Computer languages

COMPUTER LANGUAGESWhat makes a computer language? Why do computers have them? Why are there so many different computer languages?

What makes a computer language? Why do computers have them? Why are there so many different computer languages?

The computer performs its functions based on the instructions given by the user. The set of such instruction written for a particular task is known as a computer program

Program is the set of instructions that tells the computer how to process the data, into the form desired by user.

The language in which a computer program is written is known as programming Language. The programming are classified as Low-low language and High – level language.

Computer Language

High Level Language

Low Level Language

Assemble Language

Machine Language

Assembler

Compiler

Machine language is expressed in terms of binary numbers i.e. 0 and 1 as the processor understands binary numbers only. Machine language is further simplified by converting it to the code called Op Code the Op Code depends on the type of processor---- the program written in the Op Code is known as Assembly language code.

The internal program that translates Op code to machine code is assembler.It is more convenient to write a program in a High Level language, which comprises of instructions in simple English. Example of HLL are BASIC, FORTRAN and COBOL etc… a compilercompiler is the internal program that translates High level language to Machine language.

A programming language is a formal constructed language designed to

communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer.

Nowadays, we see languages that are both safe and powerful, sometimes we have to use assembly language (Low – Level Language)

A machine language or an assembly language. Low-level languages are closer to the hardware than are high-level programming languages, which are closer to human languages

Low-level languages are use because there are no other reasonable way of telling the computer what it must do.Low-level languages are designed to operate and handle the entire hardware and instructions set architecture of a computer directly.

Machine language and assembly language are popular examples of low

level languages.

However, most programming is done in High – Level Language (HLLs) because of productivity. It is easier, or more cost – effective to use a HLL. Some of the reasons for this are:

• Easy to write: useful concept and facilities, relevant to application

• Easy to read: for reuse,maintanance,enchancement etc.• Portability: Other compiler/toolset suppliers,users,computer

– standards• Error detection and reporting.

Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined

function. A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular

problem.

There are two types of software

• System Software• Application Software

System Software

The system software is collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software are generally prepared by computer manufactures. These software products comprise of programs written in low-level languages which interact with the hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as the interface between hardware and the end users.

Some examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers,

Interpreter, Assemblers etc.

Application softwareFeatures of system software are as follows:• Close to system• Fast in speed• Difficult to design• Difficult to understand• Less interactive• Smaller in size• Difficult to manipulate• Generally written in low-level language

Application SoftwareApplication software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular environment. All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under the category of Application software.

Application software may consist of a single program, such as a Microsoft's notepad for writing and editing simple text. It may also consist of a collection of programs, often called a software package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package.

Examples of Application software are following:

• Payroll Software• Student Record Software• Inventory Management Software• Income Tax Software• Railways Reservation Software• Microsoft Office Suite Software• Microsoft Word• Microsoft Excel• Microsoft PowerPoint

Features of application software are as follows:

• Close to user• Easy to design• More interactive• Slow in speed• Generally written in high-level language• Easy to understand• Easy to manipulate and use• Bigger in size and requires large storage space