Computer Networks & mobile phone

Nimay Kumar Datta.Chief Instructor (Computer)Dinajpur Technical Training Centre.

Computer Network

Presented By -

Organized By -National Academy For Computer Training & Research (NACTAR)

Ministry of EducationBogra, Bangladesh.

Topics • Computer Network• Classification of Network• Medium of Data Communication• Bandwidth• Network Topology• Different Types of Networks Device• Protocol• IP Address• Wireless Communication System• Mobile phone• Architecture of Cell Phone Network• Generation of Mobile Phone System

Computer Networks• hLb †Kvb GKwU †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g

`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Kw¤úDUvi ci¯úi mshy³ n‡q Z‡_¨i Av`vb cÖ`vb ev wi‡mvm© †kqvi K‡i ZLb _v‡K Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© e‡j|

Computer Networks

‡bUIqv‡K©i cÖKvi‡f` tgvwjKvbv Abymv‡i Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© `yB

cÖKvi• K) cÖvB‡fU †bUIqvK© t †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb

Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ †h †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb K‡i Zv‡KB cÖvB‡fU †bUIqvK© e‡j| B‡”Q Ki‡jB †h †KD GB †bUIqvK© e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| GB †bUIqv‡K©i wbivcËv AZ¨šÍ gReyZ Ges UªvwdK †bB ej‡jB P‡j|

• L) cvewjK †bUIqvK© t cvewjK †bUIqvK© †Kvb cÖwZôvb ev ms¯’v Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| †h †KD PvB‡jB GB †bUIqvK© e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e Gi wewbg‡q g~j¨ cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq| D`vniY ¯^iæc wewfbœ †gevBj †dvb ev †Uwj‡dvb †bUIqvK© wm‡÷g|

‡bUIqv‡K©i cÖKvi‡f` t‡bUIqv‡K©i wbqš¿b AeKvVv‡gv Ges mvwf©m cÖ`v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i †bUIqvK© wZb cÖKvi|

K) wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi †bUIqvK©L) K¬v‡q›U-mvfv©i †bUIqvK©M) nvBeªxW †bUIqvK©

wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi †bUIqvKwcqvi-Uz-wcqvi †bUIqv‡K© cÖwZwU wcwm

ev IqvK©‡÷kb wi‡mvm© †kqvwis Gi †ÿ‡Î mgvb f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wfbœ wfbœ wcwmi WvUvi wbivcËv weavb Ki‡e †m wcwm wb‡R| GB ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© †Kvb †WwW‡K‡UW mvfv©i _v‡K bv| cÖwZwU wcwmi e¨enviKvix wb‡R wVK Ki‡e Zvi †Kvb †Kvb wi‡mvm© †m †bUIqv‡K© †kqvi Ki‡Z w`‡e| wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi †bUIqv‡K©i me wcwm mgvb ¸iæ‡Z¡i| G¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿b Kivi †Kvb e¨e¯’v †bB|

‡bUIqv‡K©i cÖKvi‡f` ...

K¬v‡q›U-mvfv©i †bUIqvK†Kw›`ªqfv‡e †WUv †÷vi, wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv, wewfbœ

G¨vwcø‡Kkb Pvjv‡bv Ges †bUIqvK© Pvjv‡bvi GKwU Dchy³ †bUIqvK© n‡jv K¬v‡q›U-mvfv©i †bUIqvK©| G ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡i wi‡mvm© _v‡K, Avi †bUIqv‡K©i Ab¨vb¨ Kw¤úDUvi †mme wi‡mvm© e¨envi K‡i| †h Kw¤úDUvi wi‡mvm© †kqvi K‡i †mwU n‡”Q mvfv©i, Avi †hme Kw¤úDUvi †mB wi‡mvm© e¨envi K‡i Zviv n‡”Q K¬v‡q›U| †bUIqv‡K©i mg¯Í wi‡mvm© mvfv©‡i Rgv _vKvq †K›`ª †_‡K wi‡mvm© g¨v‡bR Kiv hvq| me BDRvi GKB mvfv©‡i jM-Bb K‡i Ges mvfv©‡ii wmwKDwiwU cwjwm †g‡b P‡j e‡j wbivcËv wbwðZ nq| K¬v‡q›U-mvfv©i †bUIqvK©‡K mvfv©i †eRW †bUIqvK©I ejv nq|

‡bUIqv‡K©i cÖKvi‡f` ...

K¬v‡q›U-mvfv©i †bUIqvK

nvBeªxW †bUIqvKwcqvi-Uz-wcqvi Ges K¬v‡q›U mvfv©i

†bUIqv‡K©i mgš^‡q MwVZ †bUIqvK©B nj nvBweªW ev wgkÖ ‡bUIqvK©|

‡bUIqv‡K©i cÖKvi‡f` ...

AvKvi I e„w¯ÍwZi Ici wfwË K‡i Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© 4 (Pvi) cÖKvi|– Personal Area Network (PAN)– Local Area Network (LAN)– Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)– Wide Area Network (WAN)

‡bUIqv‡K©i cÖKvi‡f` ...

Personal Area Network (PAN)†Kb e¨w³i wbKUewZ© wewfbœ

Bbdi‡gkb †UK‡bvjwRi wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi †bUIqvK© wm‡÷g‡K cv‡mv©bvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev PAN e‡j| PAN Gi e¨wß ev cixmxgv mvaviYZ 10 wgUv‡ii g‡a¨ mxgve×| Laptop, PDA, Portable Printer, Mobile BZ¨vw` c¨v‡b e¨eüZ wWfvB‡mi D`vniY| evox, Awdm, Mvox, wKsev RbM‡bi Rb¨ Db¥y³ †h †Kvb RvqMvq c¨vb ˆZix Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

‡bUIqv‡K©i cÖKvi‡f` ...

Personal Area Network (PAN)

Local Area Network (LAN)GKvwaK e¨w³i Kv‡Ri mgš^q mvab I MwZ e„w×i Rb¨

GKB f‡e‡b ev GKB iæ‡gi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z Kw¤úDUvi ¸wji g‡a¨ A_ev †Kvb wbw`ó GjvKvi †ek wKQz Kw¤úDUvi ¸wji g‡a¨ †h †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev j¨vb e‡j| j¨v‡bi g~j D‡Ï‡k¨ wWfvBm¸wji g‡a¨ Z_¨ Ges wi‡mvm© †kqvi Kiv| †QvU-gvSvwi Awd‡m j¨vb ˆZix K‡i wcÖ›Uvi, g‡Wg, ¯‹¨vbvi BZ¨vw` wWfvB‡mi Rb¨ mvkÖq Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| j¨v‡bi UªvÝwgwUs wgwWqv wnmv‡e mvaviYZ BDwUwc K¨vej e¨envi Kiv nq Z‡e High Speed Data Transmission-Gi Rb¨ dvBevi AcwUKm& K¨vej e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| j¨v‡b mvaviYZ 10 Mbps ch©šÍ MwZ cvIqv hvq|

‡bUIqv‡K©i cÖKvi‡f` ...

