Concept of information system & networking..

CONCEPT OF INFORMATION SYSTEM & NETWORKING;

COMPONENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEM;

INFORMATION RESOURCES SHARING & NETWORKING; TYPES OF NETWORK-PAN ,

WAN, LAN, INTERNET, AGRINET, AKIS, INDIAN

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL DATABASE.

Concept of Information System

Information: A collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of the facts themselves.

System : It refers to a Combination of components working together. For example, a computer system includes both software and hardware.

A Windows system is a personal computer running the Windows operating system.

A desktop publishing system is a computer

running desktop publishing software.

System Elements : Inputs Processing mechanisms OutputsInformation System (IS) :

A set of interrelated elements or components that collect (input), manipulate (process), and disseminate (output) data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.

Schematic model of an information system

Feedback

Input Processing Output

Input , Processing , Output Input

The activity of gathering and capturing data

Whatever goes into the computer Processing

Converting or transforming data into useful outputs

OutputUseful information, usually in the form

of documents and/or reportsAnything that comes out of a computer

Components of Information Systems

INPUT : Whatever goes into the computer. Input can take a variety of forms, from commands you enter on a keyboard to data from another computer or device. A device that feeds data into a computer, such as a keyboard or mouse, is called an input device.

OUTPUT : Anything that comes out of a computer. Output can be meaningful information or gibberish, and it can appear in a variety of forms -- as binary numbers, as characters, as pictures, and as printed pages. Output devices include display screens, loudspeakers, and printers.

FEEDBACK: Output that is used to make changes to input or processing activities.

Components of Computer-based Information Systems :

A CBIS is composed of…Five partsHardwareSoftwareDatabaseTelecommunicationsNetworks

Together they are…Configured to collect, manipulate, store, and

process data into information.

Hardware :

-- Computer equipment used to perform input, processing, and output activities.

The objects that you can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips.

Software :Computer programs that govern/determine/control

the operation of the computer.Computer instructions or data.

Database : An organized collection of facts and information.

A collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data.

Telecommunications :The electronic transmission of signals for

communications; enables organizations to link computer systems into effective networks

Refers to all types of data transmission, from voice to video.

Networks : Used to connect computers and computer

equipment in a building, around the country, across the world, to enable electronic communications.

A group of two or more computer systems linked together.

Concept of NetworkingThere are many types of computer networks, including:

local-area networks (LANs) : The computers are geographically close together (that is, in the same

building). Contains printers, servers and computers. Organizations often have several LANS

wide-area networks (WANs) : The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves.

Typically use public or leased linesPhone linesSatellite

The Internet is a WAN

Personal Area Network (PAN) : Very small scale network Range is less than 2 meters Cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players.

Network Classification By Structure / Functional Relationship

Client / ServerPeer to Peer (P2PN)

Client/Server network : Nodes and servers share data roles Nodes are called clients Servers are used to control access Database software

Access to data controlled by server Server is the most important computer

Peer to peer networks (P2PN) : All nodes are equal Nodes access resources on other nodes Each node controls its own resources Most modern OS allow P2PN

Network ClassificationBy Topology / Physical Connectivity

BUSSTARRINGMESHTREE

BUS Also called linear bus

One wire connects all nodes

Terminator ends the wires

AdvantagesEasy to setupSmall amount of wire

DisadvantagesSlowEasy to crash

STAR All nodes connect to a hub

Packets sent to hubHub sends packet to destination

AdvantagesEasy to setupOne cable can not crash network

DisadvantagesOne hub crashing downs entire networkUses lots of cable

Most common topology

RING Nodes connected in a circle

Tokens used to transmit dataNodes must wait for token to send

AdvantagesTime to send data is knownNo data collisions

DisadvantagesSlowLots of cable

MESH All computers connected together

Internet is a mesh network

Advantage Data will always be delivered

Disadvantages Lots of cable Hard to setup

TREE Hierarchal Model

AdvantagesScaleableEasy ImplementationEasy Troubleshooting

VPN A secure network that uses the Internet as its

backbone but relies on firewalls, encryption and other security.

VPN allows employees to securely access their companies intranet while travelling outside the office.

Similarly VPN securely and cost-effectively connects geographically separate offices of an organization, creating one cohesive virtual network.

Peer to Peer Network Networks that connect from one PC to another PC. Common use is the downloading and trading of files.

