Common belief was disease & illness were caused by evil spirits and demons Treatment was directed toward eliminating evil spirits Religion plays an important.
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Common belief was disease & illness
were caused by evil spirits and demons Treatment was directed toward
eliminating evil spirits Religion plays an important role in
health care Common belief was illness & disease
were a punishment from the gods
4000 BC – 3000 BC Primitive Times
Believed illness/disease caused by supernatural spirits & demons
Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies to drive out evil spirits
Herbs & plants were used as medicines Trepanation, or boring a hole into the skull, was
used to treat insanity, epilepsy, & headache Average life span – 20 years
3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians
Earliest to maintain health records Physicians were priests Imhotep may have been the first physician Embalming led to increased understanding of
anatomy & disease Gauze used to wrap bodies Antiseptics kept bodies from decaying Bloodletting or leeches were used Used magic & medicinal plants to treat disease Average life span was 20 – 30 years
1700 BC – AD 220 Ancient Chinese
Most religions did not allow dissection Believed in the need to treat the whole body
by curing the spirit & nourishing the body Used acupuncture to relieve pain & congestion Began to search for medical reasons for illness Average life span was 20 – 30 years
1200 BC – 200 BC Ancient Greeks
Began modern medical science by observing the human body and the effects of disease
Hippocrates is called the Father of Medicine Aristotle is called the founder of comparative
anatomy Believed illness is a result of natural causes Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, &
herbal treatment – which are still used today Stressed diet and cleanliness as ways to prevent
disease Average life span was 25 – 35 years
Ancient Greeks Hippocrates - Father of Medicine
no dissection, only observations took careful notes of signs/symptoms of
diseases disease was not caused by supernatural
forces wrote standards of ethics which is the
basis for today’s medical ethics
Ancient Greeks
Aesculapius staff and serpent
symbol of medicine temples built in his
honor became the first true clinics and hospitals
753 BC – AD 410 Ancient Romans
First to organize medical care by caring for soldiers Early hospitals developed when physicians cared for
ill people in their homes Later hospitals were religious & charitable
institutions Began public health & sanitation systems Galen, a physician, established many medical
beliefs Diet, exercise, and medications were used to treat
disease Average life span was 25 – 35 years
After the fall of the Roman empire, the study of medicine stopped
The Middle Ages brought renewed interest in the medical practices of the Greeks and Romans
Knowledge was translated and recorded in handwritten books
Medicine practiced only in convents & monasteries
Life & Death – in God’s hands
AD 400 – AD 800 Dark Ages
Emphasis was placed on saving the soul, and the study of medicine was prohibited
Prayer & divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease
Monks & priests provided custodial care for sick people
Medications were mainly herbal mixtures Average life span was 20 – 30 years
AD 800 – AD 1400 Middle Ages
Medical Universities were created Renewed interest in medical practice of Greeks
& Romans A pandemic of the bubonic plague (black death)
killed ¾ of the population of Europe & Asia Major diseases were smallpox, diptheria,
tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria Arabs began requiring physicians pass exams
and obtain licenses Realization – diseases are contagious Average life span 20 – 35 years
This period is often called the
“rebirth of the science of medicine” Major sources of new information was
a result of accepting dissection Artists were able to draw the body
accurately The printing press resulted in the
publication of medical books
AD 1350 – AD 1650 Renaissance
Rebirth of the science of medicine Dissection of the body allows a better
understanding of anatomy & physiology Michelangelo & Leonardo da Vinci draw the body Development of the printing press allows
knowledge to be spread to others First anatomy book published Michael Servetus describes the circulatory
system in the lungs Roger Bacon promotes chemical remedies to
treat disease Average life span was 30 – 40 years
Physicians gained an increased knowledge of the human body
Major development was the microscope
The start of drugstores or pharmacies
16th & 17th Centuries
Causes of disease – still not known; many people died from infections & puerperal (childbirth) fever
Ambroise Pare, French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery
Gabriel Fallopius – identifies the fallopian tube
William Harvey described the circulation of blood to and from the heart in 1628
Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
Average life span was 35 – 45 years
18th Century
Gabriel Fahrenheit creates the first mercury thermometer in 1714
Benjamin Franklin invents bifocals & found colds can be passed from person to person
John Hunter, an English surgeon, establishes scientific surgical procedures & introduces tube feeding
Average life span was 40 – 50 years
Also known as the Industrial Revolution Major progress in medical science Formal training for nurses began Sanitary nursing care units began Infection control methods developed
19th Century
First successful blood transfusion on humans Handwashing was encouraged after autopsies &
before childbirth – idea was resisted by hospital/medical personnel
Dr. William Morton, an American dentist, began using ether as an anesthetic in 1846
Dr. James Simpson began using chloroform as an anesthetic in 1847
Paul Ehrlich develops methods of detecting & differentiating between various diseases
Dimitri Ivanofski discovers viruses in 1892 Average life span was 40 - 60 years
Shows the most rapid growth in health
care Health care plans help pay costs of care Standards are created to make sure
every individual has access to quality health care
Computer technology allows medicine to progress faster than ever
Health insurance plans & social reforms developed in the 1920s
Sigmund Freud forms the basis for psychology & psychiatry
Dr. George Papanicolaou develops the Pap test
Average life span was 60 – 70 years
20th Century
1666 - Anton van Leeuwenhoek invents the microscope
1796 - Edward Jenner develops a smallpox vaccination
1816 - Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope 1818 – James Blundel performs the first successful
blood transfusion in humans 1842 – Crawford Long develops ether anesthesia 1849 - Elizabeth Blackwell, first female physician in
US 1863 – International Red Cross established 1865 – Sir Joseph Lister uses asepsis in surgery 1869 – Gregor Mendel - laws of heredity
Florence Nightingale - founder of modern nursing 1873 - Elizabeth Garrett Anderson – first female
physician in Britain 1881-Clara Barton founds the American Red Cross 1885-Louis Pasteur proves microorganisms cause
disease; pasteurizes milk to kill bacteria; creates rabies vaccine
1893 – Aspirin is developed 1895 – Wilhelm Roentgen discovers X-rays
1901 – Blood groups discovered 1910 - Marie Curie isolates radium 1928 - Sir Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin 1937 – Smoking is linked to cancer 1944 - First kidney dialysis machine developed 1944 - DNA discovered 1952 - Jonas Salk develops the polio vaccine 1954 - First successful kidney transplant
1960 - Birth control pills approved by the FDA 1963 - Thomas Starzl performs first liver
transplant 1964 - James Hardy performs first lung transplant 1968 - Christian Barnard performs first
successful heart transplant 1975 - CAT scans developed 1975 - New Jersey Supreme Court rules parents
have the right to remove life support
1978 - First ‘test tube baby’ born in England 1981 – AIDS identified as a disease 1982 - Dr. William DeVries implants the first
artificial heart 1984 - HIV virus causing AIDS identified 1984 – First baby conceived from frozen embryo 1987 – Dr. Benjamin Carson separates
conjoined twins 1994 – Breast cancer gene identified 1997 – Dolly, the sheep was cloned
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