Local Area Network (LAN)

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)‡Kvb wefvMxq kni ev †g‡UªvcwjUb

GjvKvi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z GKvwaK †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev j¨v‡bi mgš^‡q M‡o D‡V ‡g‡UªvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev g¨vb| Gai‡bi †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g †ek D”PMwZi wewfbœ †bUIqvK© Zv‡`i Z_¨ †kqvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| g¨vb mvaviYZ 50-70 gvBj ev 100 wK:wg: ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z n‡Z cv‡i| g¨v‡bi UªvÝwgwUs wgwWqv wnmv‡e K¨vej Gi cvkvcvwk gvB‡µvI‡qf wgwWqv e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|

‡bUIqv‡K©i cÖKvi‡f` ...

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)we¯Í…Z †fŠMwjK GjvKvq Aew¯’Z

GKvwaK j¨vb ev g¨vb‡K wb‡q M‡W D‡V IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev WAN. Iqv‡bi UªvÝwgwUs wgwWqv wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i Microwave, Satellite ev Optical Fiber Cable.

‡bUIqv‡K©i cÖKvi‡f` ...

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨g (Medium of Data Communication) :

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb ev UªvÝwgkb A_ev Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© GK Kw¤úDUvi ‡_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i ‡WUv cwien‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb bv †Kvb gva¨g `iKvi nq| †Kvb †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUvimg~n †bUIqvK© gva¨g ev wgwWqvi mvnv‡h¨ hy³ _v‡K| GB †bUIqvK© wgwWqvi ga¨ w`‡qB †WUv cÖevwnZ nq|

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb ev †bUIqvK© wgwWqv‡K cÖavbZ `yBfv‡e fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:

a) Cable Mediab) Wireless Media

a) Cable Media :K¨vej ev Zvi ej‡Z Avgiv Ggb GKwU e¯‘‡Z

eywS hv `yBwU cÖvšÍ‡K mshy³ K‡i| GwU GKwU KwVb e¯‘ hvi g‡a¨ w`‡q †WUv wmMbvj ¸‡jv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ wb‡q hvq| †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡b wZb ai‡bi K¨vej e¨envi Kiv nq|

i) Twisted Pair Cableii) Co-axial Cableii) Optical Fiber Cable

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨g . . . ...

i) Twisted Pair Cable UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡j GKmv‡_ K‡qK †Rvov

K¨vej cvKv‡bv Ae¯’vq _v‡K hvi g‡a¨ w`‡q †WUv wmMbvj cÖevwnZ nq| UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej mvaviYZ `y ai‡bi nq| h_v -

a) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cableb) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨g . . . ...

a) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) CableeZ©gvb †bUIqvK© we‡k^ me‡P‡q

†ewk e¨eüZ K¨vej n‡jv BDwUwc| BDwUwc g~jZ Pvi †Rvov Kcvi Zvi †gvov‡bv Ges Gi Dci cøvmwUK Avei‡Y †gvov _v‡K| BDwUwc K¨ve‡ji wewfbœ ÷¨vÛv‡W©i e¨envi i‡q‡Q| G mKj ÷¨vÛv‡W©i g‡a¨ CAT-5, CAT-6 Ges eZ©gv‡b CAT-7 i‡q‡Q| BDwUwc K¨ve‡ji e¨vÛDB_ mvaviYZ 10 Mbps.

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨g . . . ...

b) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cablewk‡ìW UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡ji cÖwZwU

c¨vuPv‡bv †Rvov Zvi _v‡K GKwU K‡i k³ wkì ev Avei‡Yi †fZi| d‡j GB Zvi A‡bK myiwÿZ _v‡K| wkì mvavibZ G¨vjywgwbqvg ev cwj‡q÷v‡ii n‡q _v‡K| cÖwZwU wk‡ìW †Rvov Zvi Avevi cøvw÷K R¨v‡K‡Ui gv‡S _v‡K| BDwUwc K¨ve‡ji e¨vÛDB_ mvaviYZ 16 Mbps.

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨g . . . ...

ii) Co-axial Cable : ‡Kv-Gw·qvj K¨ve‡ji †K›`ª w`‡q AwZµg K‡i GKwU mwjW Kcvi Zvi| G Zvi‡K wN‡i Rov‡bv _v‡K cøvw÷‡Ki †dv‡gi Bbmy‡jkb| G Bbmy‡jk‡bi Dci Av‡iKwU cwievnx Zvi c¨vuPv‡bv _v‡K ev Zv‡ii Rvwj weQv‡bv _v‡K| GB Zvi ev Rvwj †fi‡ii Electrical Interference ‡_‡K †fZ‡ii mwjW Kcvi‡K iÿv K‡i, d‡j †WUv ev wmMbvj my›`ifv‡e PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i| evB‡ii cwievnK‡K cøvw÷K R¨v‡KU Øviv †X‡K ivLv nq| †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨ve‡ji †WUv UªvÝdvi †iU Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk nq| Z‡e †WUv UªvÝdvi †iU Zv‡ii ‰`‡N¨©i Ici wbf©i K‡i| mvavibZ †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej e¨envi K‡i GK wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ `~i‡Z¡ wWwRUvj †WUv †cÖiY Kiv hvq, G‡ÿ‡Î †WUv UªvÝdvi †iU 200 Mbps ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i Ges UªvÝwgkb jm A‡cÿvK…Z Kg|

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨g . . . ...

ii) Optical Fiber CableAcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨ve‡j B‡jKwUªK

wmMbv‡ji cwie‡Z© Av‡jvK wmMbvj UªvÝwgU K‡i| GwU‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki c~Y© Af¨všÍixY cÖwZdjb c×wZ‡Z †WUv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ Mgb K‡i| AcwUK¨vj dvBevi ev dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej wmwjÛvi AvK„wZi| GwU wZbwU As‡ki mgš^‡q MwVZ - †Kvi, K¬¨vwWs I R¨v‡KU| eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡ji †WUv UªvÝwgkb e¨vÛDW_ 100 Mbps ‡_‡K 2 Gbps ch©šÍ nq|

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨g . . . ...

Wireless MediaGB ai‡bi gva¨g n‡jv evqy gÛj, cvwb Ges gnvk~‡b¨ evqygÛ‡ji

Dc‡i Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ ¯Íi| GB gva¨g †fŠZ †Kvb gva¨g QvovB B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK ms‡KZ †cÖib K‡i| G gva¨‡g †WUv B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK kw³‡Z iæcvšÍwiZ n‡q G¨v‡›Ubv †_‡K wewKiY nq| `~iewZ© Ges `~M©g ¯’vbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †ÿ‡Î Iqvi‡jm wgwWqv e¨envi Kiv nq| cÖhyw³i DrKl©Zvi d‡j GLb †ewkifvM KwgDwb‡Kkb wWfvBm enb‡hvM¨, †hgb †gvevBj| wbw`©ó RvqMvq Aew¯’Z wWfvB‡mi Rb¨ K¨vej wgwWqv Dchy³| Z‡e †gvevBj wWfvBm ev enb‡hvM¨ wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †ÿ‡Î Iq¨vi‡jm wgwWqv e¨envi Kiv †ekx Dc‡hvMx|

wZb ai‡bi Iq¨vi‡jm wgwWqv †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb ev Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© e¨eüZ nq| h_v-

K) †iwWI I‡qf L) gvB‡µvI‡qf M) Bd«v‡iW

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨g . . . ...

