Transcript
Computer HardwareComputer Hardware
Overview of Computer SystemsOverview of Computer Systems
ComputerComputer – device that performs stored – device that performs stored instructions.instructions.
ProgramProgram – instructions for computers to – instructions for computers to perform tasks.perform tasks.
Computer systemComputer system – consist of computers – consist of computers and other peripheral devices. and other peripheral devices.
HardwareHardware – physical components of a – physical components of a computer systemcomputer system
SoftwareSoftware - programs - programs
Basic Model of Computer SystemBasic Model of Computer System
CPU
RAM ROM
INPUT DEVICES
OUTPUT DEVICES
STORAGEDEVICES
ALUControl
Unit
Performance variables of ITPerformance variables of IT
Functional capabilitiesFunctional capabilities Ease of useEase of use CompatibilityCompatibility MaintainabilityMaintainability
Measuring functional capabilitiesMeasuring functional capabilities
Amounts of dataAmounts of data TimeTime Rate of data transferRate of data transfer Internal clock speed & transmission Internal clock speed & transmission
frequencyfrequency Speed of executing instructionsSpeed of executing instructions
Machine representation of dataMachine representation of data
On = 1On = 1
Off = 0Off = 0
Number systemsNumber systems
Decimal systemDecimal system Binary systemBinary system Hexadecimal systemHexadecimal system Octal systemOctal system
Coding data for computer Coding data for computer processingprocessing
Binary representation of numbersBinary representation of numbers• E.g. 7 = 111E.g. 7 = 111
Binary representation of textBinary representation of text• E.g. Letter “A” is 01000001E.g. Letter “A” is 01000001
Measuring amounts of dataMeasuring amounts of data
Bit - a binary digitBit - a binary digit Byte = 8 bits Byte = 8 bits Kilobyte = 1024 bytesKilobyte = 1024 bytes Megabyte = 1024 KilobytesMegabyte = 1024 Kilobytes Gigabyte = 1024 MegabytesGigabyte = 1024 Megabytes Terabyte = 1024 GigabytesTerabyte = 1024 Gigabytes
Measuring timeMeasuring time
Millisecond = 10Millisecond = 10-3-3 second second Microsecond = 10Microsecond = 10-6-6 second second Nanosecond = 10Nanosecond = 10-9-9 second second Picosecond = 10Picosecond = 10-12-12 second second
Measuring rate of data transferMeasuring rate of data transfer
Bps – Bit/secBps – Bit/sec Kbps – Kilobit/secKbps – Kilobit/sec Mbps – Megabit/secMbps – Megabit/sec Gbps – Gigabit/secGbps – Gigabit/sec
Measuring clock speedMeasuring clock speed
Hz – HertzHz – Hertz KHz – KilohertzKHz – Kilohertz MHz – MegahertzMHz – Megahertz GHz - GigahertzGHz - Gigahertz
Measuring speed of executing Measuring speed of executing instructionsinstructions
MIPS – Millions of instructions per MIPS – Millions of instructions per secondsecond
FLOPS – Floating point operations per FLOPS – Floating point operations per secondsecond
Ease of useEase of use
Related to size, weight, portability, Related to size, weight, portability, user interface, ergonomicsuser interface, ergonomics
CompatibilityCompatibility
Conformance to standardsConformance to standards Usability in combination or as Usability in combination or as
substitute to other similar substitute to other similar technologies.technologies.
InterchangeabilityInterchangeability
MaintainabilityMaintainability
Keeping the technology runningKeeping the technology running Related to modularityRelated to modularity Ease of upgradingEase of upgrading
Types of ComputersTypes of Computers
MainframeMainframe Midrange computerMidrange computer Personal computerPersonal computer
• Laptop/NotebookLaptop/Notebook• WorkstationWorkstation• ServersServers
Supercomputer Supercomputer Embedded computerEmbedded computer
Computer System ArchitectureComputer System Architecture
Centralized computingCentralized computing Distributed computingDistributed computing Personal computingPersonal computing Network computingNetwork computing Client-Server computingClient-Server computing
• Thick client vs. Thin clientThick client vs. Thin client
Centralized computingCentralized computing
Distributed computingDistributed computing
Personal computingPersonal computing
Network computingNetwork computing
Approaches for increasing Approaches for increasing computer performancecomputer performance
Faster and more powerful processorsFaster and more powerful processors Improved instruction setImproved instruction set Specialized processorsSpecialized processors Parallel processingParallel processing
Input DevicesInput Devices
Keyboards and pointing devicesKeyboards and pointing devices OCR / MICROCR / MICR Voice recognitionVoice recognition Digital cameraDigital camera
Storage DevicesStorage Devices
Paper and micrographicsPaper and micrographics Magnetic tapes and disksMagnetic tapes and disks Optical disksOptical disks Flash memoryFlash memory
Output DevicesOutput Devices
Screen outputsScreen outputs Paper outputsPaper outputs Audio outputsAudio outputs
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