Advantages:○ Easy installation○ Low maintenance cost

INTERNET A World-wide network of computers allow

people to know information electronically.

Like a BIG book with many web pages on different topics.

Can be accessed anywhere with an internet connection.

Uses of Internet To apply for jobs or schools. To fill government forms. To check bank accounts. To communicate with family, friends and co-

workers. To do research. To learn new skills. To read news. To watch Videos etc…

What is an INTERNET Service Provider A Company that provides Internet access for

customers

[examples: Comcast, Qwest, AoL]

Your computer ISP Internet

How to connect to the Internet

Three main ways to connect to the Internet

○ Dial-Up○ High Speed/DSL○ Wireless Connection (Wi-Fi)

Dial-Up Internet Connection

Dial-Up○ connection through a phone using your

landline○ by far the slowest, and not used very often○ Not the most efficient way to connect to the

Internet

Wireless Internet Connection (Wi-Fi)

Your computer must be a “Wireless enabled” device

Your computer can pick up signals from different wireless networks

Some networks require passwords or a subscription, others are free

This is what the wireless symbol would look like if your computer was connected

Web Browser

A web-based program that displays the Internet

Common Web Browsers Safari: for Apples/Macintosh

Internet Explorer: for Windows only

Other Web Browsers

Google Chrome: created by Google

Mozilla Firefox: works on Mac & PC

AKISAKIS- Agriculture Knowledge Information

system.

Elliott [1987] has proposed a model of the agricultural technnology Management system.

Within AKIS, farmers are in the central position.

Integrated AKIS System Building an integrated system of research,

extension, education and farmers community is considered to be one of the key ingredients for promoting agricultural development.

Within AKIS, farmers not only are the central element, but also contributed to the improvement of research and extension work, and to the policy formulation process.

Elements of AKIS Agricultural research that develops methods

and new practices, as well as their modification in compliance with local conditions.

Agricultural education that trains the extension specialist and directly assist the short-term training of the farmers.

Organization of extension services of the central, regional and local levels, all separated from the regulatory function of the ministry of agriculture.

The rural farming community. Mass media, through which information is

spread, may be considered as a sub-element of this system.

Extension contributors in the AKIS

Nagel [1980] designed six functions that the system must perform in order to ensure the initiation and the continuation of the information flow process:

1. Identification of problems/knowledge needs at the producers level.

2. Generation of innovations.

3. Validation under farmer’s conditions/ Operationalisation for utilization.

4. Dissemination.

5. Utilization.

6. Evaluation of experiences

New opportunities exist for raising AKIS/RD effectiveness

Advances in the Agricultural sciences are crucial but other advances are also needed

1) Communication and Information Technologies are advancing rapidly

2) New concepts are emerging for participation in learning and problem solving

AGRISNET (Agricultural Resources Information System and Networking), a project funded by the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.

Under this scheme most of the State Governments are established information rich agricultural websites.

For example, Sikkim AGRISNET-(

http://www.sikkimagrisnet.org), Andhra Pradesh agri-portal

http://www.apagrisnet.gov.in, Uttar Pradesh (UP) Agrisnet Knowledge

Portal (http://agriculture.up.nic.in),

AGRISNET – Himachal Pradesh- (http://203.193.179.168/default.aspx)

- Expert Advisory Services (http://www.hp.gov.in/expertadvisory/SignUp.aspx).

AGRISNET projects, pilots for 17 states, have been approved to provide following services;

market prices, soil information, crop diseases and management, good practices for horticulture, sericulture, etc.

Twenty three priority services and processes for reengineering have been identified.

Several initiatives have been taken by central government and states such as ASHA in Assam, KISSAN and e-Krishi in Kerala, Krishi Maratha Vahini in Karnataka, etc.,

Aimed at meeting challenges facing the agriculture sector in the country and have met with varying degree of success.

Agriculture has been included as a Mission Mode Projects (MMP) in National e- Governance Plan (NeGP) and is to be operationalised by Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DoA&C).

The typical services envisaged in Agriculture as an MMP include: information to farmers on seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, government schemes, soil recommendations, crop management, weather and marketing of agriculture produce.

The DoA&C has adopted twin strategy to spearhead implementation of MMP in Agriculture through AGRISNET & two portals AGMARKNET & DACNET.

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