K) †iwWI I‡qf3 wK‡jvnvR© n‡Z 300 wK‡jvnvR©

wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi †eZvi Zi½‡K †iwWI I‡qf ejv nq| †iwWI I‡qf GK ai‡bi B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK †iwW‡kb| †iwWI I‡q‡fi gva¨‡g e¨eüZ Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© †WUv UªvÝwgU Kiv nq B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK †¯úKUªvg e¨envi K‡i, hv‡K ejv nq Radio Frequency (RF)| GB †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vq ms‡KZ †cÖi‡bi MwZ‡eM cÖvq 24 Kbps hv 1 wK‡jvwgUvi †_‡K 100 wK‡jvwgUvi GjvKvq we¯Ívi jvf K‡i|

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨g . . . ... Wireless Media

L) gvB‡µvI‡qf1GHz ‡_‡K 40 GHz wd«Kz‡qwÝi B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK Zi½‡K gvB‡µvI‡qf ejv nq| gvB‡µvI‡qe GKg~Lx Ges †QvU AvKv‡ii †K›`ª Awfgy‡L wmMbvj cvVv‡bv hvq| GRb¨ †cÖiK I MÖnK Gv‡›Ubv‡K ci¯úigyLx K‡i mvRv‡Z nq| GB wd«Kz‡qw݇Z Zi½ ˆ`N¨© Lye †QvU nIqvq G‡K gvB‡µvI‡qf bvg †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| Gi wd«Kz‡qwÝ †iwWI wd«Kz‡qwÝ †_‡K A‡bK †ewk nIqvq cvidi‡gÝ I MwZ †ewk cvIqv hvq| gvB‡µvI‡qf †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb Amyweav n‡”Q UªvÝwgUvi I wiwmfv‡ii g‡a¨ †Kvb evav _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| gvB‡µvI‡qf UªvÝwgkb `yÕai‡bi| h_v- (1) †Uwiw÷ªqvj gvB‡µvI‡qf (2) m¨‡UjvBU gvB‡µvI‡qf

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨g . . . ... Wireless Media

(1) †Uwiw÷ªqvj gvB‡µvI‡qf†U‡iw÷ªqvj gvB‡µvI‡qf UªvÝwgk‡b jvBb Ad

mvBU UªvÝwgkb N‡U| G ai‡bi cÖhyw³‡Z f‚-c„‡óB UªvÝwgUvi I wiwmfvi emv‡bv nq| UªvÝwgUvi I wiwmfvi `„wó †iLvq †hvMv‡hvM K‡i| gvSLv‡b †Kvb evav bv _vK‡j †Uwiw÷ªqvj gvB‡µvI‡qf wmMbvj 1 †_‡K 50 gvBj ch©šÍ †h‡Z cv‡i|

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨g . . . ... Wireless Media

†Uwiw÷ªqvj gvB‡µvI‡qf

(2) m¨‡UjvBU gvB‡µvI‡qfm¨v‡UjvBU ev DcMÖn gnvKv‡k †_‡K c„w_ex‡K wN‡i Nyi‡Z

_v‡K| c„w_exi gva¨vKl©Y e‡ji Kvi‡Y GUv Ny‡i, ZvB GUv‡K gnvKv‡k ivLvi Rb¨ †Kvb R¦vjvbx ev kw³ LiP Ki‡Z nq bv| c„w_exi f‚-c„ô n‡Z cÖvq 36000 wK‡jvwgUvi Dc‡i GKwU wbw`ó Kÿc‡_ m¨v‡UjvBU ¯’vcb Kiv nq, d‡j GwU c„w_exi MwZi mv‡_ Nyi‡Z _v‡K Gesb G Rb¨ c„w_exi mv‡c‡ÿ m¨v‡UjvBU‡K w¯’i g‡b nq| f‚-c„ô n‡Z m¨v‡UjvB‡U †WUv †cÖib-MÖnb Kivi Rb¨ VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) G¨v‡›Ubv e¨envi Kiv nq| m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui gva¨‡g WvUv UªvÝwgk‡bi Rb¨ mvavibZ 11GHz-14GHz wd«Kz‡qwÝi B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK Zi½ e¨envi Kiv nq| f‚-c„ô n‡Z m¨v‡UjvB‡U †Kvb wmMbvj †cÖiY Kiv‡K ejv nq Up-Link Ges m¨v‡UjvBU n‡Z f‚-c„‡ó wmMbvj MÖnb Kiv‡K ejv nq Down-Link. GKwU m¨v‡UjvBU c„w_exi 1/3 As‡ki wmMbvj Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨g . . . ... Wireless Media

m¨‡UjvBU gvB‡µvI‡qf

M) Bd«v‡iW300 GHz n‡Z 400 THz ch©šÍ wd«Kz‡qw݇K ejv nq

Bbd«v‡iW| Bbd«v‡iW LyeB wbKUeZx© wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡hvwM| GB cÖhyw³‡Z wmMbvj UªvÝwgU Kivi Rb¨ Bbd«v‡iW gv‡bi Av‡jv (LED-Light Emitting Diode ev, ILD-Interjection Laser Diode) e¨envi Kiv nq| gv‡S †Kvb evav bv _vK‡j G ai‡bi UªvÝwgkb wmMbvj m‡ev©”P 30 wgUvi ch©šÍ †h‡Z cv‡i| Bbdv‡iW wmMbv‡ji Amyweav n‡”Q GwU N‡ii †`qvj ev k³ †Kvb evav †f` Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wewfbœ wi‡gvU© K‡›Uªvj wm‡÷‡g G gva¨g e¨eüZ nq|

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨g . . . ... Wireless Media

BandwidthGK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b wKsev GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨

Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii nvi‡K Bandwidth e‡j| GB Bandwidth-‡KB †WUv UªvÝwgkb ¯úxW e‡j| GB evDÛIqvBW mvaviYZ Bit per Second (bps) G wnmve Kiv nq| A_©vr cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û †h cwigvb weU UªvÝwgU Kiv nq Zv‡K bps ev Bandwidth e‡j| GB †WUv UªvÝdvi MwZi Dci wfwË K‡i KwgDwb‡Kkb MwZ‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v-

1| b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ (Narrow Band)2| f‡qm e¨vÛ (Voice Band)3| eªW e¨vÛ (Broad Band)

Narrow Bandb¨v‡iv e¨vÛ mvaviYZ 45 †_‡K 300 bps (Bit per Second)

ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| GB e¨vÛ axi MwZ WvUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †¶‡Î e¨envi Kiv nq| †UwjMÖvwdi †ÿ‡Î GB e¨vÛ e¨envi Kiv nq| Voice Band :

GB e¨v‡Ûi WvUv MwZ 9600 bps ev 9.6 Kbps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| GwU mvaviYZ †Uwj‡dv‡b †ewk e¨envi Kiv nq| Z‡e Kw¤úDUvi WvUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡b Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K wcÖ›Uv‡i WvUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †¶‡Î wKsev KvW© wiWvi †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †¶‡Î GB e¨vÛ e¨envi Kiv nq|

Bandwidth . . . ..

Broad BandeªW e¨vÛ D”PMwZ m¤úbœ WvUv ¯’vbvšÍi

e¨vÛ hvi MwZ Kgc‡¶ 1 Mbps n‡Z AZ¨šÍ D”P MwZ ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| mvaviYZ †Kv-Aw·qvj K¨vej I AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡i WvUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡i eªW e¨vÛ e¨envi Kiv nq| ZvQvov WiMax, m¨v‡UjvBU, KwgDwb‡Kkb Ges gvB‡µvI‡qf KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI GB e¨vÛ e¨envi Kiv nq|

Bandwidth . . . ..

