta 74.42772 14.36824 0.0930 Badgani estuary
71 Chandavar Kumta 74.40431 14.38383 0.0920 Dhareshwar creek
72 Chandavar Kumta 74.40524 14.42085 0.0910 Kumta creek
Continued……
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
156
73 Chandavar Kumta 74.40361 14.38442 0.0690 Dhareshwar creek
74 Chandavar Kumta 74.40817 14.41224 0.0670 Kumta creek
75 Chandavar Kumta 74.42577 14.37122 0.0620 Badgani estuary
76 Chandavar Kumta 74.41775 14.35534 0.0530 Badgani estuary
77 Chandavar Kumta 74.40768 14.41382 0.0480 Kumta creek
78 Chandavar Kumta 74.42552 14.36093 0.0420 Badgani estuary
79 Chandavar Kumta 74.42130 14.35470 0.0340 Badgani estuary
80 Chandavar Kumta 74.42155 14.35435 0.0190 Badgani estuary
81 Chandavar Kumta 74.40383 14.38324 0.0190 Dhareshwar creek
82 Chandavar Kumta 74.40359 14.38421 0.0120 Dhareshwar creek
ANNEXURE-XI
Availability of potential Area (h) for Mangrove planting in Katgal Range
Sl.No. Section Beat Location Area for
planting (ha)
River Longitude Latitude
1 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38089 14.49868 4.3540 Aghanashini estuary
2 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39572 14.49431 4.0430 Aghanashini estuary
3 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39295 14.47974 3.2000 Aghanashini estuary
4 Mirjan Mirjan 74.41426 14.48385 2.8940 Aghanashini estuary
5 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39122 14.47563 2.5770 Aghanashini estuary
6 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38805 14.47973 2.5480 Aghanashini estuary
7 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38447 14.48539 2.3930 Aghanashini estuary
8 Mirjan Mirjan 74.40451 14.49078 2.1530 Aghanashini estuary
9 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38808 14.50038 1.5640 Aghanashini estuary
10 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39561 14.49266 1.5640 Aghanashini estuary
11 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38830 14.49874 1.4830 Aghanashini estuary
12 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38509 14.48181 1.3690 Aghanashini estuary
13 Mirjan Mirjan 74.38685 14.50540 1.3010 Aghanashini estuary
14 Mirjan Mirjan 74.40226 14.47815 1.2130 Aghanashini estuary
15 Mirjan Mirjan 74.39585 14.49555 0.8650 Aghanashini estuary
16 Mirjan Mirjan 74.42949 14.47803 0.8280 Aghanashini estuary
17 Mirjan Mirjan 74.41170 14.48504 0.6180 Aghanashini estuary
18 Mirjan Mirjan 74.40145 14.48907 0.5780 Aghanashini estuary
19 Mirjan Mirjan 74.41615 14.47974 0.1240 Aghanashini estuary
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
157
ANNEXURE-XII
Availability of potential Area (h) for Mangrove planting in Hiregutti Range
Sl.No. Section Beat Location Area for
planting (ha)
River Longitude Latitude
1 Madanderi Madanderi 74.36523 14.56166 220.6280 Aghnashini estuary
2 Madanderi Madanderi 74.37252 14.54665 147.7030 Aghnashini estuary
3 Madanderi Madanderi 74.37777 14.56303 93.9260 Aghnashini estuary
4 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38433 14.54847 66.4220 Aghanashini estuary
5 Madanderi Madanderi 74.30130 14.59443 43.4350 Gangavali estuary
6 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37777 14.56303 30.9940 Aghanashini estuary
7 Madanderi Madanderi 74.36981 14.55834 27.6140 Aghnashini estuary
8 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38985 14.52683 27.4960 Aghanashini estuary
9 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.36981 14.55834 21.4270 Aghanashini estuary
10 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.39095 14.53159 8.3080 Aghanashini estuary
11 Madanderi Madanderi 74.38433 14.54847 4.9230 Aghnashini estuary
12 Madanderi Madanderi 74.32877 14.60490 3.4870 Gangavali estuary
13 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.37252 14.54665 2.5420 Aghanashini estuary
14 Madanderi Madanderi 74.31416 14.59810 2.1970 Gangavali estuary
15 Madanderi Madanderi 74.31256 14.59856 1.9610 Gangavali estuary
16 Madanderi Madanderi 74.33529 14.60678 0.7010 Gangavali estuary
17 Madanderi Madanderi 74.31769 14.60046 0.6670 Gangavali estuary
18 Gundbal K-Shivpura 74.39078 14.59504 0.5950 Gangavali estuary
19 Madanderi Madanderi 74.32955 14.60401 0.5460 Gangavali estuary
20 Hiregutti Hiregutti 74.38439 14.51522 0.4980 Aghanashini estuary
21 Gundbal K-Shivpura 74.38906 14.59521 0.3070 Gangavali estuary
22 Gundbal K-Shivpura 74.38899 14.59446 0.2760 Gangavali estuary
23 Gundbal K-Shivpura 74.39119 14.59477 0.1710 Gangavali estuary
24 Madanderi Madanderi 74.33413 14.60611 0.1090 Gangavali estuary
25 Madanderi Madanderi 74.31710 14.59921 0.0770 Gangavali estuary
26 Gundbal K-Shivpura 74.38969 14.59476 0.0530 Gangavali estuary
27 Madanderi Madanderi 74.32213 14.60331 0.0520 Gangavali estuary
28 Madanderi Madanderi 74.31789 14.59877 0.0310 Gangavali estuary
29 Madanderi Madanderi 74.31748 14.59905 0.0290 Gangavali estuary
30 Madanderi Madanderi 74.31570 14.59873 0.0180 Gangavali estuary
31 Madanderi Madanderi 74.31629 14.59889 0.0150 Gangavali estuary
32 Madanderi Madanderi 74.31300 14.59752 0.0070 Gangavali estuary
33 Madanderi Madanderi 74.31308 14.59706 0.0040 Gangavali estuary
34 Madanderi Madanderi 74.31633 14.59896 0.0030 Gangavali estuary
35 Madanderi Madanderi 74.31175 14.59773 0.0030 Gangavali estuary
36 Madanderi Madanderi 74.31555 14.59874 0.0010 Gangavali estuary
Mangroves of Uttara Kannada district 2012
158
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