Network Topology Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUvimg~n GKwU

Ab¨wUi mv‡_ mshy³ _vKvi c×wZ‡K U‡cvjwR e‡j| †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv Kxfv‡e mshy³ Av‡Q, K¨vej wKfv‡e GKwU Av‡iKwUi mv‡_ hy³ Av‡Q, GwUB U‡cvjwRi g~j welq|

cÖavb cÖavb U‡cvjwR mg~n - Bus Topology Star Topology Ring Topology Tree Topology Mesh Topology

evm U‡cvjwR

evm U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU ms‡hvM jvB‡bi mv_ me¸wj †bvW hy³ _v‡K| GKwU Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨ Kw¤úDUvi †bv‡W ms‡hvM jvB‡bi gva¨‡g ms‡KZ cvVvq| †cÖwiZ WvUv cÖevwnZ nIqvi mgq cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kw¤úDUvi WvUv cix¶v K‡i| †KejgvÎ †h Kw¤úDUvi WvUv cÖvcK †mB Kw¤úDUviB D³ WvUv MÖnb K‡i| G‡Z †Kvb †K›`ªxq mvf©vi _v‡K bv| ‡Kvb Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡q †M‡j Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR Ki‡Z †Kvb Amyweav nq bv| mn‡RB †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© n‡Z wew”Qbœ Kiv m¤¢e|

Network Topology . . . ..

PC-2 PC-4 PC-n+1

PC-1 PC-3 PC- -n

(Ground)

evm U‡cvjwR

Star Topology÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z †bUIqvK©f‚³ mKj

Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K †Kej †ei n‡q G‡m GKwU †Kw›`ªq ¯’v‡b hy³ nq| GB ‡Kw›`ªq ¯’v‡b Gme K¨vej GKwU wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ hy³ nq| †Kw›`ªq wffvBm wnmv‡e nve/myBP n‡Z cv‡i| ÷vi U‡cvjwRi myweav nj †bUIqvK©fz³ †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi bó/mgm¨v n‡j ïaygvÎ H wbw`ó Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© myweav n‡Z ewÂP nq Ab¨vb¨ mKj Kw¤úDUv‡i †bUIqvK© mPj _v‡K| Z‡e †Kw›`ªq wWfvBm bó n‡j mgšÍ †bUIqvK© APj n‡q c‡i|

Network Topology . . . ..

Ring Topology G‡¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv †bvW (Kw¤úDUvi †h we›`y‡Z hy³

_v‡K Zv‡K †bvW e‡j) Gi gva¨‡g e„ËvKvi ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ n‡q †bUIqvK© M‡o Zw‡j| ‡bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi ms‡KZ cvVv‡j Zv cieZx© †bv‡Wi w`‡K cªevwnZ K‡i| Gfv‡e Z‡_¨i GKgyLx cÖevn cy‡iv e„ËvKvi c‡_ Ny‡i Av‡m | G ai‡bi msMV‡b Kw¤úDUviMy‡jv mivmwi ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K bv weavq †bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨ †h †Kvb Kw¤úDUv‡i mivmwi ms‡KZ cvVv‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ †bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi ms‡KZ cybt‡cÖi‡Yi ¶gZv nviv‡j wKsev Lvivc n‡q †M‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK©wU A‡K‡Rv n‡q c‡o| G‡¶‡Î Lvivc Kw¤úDUviwU AcmviY K‡i cybivq ms‡hvM m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq

Network Topology . . . ..

Ring Topology

Tree Topologyg~jZ ÷vi U‡cvjwRi m¤úªmvwiZ iƒcB n‡jv

wUª U‡cvjwR| G U‡cvjwR‡Z GKvwaK nve e¨envi K‡i mg¯Í Kw¤úDUvi¸wj‡K GKwU we‡kl ¯’v‡b mshy³ Kiv nq hv‡K e‡j iæU| wUª U‡cvjwR‡Z GK ev GKvwaK ¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUvi †nv÷ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ Avevi Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUvi hy³ _v‡K| ØxZxq ¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUv‡ii †nv÷ wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|

Network Topology . . . ..

Tree Topology

Mesh TopologyG‡¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨

Kw¤úDUv‡ii ms‡M mivmwi hy³ _v‡K| GB msMV‡b †h †Kvb `yBwU †bv‡Wi g‡a¨ AZ¨šÍ `ªyZMwZ‡Z ms‡KZ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|

Network Topology . . . ..

Different Types of Networks DeviceKw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ †bUIqvK©

wgwWqv Ges Kv‡b±iB h‡_ó bq| wgwWqv Ges Kv‡b±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ M‡o †Zvjv †bUIqvK©‡K Kvh©Ki K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ AviI wKQz †bUIqvK© wWfvBm cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb :

• Modem• Network Interface Card (NIC)• Hub• Switch• Router• Bridge, etc

Modemg‡Wg GKwU †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb wWfvBm

hv †WUv‡K GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ †cŠu‡Q †`q| Modem kãwU Modulator I DeModulator Gi mswÿß iæc| gWz‡jUi wWwRUvj wmMbvj‡K GbvjM wmMbv‡j Ges wWgWz‡jUi GbvjM wmMbvj‡K wWwRUvj wmMbv‡j iæcvšÍi K‡i| mvavibZ Kw¤úDUv‡i B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ g‡Wg e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î g‡Wg‡K BDGmwe †cv‡U©i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡i mshy³ Kiv nq|

Networks Device . . . ..

Network Interface Card (NIC)†Kvb Kw¤úDUvi‡K ‡Kvb †bUIqvK©

wgwWqvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM †`Iqvi Rb¨ GKwU we‡kl B›Uvi‡d‡mi `iKvi c‡o| †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW©© GB B›Uvi‡d‡mi KvR K‡i| GwU ‡bUIqvK© GWvcUi ev j¨vb KvW© bv‡gI cwiwPZ|

Networks Device . . . ..

Hubnve n‡”Q †bUIqvK©f‚³ Kw¤úDUvi mg~n‡K

ci¯úi Kv‡bK‡UW ev mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU mvaviY Kv‡bw±s c‡q›U ev wiwcUvi wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| nv‡e A‡bK¸wj †cvU© _v‡K| GKwU †cv‡U©i gva¨‡g GKwU Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i mv‡_ mshy³ nq| nv‡ei AšÍf~©³ †h †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K †Kvb WvUv †cÖiY Ki‡j Zv me †cv‡U©i Kv‡QB †cŠuQvq| d‡j †bUIqvK© f‚³ mKj Kw¤úDUvi D³ WvUv MÖnb Ki‡Z cv‡i| nv‡ei `vg Kg Ges myB‡Pi Zzjbvq WvUv UªvÝdvi †iU Kg|

Networks Device . . . ..

SwitchGwUI nv‡ei g‡ZvB †bUIqvK© Kv‡bw±s

wWfvBm| Z‡e nv‡ei mv‡_ myB‡Pi cv_©K¨ n‡jv, myBP †cÖiK cÖvšÍ †_‡K cÖvß WvUv cÖvcK Kw¤úDUv‡ii mywbw`©ó †cvU©wU‡Z cvwV‡q †`q| wKš‘ nve mywbw`©ó Kw¤úDUv‡i bv cvwV‡q mKj Kw¤úDUv‡i cvVvq| myB‡Pi `vg nv‡ei `v‡gi KvQvKvwQ weavq eZ©gv‡b †ewkifvM e¨enviKvix nv‡ei cwie‡Z© myBP‡K †bUIqvK© Kv‡bw±s wWfvBm wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡i|

Networks Device . . . ..

Router:†bUIqvK© †_‡K Av‡iK †bUIqv‡K© †WUv cvVv‡bvi

c×wZ‡K e‡j ivDwUs| †h wWfvBm ivDwUs Gi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K e‡j ivDUvi| wfbœ wfbœ †bUIqvK©‡K hy³ Kivi Rb¨ G wWfvBm e¨envi Kiv nq| GwU LAN, MAN Ges MAN wZb ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K©B KvR K‡i| ivDUv‡ii g‡a¨ B‡›Uwj‡RÝ ev eyw×gËv †`Iqv _v‡K hv GK †bUIqvK© †_‡K Ab¨ †bUIqv‡K© †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi ‡ÿ‡Î mswÿßZg c_ Lyu‡R †ei K‡i| wfbœ ai‡bi U‡cvjwRi †bUIqvK©‡K hy³ Kivi Rb¨ ivDUvi e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| wmm‡Kv wm‡÷gm-Gi ivDUvi wek^e¨vwc eûj e¨eüZ|

Networks Device . . . ..

BridgeGKvwaK †bUIqvK©‡K mshy³ K‡i GKwU e„nZ †bUIqvK©

MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ we‡kl ai‡bi wWfvBm‡K weªR ejv nq| Gi Kvh©c×wZ A‡bKUv nve ev myB‡Pi g‡Zv| Z‡e nve ev myBP GKB †bUIqv‡K©i wefbœ †bvW‡K mshy³ K‡i| Aciw`‡K weªR GKvwaK †QvU †bUIqvK©‡K mshy³ K‡i GKwU e„nr †bUIqvK© ˆZix K‡i| weªR OSI (Open System Interconnection ) g‡W‡ji †WUv wjsK †jqv‡i gvwëcj †bUIqvK© †mM‡g›U‡K mshy³ K‡i| †cvU© G‡Wª‡mi gva¨‡g weªR †WUv UªvÝwgkb K‡i _v‡K| d‡j †Kvb †cvU© w`‡q ïaygvÎ mswkøó G¨v‡Wª‡mi †WUvB UªvÝwgU nq| Kvib weª‡Ri g‡a¨ MAC (Media Access Control) G¨v‡Wª‡mi KbwdMv‡ikb †`Iqv Av‡Q| d‡j †m hv‡b †Kvb MAC G¨v‡Wªm ‡Kvb †cvU© Øviv Mgb †hvM¨|

Networks Device . . . ..

MAC G¨v‡Wªm n‡”Q †Kvb wWfvB‡mi wdwRK¨vj G¨v‡Wªm, hv wWfvB‡mi g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis cÖwZôv‡b wWfvB‡m hy³ K‡i _v‡K|

†cÖvUKj (Protocol) ‡bUIqvK©f~³ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi WvUv Av`vb-

cÖ`v‡bi c×wZ †h cÖwµqvq wbqš¿Y Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq †cÖvUKj| mKj †bUIqv‡K©i Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wKsev wewfbœ nvW©Iqvi mvgMÖx GKB ai‡bi nq bv| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wKsev nvW©Iqv‡ii wfbœZv _vKv m‡Ë¡I †h †Kvb `ywU Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ WvUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb m¤¢e nq †cÖv‡UvK‡ji gva¨‡g| mnR K_vq †cÖv‡UvKj n‡”Q WvUv UªvÝwgk‡bi mywbw`©ó ixwZbxwZ|

K‡qKwU †cÖv‡UvK‡ji bvgwewfbœ e¨emvwqK ms¯’v wewfbœ †cÖv‡UvKj ˆZix

K‡i‡Qb| bx‡P eûj e¨eüZ K‡qKwU †cÖv‡UvK‡ji bvg D‡j L Kiv n‡jvt

(1) wUwmwc/AvBwc (TCP/IP) (6) A¨v‡cj UK (Apple Talk)

(2) AvBwcGm (IPS) (7) B_vi †bU (Ether NET) (3) GdwUwc (FTP) (8) G· .25 (X .25) (4) †bU ev‡qvm (Net Bios) (9) GBP wWGjwm

(HDLC) (5) ‡bU weD (Net BEUI) (10) AvBBB 802 (IEEE 802)

Protocol . . . ..

IP Address

Dc‡iv³ ‡cÖv‡UvKj ¸wji g‡a¨ TCP/IP me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Av‡gwiKvi wWcvU©‡g›U Ae wW‡dÝ GWfvÝW cÖ‡R± wimvP© G‡RwÝ cÖ_g 1967 mv‡j wUwmwc/AvBwc †cÖv‡UvKj wb‡q KvR ïiæ K‡i| TCP/IP mviv we‡k^ me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ ‡cÖv‡UvKj| Gi me‡P‡q eo myweav n‡jv GB †cÖv‡UvKj B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|

Protocol . . . ..

B›Uvi‡bU ev †h †Kvb †bUIqv‡K©i Af¨všÍixb cÖwZwU †bvW ev wWfvBm‡K mZš¿ K‡i †Pbvi Rb¨ †h wVKvYv e¨envi Kiv nq ZvnvB AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm| TCP/IP ‡Z AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm e¨eüZ nq 32 we‡Ui| mn‡R g‡b ivLvi Rb¨ AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm 8weU K‡i 4wU As‡k wef³ _v‡K| †hgb : 192.168.1.1| 4wU As‡ki †Kvb b¤^vi 0-255 Gi Dc‡i n‡Z cvi‡e bv (0 ev 255 e¨env‡i gvbv Av‡Q ZvB GB bv¤^vi `y‡Uv Gwo‡q Pjyb)| †QvULv‡Uv †bUIqv‡K© †h †Kvb AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm e¨envi Kiv hvq wKš‘ ISP (Internet Service Provider) n‡Z B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM wb‡j ISP GKwU wbw`ó AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm GmvBbK‡i †`q|

Wireless Communication System`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv

wdwRK¨vj Kv‡bKkb ev K¨vej ms‡hvM Qvov †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi c×wZ n‡”Q Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb| myZivs Zviwenxb gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ Iq¨vi‡jm wWfvBm mg~‡ni g‡a¨ †h c×wZ‡Z †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb nq Zv‡K Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g e‡j|

Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb wewfbœfv‡e Kiv hvq| Z‡e `yiZ¡ ev Gwiqvi Dci wfwË K‡i Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb‡K cÖavbZ 4 wU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v

1| Iq¨vi‡jm c¨vb (Wireless PAN : WPAN) t mvaviYZ Aí `yi‡Z¡i g‡a¨ Kw¤úDUvi ev †gvevBj †dv‡b eøyUz_ ev Bbdv‡i‡Wi gva¨‡g Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡b Iq¨vi‡jm c¨vb e¨envi Kiv nq|

2| Iq¨vi‡jm j¨vb (Wireless LAN : WLAN) t †iwWI g‡Wg Ges Gw›Ubvi mvnv‡h¨ †QvU e¨emv cÖwZôvb ev evmv evwo‡Z wewfbœ Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡b Iq¨vi‡jl j¨vb e¨envi Kiv nq|

Wireless Communication . . . ..

3| Iq¨vi‡jm g¨vb (Wireless MAN : WMAN) t mvaviYZ WiMAX cÖhyw³ e¨envi GKB K¨v¤úv‡mi wewfbœ Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡b Iq¨vi‡jm g¨vb e¨envi Kiv nq| Iq¨vi‡jm g¨vb Gi mvnv‡h¨ K‡qKwU Iq¨vi‡jm j¨vb‡K mshy³ Kiv hvq|

4| Iq¨vi‡jm Iqvb (Wireless WAN : WWAN) t Iq¨vi‡jm Iqvb B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i| wewfbœ `yi‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z GKvwaK WLAN I WMAN †K wb‡q Iq¨vi‡jm Iqvb ˆZwi nq|

Wireless Communication . . . ..

Iq¨vi‡jb KwgDwb‡Kkb ‡bUIqvwK©s Gi mvaviY e¨envi t

¯§vU© †dvb, wcwWG, U¨ve BZ¨vw` e¨enviKvixMY hvuuiv GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq ågb K‡ib Zviv Iq¨vi‡jm B›Uvi‡bU GK‡mm c‡q›U e¨envi K‡ib|

mvavibZ `yB ai‡bi B›Uv‡bU GK‡mm c‡q›U eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ nq| h_v -

†gvevBj †bUIqvK© (Mobile Network)

nU¯úU (Hotspot)

Wireless Communication . . . ..

nU¯úU (Hotspot)nU¯úU n‡”Q GKwU wbw`ó Iq¨vi‡jm Kfv‡iR Gwiqv|

A_v©r hw` †Kvb GKwU wbw`ó GjvKv A_ev RvqMv‡K Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Rb¨ wbav©wiZ Kiv nq Z‡e †m GjvKvwU‡K nU¯úU e‡j| GB nU¯úU K‡qK wgUvi Ry‡o n‡Z cv‡i A_ev wekvj GjvKvmn K‡qK wK.wg. GjvKv wb‡q n‡Z cv‡i| nU¯úU ˆZixi †ÿ‡Î eZ©gv‡b wZbwU cÖhyw³ LyeB RbwcÖq Ges eûj e¨eüZ| cÖhyw³ wZbwU n‡”Q -

K) eøyUz_ (Bluetooth)L) IqvB-dvB (Wi-Fi)M) IqvBg¨v· (WiMax)

Wireless Communication . . . ..

K) eøUz_ (Bluetooth)eøy-Uy_ n‡PQ ¶y`ªcvjøvi Rb¨ cªYxZ GKwU Iq¨vi‡jm

‡cÖv‡UvKj| GwU 1-100 wgUvi `~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨ Iq¨vi‡jm ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU c×wZ| eøy-Uy_-Gi Kvh©Kix cvjøv n‡”Q 10 wgUvi| Z‡e we`¨yr ‡Kv‡li kw³ e…w× K‡i Gi cvjøv 100 wgUvi ch©šÍ e…w× Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| eøy-Uy_ 2.45 wMMvnvU©R-G KvR K‡i| 900 L«x÷v‡ãi cieZ©x mg‡qi ‡Wbgv‡K©i ivRv Harald Bluetooth-Gi bvgvbymv‡i GB c«hyw³i bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| eøy-Uy_ 1.0-Gi Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb-Gi m‡e©v”P MwZ wQj ‡m‡K‡Û 1 ‡gMvweU| eZ©gv‡b eøy-Uy_ 2.0-Gi m‡e©v”P MwZ nj ‡m‡K‡Û 3 ‡gMvweU|

Wireless Communication . . . ..

eøUz_ (Bluetooth) . . . . . .eøy-Uy_ ‡cÖv‡UvKj ev¯ÍevqbKvix hš¿vsk

ev wWfvBm¸wj wØgyLx ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i KvR K‡i| eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUvi, ‡gvevBj ‡dvb, ‡Mwgs Kb‡mvj, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv, wc«›Uvi, j¨vcUc, wRwcGm wiwmfvi cÖf…wZ hš¿vw`‡Z eøy-Uz_ c«hyw³ e¨envi n‡”Q| GB cªhyw³‡Z Lye Kg we`¨yr LiP nq| GwU ¶y`ª cvjøvi ‡eZvi Zi‡½i gva¨‡g cª‡qvM Kiv nq|

Wireless Communication . . . ..

L) IqvB-dvB (Wi-Fi)Wireless Fidelity k‡ãi mswÿß iƒc Wi-Fi n‡”Q

LAN Gi Iq¨vi‡jm e¨e¯’v| Gi mvnv‡h¨ †cv‡U©ej ev enb‡hvM¨ wWfvBm‡K (j¨vcUc, †gvevBj, U¨ve, wcwWG) mn‡R Bb›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ hy³ Kiv hvq| wewfbœ †cv‡U©ej wWfvBm I wd·W wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †bUIqv‡K©i †ÿ‡ÎI GwU e¨eüZ nq| Gi Kfv‡iR Gwiqv K‡qK wgUvi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z n‡Z cv‡i| IqvB-dvB †bUIqvK©f‚³ GjvKv ev AÂj Wi-Fi Hotspot bv‡g cwiwPZ|

Wireless Communication . . . ..

M) IqvBg¨v· (WiMax)WiMax Gi c~Y© A_© n‡”Q Worldwide Interoperability for

Microwave Access| GwU IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.16 ÷¨vÛv‡W©i Iq¨vi‡jm †g‡UªvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (WMAN) ‡cÖv‡UvKj hv wd·W Ges †gvevBj B›Uvi‡b‡U e¨eüZ nq| WiMax wm‡÷‡gi `ywU cÖavb Ask _v‡K| GKwU IqvBg¨v· †em †÷kb hv Bb‡Wvi I AvDU‡Wvi UvIqvi wb‡q MwVZ| Ab¨wU G¨v‡›Ubvmn IqvBg¨v· wiwmfvi, hv †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi ev j¨vcU‡c mshy³ _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b `ywU cÖwZôvb evsjv‡`‡k IqvBg¨v· B›Uvi‡bU mvwf©m cÖ`vb K‡i| K. Bangla Lion L. Qubee

Wireless Communication . . . ..

IqvBg¨v· (WiMax)

Mobile phone‡gvevBj ‡dvb, ‡mjyjvi ‡dvb ev n¨vÛ ‡dvb

Zviwenxb ‡Uwj‡dvb we‡kl| ‡gvevBj A_© åvg¨gvb ev "¯’vbvšÍi‡hvM¨"| GB ‡dvb mn‡R ‡h ‡KvbI ¯’v‡b enb Kiv Ges e¨envi Kiv hvq e‡j ‡gvevBj ‡dvb bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwU lof~R AvK…wZi ‡¶Î ev GK-GKwU ‡mj wb‡q KvR K‡i e‡j G‡K "‡mj‡dvb" bv‡gI cwiwPZ| ‡gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb n‡”Q GK ai‡bi B‡jKUªwb· wWfvBm hvi mvnv‡h¨ †mjyjvi †bUIqvK© e¨envi K‡i dzj Wz‡cø· ev wØ-g~Lx ‡iwWI †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq| ‡gvevBj ‡dvb ‡eZvi Zi‡½i gva¨‡g ‡hvMv‡hvM K‡i e‡j A‡bK eo ‡fŠ‡MvwjK GjvKvq GwU wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e ms‡hvM w`‡Z cv‡i|

ïay K_v ejvB bq, AvaywbK ‡gvevBj ‡dvb w`‡q Av‡iv A‡bK ‡mev MÖnb Kiv hvq| Gi D`vniY n‡”Q Ly‡` evZ©v -GmGgGm ev ‡U·U ‡g‡mR ‡mev, GgGgGm ev gvwëwgwWqv ‡g‡mR ‡mev, B-‡gBj ‡mev, B›Uvi‡bU ‡mev, Ae‡jvwnZ Av‡jv ev Bbd«v-‡iW, eøy- Uy_ ‡mev, K¨v‡giv, ‡Mwgs, e¨emvwqK ev A_©‰bwZK e¨envwiK mdUIq¨vi BZ¨vw`| ‡hme ‡gvevBj ‡dvb GBme ‡mev Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvavib wKQy myweav cÖ`vb K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K ¯§vU© ‡dvb bv‡g WvKv nq| †gevBj †dv‡b GK ai‡bi gvB‡µvwPc ev KvW© (SIM = Subscriber Identity Module ev R-UIM = Removable User Identity Module) _v‡K †hLv‡b †Uwj‡dvb mvwf©m ms‡hvM cÖ`vb I Ab¨vb¨ †gvevB‡ji mv‡_ Kj Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Aby‡gv`b, e¨enviKvix kbv³KiY, e¨eüZ †dvb b¤^i cÖf…wZ _v‡K|

Mobile phone . . . ..

Mobile Hand Set

Architecture of Cell Phone Network ‡gvevBj †mev cÖ`vbKvix Zvi AvIZvaxb GjvKv‡K †QvU †QvU

As‡k fvM K‡i| cÖwZwU fvM‡K GKwU †mj e‡j| G‡Z GKwU G¨v‡›Ubv I †QvU wbqš¿b †K›`ª _v‡K, hv‡K †em ‡÷kb (Base Station - BST) e‡j| cÖwZwU †em †÷kb‡K wbqš¿b Kiv nq †gvevBj myBwPs †m›Uvi (Mobile Switching Center - MSC) Øviv, †hLv‡b Kj ms‡hvM, Kj Bbdi‡gkb †iKwWs, wewjs wm‡÷g BZ¨vw` Kw¤úDUvivBR c×wZ‡Z wbqwš¿Z nq| †m‡ji AvKvi mvavibZ 1 gvBj n‡Z 12 gvBj ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K, hv wbf©i K‡i RbmsL¨vi Nb‡Z¡i Dci| †mj †`L‡Z mvavibZ lof‚RvKvi nq| Z‡e eMv©Kvi, e„ËvKvi ev AwbqwgZ AvKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i| †mjyjvi †bUIqv‡K© †iwWI wd«Kz‡qwÝ e¨envi Kiv nq| cÖ‡Z¨K †m‡ji Rb¨ wewfbœ wd«Kz‡qwÝ eivÏ _v‡K, hvi mgZzj¨ †iwWI †em †÷kb _v‡K| GKwU †m‡ji wd«Kz‡qwÝ Ggbfv‡e wbav©wiZ nq, ‡hb cvkvcvwk †mj KL‡bv GKB wd«Kz‡qwÝ bv _v‡K| †hvMv‡hvM Kvjxb Ae¯’vq MÖvnK ev cÖvcK †h †Kvb e¨enviKvix A_ev DfqB Call handoff A_v©r Kj Awew”Qbœ †i‡L GK ev GKvwaK †em †÷kb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|

‡ivwgs (Roaming) : †gvevBj mvwf©m †cÖvfvBWv‡ii Kfv‡iR

Gwiqvi mxgve×Zv _v‡K| G mxgve×Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ mvwf©m †cÖvfvBWvi‡`i g‡a¨ †`kxq I AvšÍt‡`kxqfv‡e ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ AvšÍtms‡hv‡Mi e¨e¯’v‡K ejv nq †ivwgs| ‡mjyjvi †dvi cÖhyw³i cÖKvi‡f` t†gvevBj ev †mjyjvi †dvb cÖhyw³‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq h_v-

wRGmGg (GSM) I wmwWGgG (CDMA).

wRGmGg (GSM) wRGmGg ev Global System for Mobile Communications n‡jv †gvevBj †Uwj‡dvwb wm‡÷‡gi Rb¨ we‡k¦i me‡P‡q RbwcÖq ÷¨vÛvW©| 1982 mv‡j European Conference of Postal and Telecommunication Adminitration Gi GKwU †gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb wm‡÷g n‡jv wRGmGg| wRGmGg A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb G ‡`qv Z_¨ g‡Z we‡k¦i †gvevBj evRv‡ii 80 kZvsk GB ÷¨vÛvW©wU MÖnb K‡i‡Q| we‡k¦i 212 wU †`‡ki 1.5 wewjq‡biI †ewk †jvK GB ÷¨vÛvW©wU e¨envi Ki‡Q| G‡K wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dvb wm‡÷g wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †gvevBj †bUIqvK© Acv‡iUi‡`i g‡a¨ †ivwgs Pzw³ _vKvi d‡j we‡k¦i †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’vb †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv e¨w³ wRGmGg Gi AvIZvq _vKv Ae¯’vq wb‡Ri †gvevBj †dvbwU e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| ¯^í g~‡j¨i kU© †g‡mR mvwf©m (GmGgGm) Gi ev¯Íevq‡bi †¶‡ÎI wRGgGg cw_K…r| GB ÷¨vÛv‡W©i bZzbZg fvm©b¸‡jv cÖK…Z wRGmGg wm‡÷‡gi cyi‡bv fvm©b¸‡jvi mv‡_ K¤úvwUej|

wmwWGgG (CDMA)CDMA ev Code Division Multiple Access | CDMA wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †gvevBj ÷¨vÛvW©| CDMA n‡jv TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) †_‡K wfbœ Ges D”Pgv‡bi wd«Kz‡qwÝ| GB ai‡bi wm‡÷‡g MÖvn‡Ki †mev`v‡bi ¶gZv Ab¨vb¨ †mjyjvi wm‡÷‡gi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk| †hgb GKwU AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) †m‡ji Zzjbvq CDMA †m‡ji ¶gZv 3 †_‡K 5 ¸Y Ges 6 †_‡K 7 ¸Y †ewk| CDMA G f‡qm I WvUv A¨vwcø‡Kk‡b †ewk wd«Kz‡qwÝ e¨vÛ e¨envi Kiv nq| CDMA c×wZ‡Z †eZvi Zi½‡K K‡qKwU K¨vwiqvi ev P¨v‡b‡j fvM K‡i †`qv nq| GLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K MÖvn‡Ki Rb¨ c„_K c„_K †KvW †`qv nq Ges †KvW m¤ú~Y© K¨vwiqv‡ii g‡a¨ we¯Í…Z Kiv nq|

Generation of Mobile Phone System ‡gvevBj †dvb cÖhyw³i µgea©gvb DbœwZ I e¨envi Dci wfwË K‡i ‡gvevBj ‡dv‡bi Avwe¯‹v‡ii ïiæ †_‡K eZ©gvb mgq ch©šÍ PviwU cÖR‡b¥ fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v -

1| cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (First Generation - 1G)2| wØZxq cÖRb¥ (Second Generation - 2G)3| Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ (Third Generation - 3G)4| PZz_© cÖRb¥ ( Forth Generation - 4G)

cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (First Generation - 1G) 1979 mv‡j Rvcv‡bi NTTC ( Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation) cÖ_g A‡Uv‡g‡UW †mjyjvi †bUIqvK© Pvjy Kivi gva¨‡g 1G Gi m~Pbv K‡i| 1983 mv‡j DËi Av‡gwiKvq evwYwR¨Kfv‡e cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dvb Pvjy Kiv nq| hvi bvg wQj A¨vWfvÝW †gvevBj †dvb wm‡÷g| ‰ewkó t

K) ‡bUIqv‡K© †iwWI wmMb¨vj wn‡m‡e A¨vbvjM wm‡÷‡gi e¨envi|L) †mwgKÛv±i I gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi cÖhyw³i e¨envi| M) ‡mj wmMbvj Gb‡KvwWs c×wZ wQj FDMA |N) K‡_vcK_b Pjv Ae¯’vq e¨enviKvixi Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b n‡j UªvÝwgkb wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq| O) AvšÍRv©wZK †ivwgs myweav bv _vKv|P) Handset Interoperability bv _vKv| A_v©r n¨vÛ‡m‡U †h †Kvb †gvevBj Acv‡iUi †Kv¤úvwbi †bUIqvK© e¨env‡ii myweav bv _vKv|

wØZxq cÖRb¥ (Second Generation - 2G)1991 mv‡j GSM cÖhyw³i myweav wb‡q me© cÖ_g BD‡iv‡c wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡bi m~Pbv nq| f‡qm‡K Noise gy³ Kivi Rb¨ wWwRUvj c×wZi gva¨‡g wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡bi Avwe©fve N‡U hv Digital AMPS ev D-AMPS bv‡g cwiwPZ| G mgq CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) bv‡g bZzb wWwRUvj c×wZi D™¢veb N‡U| ‰ewkó t

K) wØZxq cÖR‡b¥ wWwRUvj †bUIqvK© wm‡÷g Pvjy nq| L) ‡bUIqv‡K© GSM Ges CDMA c×wZi e¨envi|M) wØZxq cÖR‡b¥ †gvevBj ‡dv‡b me©cÖ_g wcÖ-‡cBW

wm‡÷g Pvjy|N) GmGgGm mvwf©m I †gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU

mvwf©m Pvjy nq| O) mxwgZ gvÎvq AvšÍRv©wZK †ivwgs myweav Pvjy nq|

P) K‡_vcK_b Pjv Ae¯’vq e¨enviKvixi Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b n‡j UªvÝwgkb Awew”Qbœ _v‡K|

Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ (Third Generation - 3G)2001 mv‡ji †g gv‡m Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj A-evwYwR¨Kfv‡e me©cÖ_g NTT DoCoMo Rvcv‡bi †UvwKI‡Z e¨eüZ nq| 2001 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m evwYwR¨Kfv‡e W-CDMA cÖhyw³i e¨envi ïiæ nq| AvšÍR©vwZK †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb ms¯’v (ITU) Gi msÁvbymv‡i 3G ev n‡”Q 3rd Generation Ggb GK †gvevBj cÖhyw³ hv‡Z GSM, EDGE, UMTS Ges CDMA 2000 cÖhyw³ AšÍfy©³| GB ai‡bi cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i †gvevBj †dv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ WiMAX f‡qm Kj, wfwWI Kj mvwf©m cÖ`vb Kiv m¤¢e|

Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj wm‡÷‡gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ‰ewkó¨ n‡jv -

K) GSM, EDGE, UMTS Ges CDMA 2000 cÖhyw³ e¨envi| L) D”PMwZ m¤úbœ WvUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb (cÖvq 2Mbps)| M) †gvevB‡j B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Ges †gvevB‡j BDGmwe †gv‡Wg ms‡hvM e¨e¯’v Pvjy|N) wfwWI K‡ji cÖPjb ïiæ Ges †gvevBj e¨vwKs, B-Kgvm©, B-‡gBj I Ab¨vb¨ B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK mvwf©m cÖ`vb|O) c¨v‡KU my¨BwPs Ges mvwK©U my¨BwPs Dfq c×wZ WvUv UªvÝwgk‡b e¨envi Kiv hvq| P) †iwWI wd«Kz‡qwÝ W-CDMA ev UMTS ÷¨vÛvW©|Q) e¨vcK AvšÍRv©wZK †ivwgs myweav|

PZz_© cÖRb¥ ( Forth Generation - 4G) 2009 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡bi e¨envi ïiæ nq| PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i †gvevB‡ji cÖavb ˆewkó¨ n‡jv c¨v‡KU my¨BwPs ev mvwK©U my¨BwPs WvUv UªvÝwgk‡bi cwie‡Z© B›Uvi‡bU cÖ‡UvKj (IP) wfwËK †bUIqv‡K©i e¨envi| d‡j †gvevBj †dvb wm‡÷‡g Avëªv-eªW-e¨vÛ MwZi B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Kiv hv‡e|‰ewkó¨ t-

K) c¨v‡KU my¨BwPs ev mvwK©U my¨BwPs WvUv UªvÝwgk‡bi cwie‡Z© B›Uvi‡bU cÖ‡UvKj (IP) wfwËK †bUIqv‡K©i e¨envi| L) WvUv UªvÝdv‡ii ‡iU n‡e Avëªv-eªW-e¨vÛ MwZi A_v©r AZx‡Zi †h‡Kv‡bv mg‡qi PvB‡Z A‡bK ‡ewk| cÖK…Z †WUv UªvÝdvi‡iU 20 Mbps | M) wÎ-gvwÎK Qwe cÖ`k©‡bi e¨e¯’v _vK‡e| N) Iq¨vi‡jm B›Uvi‡bU myweavmn iPAD bvgK †Ue‡jU wWfvB‡mi e¨envi| O) DbœZ Gw›Ubv wm‡÷g I Iq¨vi‡jm wm‡÷g cÖeZ©b BZ¨vw`|

CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access.EDGE = Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution.GPRS = General Packet Radio Service.GSM = Global System for Mobile Communications.IMEI = International Mobile Equipment Identity.PDA = Personal Digital Assistant.PIN = Personal Identity NumberSIM = Subscriber Identity Module.VOIP = Voice Over Internet Protocol.WAP = Wireless Application Protocol.WiMAX =Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.

Mobile Phone Block Diagram

Mobile Phone Maintenance

Mobile phone is a delicate device and needs care for its proper functioning. Here are the common measures to keep the mobile phone in good condition.• Do not keep Mobile phone in wet area or use it with wet hands.

Moisture can cause non-repairable internal corrosion of parts.• Do not drop the phone or damage the connection points.• Do not over stress the phone. It may damage the display.• Do not keep the phone near heat generating devices. High

temperature in a car can damage its electronics.• Do not over charge the battery. Charge the battery only its charge

status goes below 50 percent.• Prevent Cloning.